1
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Hédouin M, Barthelemy AL, Vanthuyne N, Besrour H, Maddaluno J, Magnier E, Oulyadi H. NMR and DFT Studies with a Doubly Labelled 15 N/ 6 Li S-Trifluoromethyl Sulfoximine Reveal Why a Directed ortho-Lithiation Requires an Excess of n-BuLi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214106. [PMID: 36377763 PMCID: PMC10108270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work shows why it is imperious to use an excess of butyllithium for a directed ortho-lithiation of a trifluoromethyl sulfoximine. The analysis of mixtures of n-BuLi and sulfoximine 1 in THF-d8 using {1 H, 6 Li, 13 C, 15 N, 19 F} NMR experiments at low temperatures reveal that a first deprotonation occurs that leads to dimeric and tetrameric N-lithiated sulfoximine (93 : 7). Using an excess n-BuLi (5 equivalents), the second deprotonation on the ortho-position of the aromatic occurs. Six species were observed and characterized on the way. It includes three aggregates involving a sulfoximine: i) a [dilithiated sulfoximine/(n-BuLi)] dimer solvated by four molecules of THF (Agg2, 39 %); ii) a [dilithiated sulfoximine/(n-BuLi)3 ] tetramer solvated by six molecules of THF (Agg3, 39 %); iii) a [dilithiated sulfoximine/(n-BuOLi)3 ] tetramer solvated by four molecules of THF (Agg1, 22 %). A DFT study afforded optimized solvated structures for all these aggregates, fully consistent with the NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Hédouin
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS Rue Tesniere, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Anne-Laure Barthelemy
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (UMR 8180), Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- iSm2, UMR 7313, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, AMUtech, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Hend Besrour
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS Rue Tesniere, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS Rue Tesniere, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (UMR 8180), Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Hassan Oulyadi
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS Rue Tesniere, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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2
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Mishra R, Dumez JN. Theoretical analysis of flow effects in spatially encoded diffusion NMR. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:014204. [PMID: 36610961 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of translational diffusion coefficients by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is essential in a broad range of fields, including organic, inorganic, polymer, and supramolecular chemistry. It is also a powerful method for mixture analysis. Spatially encoded diffusion NMR (SPEN DNMR)" is a time efficient technique to collect diffusion NMR data, which is particularly relevant for the analysis of samples that evolve in time. In many cases, motion other than diffusion is present in NMR samples. This is, for example, the case of flow NMR experiments, such as in online reaction monitoring and in the presence of sample convection. Such motion is deleterious for the accuracy of DNMR experiments in general and for SPEN DNMR in particular. Limited theoretical understanding of flow effects in SPEN DNMR experiments is an obstacle for their broader experimental implementation. Here, we present a detailed theoretical analysis of flow effects in SPEN DNMR and of their compensation, throughout the relevant pulse sequences. This analysis is validated by comparison with numerical simulation performed with the Fokker-Planck formalism. We then consider, through numerical simulation, the specific cases of constant, laminar, and convection flow and the accuracy of SPEN DNMR experiments in these contexts. This analysis will be useful for the design and implementation of fast diffusion NMR experiments and for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Mishra
- CNRS, CEISAM, Nantes Université, UMR 6230, F-4400 Nantes, France
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3
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Dilchert K, Schmidt M, Großjohann A, Feichtner K, Mulvey RE, Gessner VH. Lösungsmitteleinflüsse auf die Struktur und Stabilität von Alkalimetallcarbenoiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dilchert
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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4
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Dilchert K, Schmidt M, Großjohann A, Feichtner K, Mulvey RE, Gessner VH. Solvation Effects on the Structure and Stability of Alkali Metal Carbenoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:493-498. [PMID: 33006796 PMCID: PMC7821203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
s-Block metal carbenoids are carbene synthons and applied in a myriad of organic transformations. They exhibit a strong structure-activity relationship, but this is only poorly understood due to the challenging high reactivity and sensitivity of these reagents. Here, we report on systematic VT and DOSY NMR studies, XRD analyses as well as DFT calculations on a sulfoximinoyl-substituted model system to explain the pronounced solvent dependency of the carbenoid stability. While the sodium and potassium chloride carbenoids showed high stabilities independent of the solvent, the lithium carbenoid was stable at room temperature in THF but decomposed at -10 °C in toluene. These divergent stabilities could be explained by the different structures formed in solution. In contrast to simple organolithium reagents, the monomeric THF-solvate was found to be more stable than the dimer in toluene, since the latter more readily forms direct Li/Cl interactions which facilitate decomposition via α-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dilchert
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
- WestCHEMDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEMDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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5
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Evans R. The interpretation of small molecule diffusion coefficients: Quantitative use of diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 117:33-69. [PMID: 32471534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring accurate molecular self-diffusion coefficients, D, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques has become routine as hardware, software and experimental methodologies have all improved. However, the quantitative interpretation of such data remains difficult, particularly for small molecules. This review article first provides a description of, and explanation for, the failure of the Stokes-Einstein equation to accurately predict small molecule diffusion coefficients, before moving on to three broadly complementary methods for their quantitative interpretation. Two are based on power laws, but differ in the nature of the reference molecules used. The third addresses the uncertainties in the Stokes-Einstein equation directly. For all three methods, a wide range of examples are used to show the range of chemistry to which diffusion NMR can be applied, and how best to implement the different methods to obtain quantitative information from the chemical systems studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
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6
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Espinosa-Jalapa NA, Berg N, Seidl M, Shenderovich IG, Gschwind RM, Bauer JO. Complexation behaviour of LiCl and LiPF6– model studies in the solid-state and in solution using a bidentate picolyl-based ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13335-13338. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05682k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a new bulky bidentate ligand and combining various structure elucidation methods, coordination modes of [ligand·LiX] (X = Cl, PF6) complexes both in solid-state and in solution have been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Angel Espinosa-Jalapa
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Nele Berg
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Ilya G. Shenderovich
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
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7
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Hedouin M, Harrison-Marchand A, Maddaluno J, Oulyadi H. Accurate measurement of effective Li–Li scalar coupling constants: the NMR missing link for alkyllithium aggregates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15565-15568. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkyllitium mixed aggregates: dynamics-free value of the 2JLi–Li as a simple access to various structural factors, including the dynamics, solvation and the steric hindrance of alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Hedouin
- Normandie Université
- UNIROUEN
- INSA de Rouen
- CNRS
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038)
| | | | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université
- UNIROUEN
- INSA de Rouen
- CNRS
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038)
| | - Hassan Oulyadi
- Normandie Université
- UNIROUEN
- INSA de Rouen
- CNRS
- Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038)
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8
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Hamdoun G, Bour C, Gandon V, Dumez JN. Empirical Estimation of the Molecular Weight of Gold Complexes in Solution by Pulsed-Field Gradient NMR. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghanem Hamdoun
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 9168, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Dumez
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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9
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Guang J, Duwald R, Maddaluno J, Oulyadi H, Lakhdar S, Gaumont AC, Harrison-Marchand A. Synthesis and Identification of Aryl and Alkyl Gem-Dilithium Phosphido-Boranes: A Boost to the Chemistry of Phosphandiides. Chemistry 2018. [PMID: 29533492 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guang
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, CNRS; Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Romain Duwald
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, CNRS; Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, CNRS; Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Hassan Oulyadi
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, CNRS; Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS; Laboratoire LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS; Laboratoire LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Anne Harrison-Marchand
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, CNRS; Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
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10
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Reiß F, Reiß M, Spannenberg A, Jiao H, Baumann W, Arndt P, Rosenthal U, Beweries T. Visiting the Limits between a Highly Strained 1-Zirconacyclobuta-2,3-diene and Chemically Robust Dizirconacyclooctatetraene. Chemistry 2018; 24:5667-5674. [PMID: 29388730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Melanie Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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11
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Dufrois Q, Daran JC, Vendier L, Dinoi C, Etienne M. Triangles and Squares for a Unique Molecular Crystal Structure: Unsupported Two-Coordinate Lithium Cations and CC Agostic Interactions in Cyclopropyllithium Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1786-1791. [PMID: 29205730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the aggregation state is germane to alkyllithium chemistry. Lewis base-free alkyllithium compounds normally form tetrahedral tetramers or octahedral hexamers in the solid state with the lithium cations being three-coordinate. We report that the unsupported cyclopropyl derivative 1-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropyllithium [{μ-c-C(SiMe3 )C2 H4 }Li]4 (1), synthesized by the reduction of 1-(phenylthio)-1-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropane, crystallizes as a tetramer in the space group I-4 with the two-coordinate lithium atoms forming a square. CC agostic interactions complete the coordination sphere around each lithium. The aggregate is preserved in hydrocarbon solution. Furthermore, CC agostic interactions compete intra- and intermolecularly with Lewis base donation as in the unsaturated dimer of 1-(phenylthio)cyclopropyllithium [Li(thf)2 {μ-c-C(SPh)C2 H4 }2 Li (thf)] (3) which is also fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dufrois
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Claude Daran
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Chiara Dinoi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Current address: LPCNO INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Michel Etienne
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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12
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Fox T, Günther H. NMR spectroscopy of organolithium compounds, part XXXIII: trans
-2,3-dimethylcyclopropyllithium aggregation in diethylether: An equilibrium between three different complexes of comparable energy and the influence of LiBr on aggregate structure. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fox
- University of Zürich; Institute of Chemistry; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Harald Günther
- University of Siegen; Chemistry Department; Siegen Germany
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13
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Dufrois Q, Daran JC, Vendier L, Dinoi C, Etienne M. Triangles and Squares for a Unique Molecular Crystal Structure: Unsupported Two-Coordinate Lithium Cations and CC Agostic Interactions in Cyclopropyllithium Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dufrois
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Jean-Claude Daran
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Laure Vendier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Chiara Dinoi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Current address: LPCNO INSA; 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Michel Etienne
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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