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Kim YJ, Jang M, Roh J, Lee YJ, Moon HJ, Byun J, Wi J, Ko SK, Tae J. Rhodamine-Based Cyclic Hydroxamate as Fluorescent pH Probe for Imaging of Lysosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15073. [PMID: 37894759 PMCID: PMC10606023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the microenvironment within specific cellular regions is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of life events. Fluorescent probes working in different ranges of pH regions have been developed for the local imaging of different pH environments. Especially, rhodamine-based fluorescent pH probes have been of great interest due to their ON/OFF fluorescence depending on the spirolactam ring's opening/closure. By introducing the N-alkyl-hydroxamic acid instead of the alkyl amines in the spirolactam of rhodamine, we were able to tune the pH range where the ring opening and closing of the spirolactam occurs. This six-membered cyclic hydroxamate spirolactam ring of rhodamine B proved to be highly fluorescent in acidic pH environments. In addition, we could monitor pH changes of lysosomes in live cells and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.J.L.); (H.J.M.); (J.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Mina Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (J.R.)
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtae Roh
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (J.R.)
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.J.L.); (H.J.M.); (J.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Hee Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.J.L.); (H.J.M.); (J.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Jimin Byun
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.J.L.); (H.J.M.); (J.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Jihyun Wi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.J.L.); (H.J.M.); (J.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (J.R.)
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Tae
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.J.L.); (H.J.M.); (J.B.); (J.W.)
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2
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Chi W, Tan D, Qiao Q, Xu Z, Liu X. Spontaneously Blinking Rhodamine Dyes for Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306061. [PMID: 37246144 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) has found extensive applications in various fields of biology and chemistry. As a vital component of SMLM, fluorophores play an essential role in obtaining super-resolution fluorescence images. Recent research on spontaneously blinking fluorophores has greatly simplified the experimental setups and extended the imaging duration of SMLM. To support this crucial development, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the development of spontaneously blinking rhodamines from 2014 to 2023, as well as the key mechanistic aspects of intramolecular spirocyclization reactions. We hope that by offering insightful design guidelines, this review will contribute to accelerating the advancement of super-resolution imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, School of Science, Hainan University, Renmin Road 58, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Davin Tan
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qinglong Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Zhou T, Li L, Zhu Z, Chen X, Wang Q, Zhu WH. Serum-Based Detection of Liver Pathology Using a Fluorogenic Alkaline Phosphatase Probe. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300321. [PMID: 37218114 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of "ultrahigh contrast" fluorogenic probes for trapping alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in human serum is highly desirable for clinical auxiliary diagnosis for hepatobiliary diseases. However, the intrinsic dilemma of incomplete ionization of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-based ALP fluorophores and autofluorescence interference of serum result in low sensitivity and accuracy. Given that unique halogen effects could lead to a drastic decrease in the pKa value and a significant enhancement in the fluorescence quantum yield, herein we report an enzyme-activatable near-infrared probe based on a difluoro-substituted dicyanomethylene-4H-chromenep for achieving fluorescent quantification of human serum ALP. Rational design strategy is demonstrated by altering the substituted halogen groups to well regulate the pKa for meeting the physiological precondition. Owing to the complete ionization at pH 7.4 with tremendous fluorescence enhancement, the difluoro-substituted DCM-2F-HP manifests a linear relationship between the emission intensity and ALP concentration in both solution and serum samples. Along with measuring 77 human serum samples, the DCM-2F-HP based fluorescence method not only exhibits significant correlations with clinical colorimetry, but also distinguishes ALP patients from healthy volunteers, as well as assessing the progress of liver disease, thus providing a potential toolbox for quantitatively detecting ALP and warning the stage of hepatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhirong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
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4
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Zhou J, Ren Y, Nie Y, Jin C, Park J, Zhang JXJ. Dual fluorescent hollow silica nanofibers for in situ pH monitoring using an optical fiber. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2180-2189. [PMID: 37056611 PMCID: PMC10089112 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a sensitive and robust pH sensor based on dual fluorescent doped hollow silica nanofibers (hSNFs) for in situ and real-time pH monitoring. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(ii) hexahydrate (Ru(BPY)3) were chosen as a pH sensitive dye and reference dye, respectively. hSNFs were synthesized using a two-step method in a reverse micelle system and were shown to have an average length of 6.20 μm and average diameter of 410 nm. The peak intensity ratio of FITC/Ru(BPY)3 was used to calibrate to solution pH changes. An optical-fiber-based fluorescence detection system was developed that enabled feasible and highly efficient near-field fluorescence detection. The developed system enables fully automated fluorescence detection, where components including the light source, detector, and data acquisition unit are all controlled by a computer. The results show that the developed pH sensor works in a linear range of pH 4.0-9.0 with a fast response time of less than 10 s and minimal sample volume of 50 μL, and can be stored under dark conditions for one month without failure. In addition, the as-prepared hSNF-based pH sensors also have excellent long-term durability. Experimental results from ratiometric sensing confirm the high feasibility, accuracy, stability and simplicity of the dual fluorescent hSNF sensors for the detection of pH in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhu Zhou
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover 03755 NH USA +1 603 646 9024 +1 603 646 8787
| | - Yundong Ren
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover 03755 NH USA +1 603 646 9024 +1 603 646 8787
| | - Yuan Nie
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover 03755 NH USA +1 603 646 9024 +1 603 646 8787
| | - Congran Jin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover 03755 NH USA +1 603 646 9024 +1 603 646 8787
| | - Jiyoon Park
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover 03755 NH USA +1 603 646 9024 +1 603 646 8787
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover 03755 NH USA +1 603 646 9024 +1 603 646 8787
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5
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Remmel M, Scheiderer L, Butkevich AN, Bossi ML, Hell SW. Accelerated MINFLUX Nanoscopy, through Spontaneously Fast-Blinking Fluorophores. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206026. [PMID: 36642798 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of MINFLUX nanoscopy allows single molecules to be localized with one nanometer precision in as little as one millisecond. However, current applications have so far focused on increasing this precision by optimizing photon collection, rather than minimizing the localization time. Concurrently, commonly used fluorescent switches are specifically designed for stochastic methods (e.g., STORM), optimized for a high photon yield and rather long on-times (tens of milliseconds). Here, accelerated MINFLUX nanoscopy with up to a 30-fold gain in localization speed is presented. The improvement is attained by designing spontaneously blinking fluorescent markers with remarkably fast on-times, down to 1-3 ms, matching the iterative localization process used in a MINFLUX microscope. This design utilizes a silicon rhodamine amide core, shifting the spirocyclization equilibrium toward an uncharged closed form at physiological conditions and imparting intact live cell permeability, modified with a fused (benzo)thiophene spirolactam fragment. The best candidate for MINFLUX microscopy (also suitable for STORM imaging) is selected through detailed characterization of the blinking behavior of single fluorophores, bound to different protein tags. Finally, optimization of the localization routines, customized to the fast blinking times, renders a significant speed improvement on a commercial MINFLUX microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Remmel
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Scheiderer
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexey N Butkevich
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariano L Bossi
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan W Hell
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Ihde MH, Covey G, Johnson ADG, Fronczek FR, Wallace KJ, Bonizzoni M. The effect of outer-sphere anions on the spectroscopic response of metal-binding chemosensors. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14079-14087. [PMID: 35975743 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01794f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion pair receptors typically contain two separate binding sites, for the metal and the anion respectively. Here we report a less synthetically demanding approach, whereby we prepared a family of ion pair sensors based on a rhodamine fluorescent scaffold containing a tunable cation binding motif. When exposed to ion pairs, a competition for the metal ion is established between these ligands and anions. Structural and spectroscopic evidence showed that anions bind through weaker secondary interactions in the metal's outer coordination sphere and their presence influences the optical spectroscopic properties of the coordination complex in distinctive ways. The relationship between the binding site's metal affinity and its tunable properties, and the sensors' discriminatory power for anions was explained as a function of the metal ion's binding preferences. These effects were also exploited to discriminate cations and anions concurrently through multivariate data analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Ihde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
| | - Gabrielle Covey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
| | - Ashley D G Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Karl J Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA. .,Alabama Water Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0206, USA
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7
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Stratton BFC, Pierre AJ, Riser EA, Grinalds NJ, Edwards CW, Wohlwend AM, Bauer JS, Spera RJ, Pferdmenges LS, Griffith KM, Hunter BW, Bobadova-Parvanova P, Day CS, Lundin PM, Fogarty KH. Synthesis and Optical Characterization of a Rhodamine B Spirolactam Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4211-4220. [PMID: 35749658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amide derivatives of xanthene dyes such as rhodamine B are useful in a variety of sensing applications due to their colorimetric responses to stimuli such as acidity changes and UV light. The optical properties of these molecules can be influenced by intermolecular associations into dimeric structures, but the exact impact can be hard to predict. We have designed a covalently linked intramolecular dimer of the dye rhodamine B utilizing p-phenylenediamine to link the two dyes via amide bonds. The doubly closed spirolactam version of this dimer, RSL2, is isolated as a colorless solid. Under acidic conditions or UV exposure, RSL2 solutions develop a pink color that is expected for the ring-opened form of the molecule. However, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and single-crystal diffraction data show that the equilibrium still prefers the closed dimer state. Interestingly, the emission profile of RSL2 shows solvatochromic blue fluorescence. Control studies of model compounds with similar structural motifs do not display similar blue fluorescence, indicating that this optical behavior is unique to the dimeric form. This behavior may lend itself to applications of such xanthene dimers to more sophisticated sensors beyond those with traditional binary on/off fluorescence profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy-Fey C Stratton
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Angelina J Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Riser
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Nathan J Grinalds
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Charles W Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Anna M Wohlwend
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Jacob S Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Rachel J Spera
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Lauren S Pferdmenges
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Brandon W Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Petia Bobadova-Parvanova
- Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608, United States
| | - Cynthia S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Pamela M Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Keir H Fogarty
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
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8
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Cho H, Lee S, Han MS. Investigation of a benzodiazaborine library to identify new pH-responsive fluorophores. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4986-4992. [PMID: 35678608 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00817c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of pH is important owing to its significance in various processes, such as clinical and industrial processes. Numerous fluorescent pH probes have been developed using a variety of fluorophores; however, most are only suitable for application in a narrow pH range (between 5 and 8) owing to the lack of diversity of the pH-sensitive units. Furthermore, probes suitable for sensing high pHs have rarely been studied despite the importance of reliable detection of high pH in various industrial processes. In this study, we prepared a benzodiazaborine (bDAB) library consisting of 238 different bDABs through combinatorial synthesis to investigate their suitability as fluorescent pH probes. Informed by the results of a fluorescence-based, high-throughput screening of the library, we identified four bDABs that exhibit promising pH-sensitive ratiometric fluorescence responses. Their pKas vary significantly, ranging from 7.29 to 12.44, indicating their suitability for the detection of basic pHs even in extremely basic environments (pH > 10). Furthermore, their fluorescence responses show high stability, anti-interference, and reversibility under various pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suji Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Su Han
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Voltammetric Behaviour of Rhodamine B at a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode and Its Trace Determination in Environmental Water Samples. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22124631. [PMID: 35746412 PMCID: PMC9230127 DOI: 10.3390/s22124631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The voltammetric behaviour of Rhodamine B was studied at a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Cyclic voltammograms exhibited two reduction peaks (designated R1 and R2) generated from the reduction of the parent compound through, first, one electron reduction (R1) to give a radical species, and then a further one-electron, one-proton reduction to give a neutral molecule (R2). On the reverse positive-going scan, two oxidation peaks were observed. The first, O1, resulted from the oxidation of the species generated at R2, and the second, O2, through the one-electron oxidation of the amine group. The nature of the redox reactions was further investigated by observing the effect of scan rate and pH on the voltammetric behaviour. The developed SPCE method was evaluated by carrying out Rhodamine B determinations on a spiked and unspiked environmental water sample. A mean recovery of 94.3% with an associated coefficient of variation of 2.9% was obtained. The performance characteristics indicated that reliable data may be obtained for Rhodamine B measurements in environmental water samples using this approach.
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10
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Wang L, Zhou Q, Yang H. A Facile Fabrication of Lysosome-Targeting pH Fluorescent Nanosensor Based on PEGylated Polyester Block Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122420. [PMID: 35745996 PMCID: PMC9231249 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel lysosome-targeting PEGylated polyester-based fluorescent pH nanosensor is fabricated by the combination of ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP), side-group modification and subsequent self-assembly. First, a key target amphiphilic copolymer carrier for rhodamine (Rh) pH indicator is synthesized in a facile manner by the ROCOP of phthalic anhydride with allyl glycidyl ether using mPEG-OH and t-BuP1/Et3B as the macroinitiator and binary catalyst, respectively. Subsequently, Rh moieties are covalently attached on the polymer chain with controllable grafting degree via an efficient thiol-ene click reaction. Concurrently, the effect of catalyst systems and reaction conditions on the catalytic copolymerization performance is presented, and the quantitative introduction of Rh is described in detail. Owing to its amphiphilic characteristics, the rhodamine-functionalized polyester-based block copolymer can self-assemble into micelles. With the covalent incorporation of Rh moieties, the as-formed micelles exhibit excellent absorption and fluorescence-responsive sensitivity and selectivity towards H+ in the presence of various metal cations. Moreover, the as-prepared micelles with favorable water dispersibility, good pH sensitivity and excellent biocompatibility also display appreciable cell-membrane permeability, staining ability and pH detection capability for lysosomes in living cells. This work provides a new strategy for the facile synthesis of novel biocompatible polymeric fluorescent pH nanosensors for the fluorescence imaging of lysosomal pH changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Nanocomposite Sensing Materials, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Qiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | - Haiyang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
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11
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Swanson WB, Durdan M, Eberle M, Woodbury S, Mauser A, Gregory J, Zhang B, Niemann D, Herremans J, Ma PX, Lahann J, Weivoda M, Mishina Y, Greineder CF. A library of Rhodamine6G-based pH-sensitive fluorescent probes with versatile in vivo and in vitro applications. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:748-764. [PMID: 35755193 PMCID: PMC9175114 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidic pH is critical to the function of the gastrointestinal system, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and the endolysosomal compartment of nearly every cell in the body. Non-invasive, real-time fluorescence imaging of acidic microenvironments represents a powerful tool for understanding normal cellular biology, defining mechanisms of disease, and monitoring for therapeutic response. While commercially available pH-sensitive fluorescent probes exist, several limitations hinder their widespread use and potential for biologic application. To address this need, we developed a novel library of pH-sensitive probes based on the highly photostable and water-soluble fluorescent molecule, Rhodamine 6G. We demonstrate versatility in terms of both pH sensitivity (i.e., pK a) and chemical functionality, allowing conjugation to small molecules, proteins, nanoparticles, and regenerative biomaterial scaffold matrices. Furthermore, we show preserved pH-sensitive fluorescence following a variety of forms of covalent functionalization and demonstrate three potential applications, both in vitro and in vivo, for intracellular and extracellular pH sensing. Finally, we develop a computation approach for predicting the pH sensitivity of R6G derivatives, which could be used to expand our library and generate probes with novel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Benton Swanson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan 1011 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Margaret Durdan
- Biointerfaces Institute, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Miranda Eberle
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan 1011 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Seth Woodbury
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan 1011 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Ava Mauser
- Biointerfaces Institute, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Jason Gregory
- Biointerfaces Institute, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Boya Zhang
- Biointerfaces Institute, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - David Niemann
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan 1011 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Jacob Herremans
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan 1011 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan 1011 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Megan Weivoda
- Biointerfaces Institute, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan 1011 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Colin F Greineder
- Biointerfaces Institute, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan NCRC 2800 Plymouth Road, Bldg #26 Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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12
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Deng F, Sun D, Yang S, Huang W, Huang C, Xu Z, Liu L. Comparison of rhodamine 6G, rhodamine B and rhodamine 101 spirolactam based fluorescent probes: A case of pH detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120662. [PMID: 34865976 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ring-opening reaction of rhodamine spirolactam has been widely applied to construct fluorescent probes. The fluorescence properties of the probe were finely tuned for specific purpose through changing the rhodamine fluorophore. However, the influence on response range and kinetic parameters of the probe during the change has been seldom discussed. Herein, we took pH detection as an example and constructed spirolactam based probes (RLH A-C) with Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 101. The pKa values and observed rate constant kobs of RLH A-C were determined and found to negatively correlated with the calculated Gibbs free energy differences ΔGC-O and ΔGTS respectively. The potential applications of RLH A-C in imaging acidic microenvironment were also investigated in cells. We expect the comparison of rhodamine fluorophores will facilitate the quantitative optimization of rhodamine spirolactam based fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, China.
| | - Dongsheng Sun
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Shixu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, China
| | - Chunfang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Limin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, China.
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13
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Panagiotakis S, Saridakis E, Malanga M, Mavridis IM, Yannakopoulou K. A Self-locked β-Cyclodextrin-rhodamine B Spirolactam with Photoswitching Properties. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101282. [PMID: 34821479 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular organization and self-assembly are the pillars of functionality of many nanosystems. The covalent conjugate (6-spirolactam rhodamine B-6-monodeoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (Rho-βCD) is assembled as a self-included, rigid nanostructure, identical in the crystal and in aqueous solution, as revealed by detailed X-ray and NMR analyses. Rho-βCD self-assembly is the result of an interesting reaction pathway, which partially de-aggregates Rho and disturbs the zwitterion↔spirolactone equilibrium. Rho-βCD is stable at pH 4.6, but displays controllable photoswitching between the colored, fluorescent, zwitterionic and the colorless, non-fluorescent closed structures, during several iterative cycles. After an initial drop in absorbance, the on-off process continues without further changes under our irradiation conditions, a consequence of the specific self-locked arrangement of Rho in the cavity. Rho-βCD exemplifies a water soluble photoresponsive nanosystem with improved photostability suggesting promising applications in super resolution bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Panagiotakis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou & 27 Neapoleos St., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Attiki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Saridakis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou & 27 Neapoleos St., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Attiki, Greece
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., llatos út 7, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Irene M Mavridis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou & 27 Neapoleos St., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Attiki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou & 27 Neapoleos St., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Attiki, Greece
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14
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Hande PE, Shelke YG, Datta A, Gharpure SJ. Recent Advances in Small Molecule-Based Intracellular pH Probes. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100448. [PMID: 34695287 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pH plays an important role in many biological and pathological processes. Small-molecule based pH probes are found to be the most effective for pH sensing because of ease of preparation, high sensitivity, and quick response. They have many advantages such as small perturbation to the functions of the target, functional adaptability, cellular component-specific localization, etc. The present review highlights the flurry of recent activity in the development of such probes. The probes are categorized based on the type of fluorophore used like quinoline, coumarin, BODIPY, rhodamine, indolium, naphthalimide, etc., and their analytical performance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj E Hande
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Yogesh G Shelke
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Santosh J Gharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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15
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Bollella P, Melman A, Katz E. Operando
Local pH Mapping of Electrochemical and Bioelectrochemical Reactions Occurring at an Electrode Surface: Effect of the Buffer Concentration. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari A. Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Song KH, Lin W, Sun C, Schatz GC, Zhang HF. Investigating Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectral Heterogeneity of Rhodamines Using High-Throughput Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3914-3921. [PMID: 33861598 PMCID: PMC8607629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigated several intramolecular coordinate and environmental changes as potential causes of single-molecule fluorescence spectral heterogeneities (smFSH). We developed a high-throughput single-molecule spectroscopy method to analyze more than 5000 single-molecule emission spectra from each of 9 commonly used fluorophores with different structural rigidities and deposited on substrates with different polarities. We observed an unexpectedly high smFSH from structurally rigid Rhodamine B compared with a structurally flexible Cyanine dye-Alexa Fluor 647. Based on experimentally measured smFSH, we ruled out the system's noise uncertainty, single-molecule spectral diffusion, and environmental polarity as the primary causes of the high smFSH. We found that the rotational flexibility of N,N-dialkylated groups contributed to the smFSH. With the high smFSH observed in structurally more rigid model fluorophores, we speculated that other intramolecular coordinate and environmental changes might also contribute to the high smFSH in Rhodamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208, United States
- Corresponding Author:
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208, United States
| | - Ki-Hee Song
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208, United States
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208, United States
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208, United States
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208, United States
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17
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Jiménez-Mancilla NP, Aranda-Lara L, Morales-Ávila E, Camacho-López MA, Ocampo-García BE, Torres-García E, Estrada-Guadarrama JA, Santos-Cuevas CL, Isaac-Olivé K. Electron transfer reactions in rhodamine: Potential use in photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Koga N, Tanioka M, Kamino S, Sawada D. Morpholine-Substituted Rhodamine Analogue with Multi-Configurational Switches for Optical Sensing of pH Gradient under Extreme Acidic Environments. Chemistry 2021; 27:3761-3765. [PMID: 33205525 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Superior pH-responsive molecules are required for the development of functional materials applicable to advanced molecular technologies. Despite having been widely developed, many rhodamine-based pH-responsive molecules exhibit a single configurational switch for "turn-on". Herein, we report a new type of rhodamine-based pH-responsive molecule with multi-configurational switches displaying stable two-step structural and color conversion in response to pH. This rhodamine analogue could be successfully applied to optical sensing of pH gradient under extreme acidic environments both in solution and on hydrogel through high-contrast color change. We demonstrated that this multi-responsive character enabled optical memory of different pH information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Koga
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanioka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kamino
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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19
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Andresen E, Radunz S, Resch-Genger U. Novel PET-pperated rosamine pH-sensor dyes with substitution pattern-tunable p Ka values and temperature sensitivity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of a family of regioisomerically pure pH-sensitive rosamine fluorophores consisting of xanthene fluorophore cores and differently substituted phenol moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Andresen
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Division Biophotonics
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Sebastian Radunz
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Division Biophotonics
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Division Biophotonics
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
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20
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Li B, Haris U, Aljowni M, Nakatsuka A, Patel SK, Lippert AR. Tuning the Photophysical Properties of Spirolactam Rhodamine Photoswitches. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75206 USA
| | - Uroob Haris
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75206 USA
| | - Maha Aljowni
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75206 USA
| | - Andrew Nakatsuka
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75206 USA
| | - Shreya K. Patel
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75206 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Alexander R. Lippert
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75206 USA
- Center for Drug Discovery Design and Delivery (CD4) Southern Methodist University Dallas TX 75206 USA
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21
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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22
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Sun H, Martinez D, Li Z, Schanze KS. Biofunctionalization of Water-Soluble poly(Phenylene Ethynylene)s. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53310-53317. [PMID: 33190474 PMCID: PMC7927151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of amide coupling chemistry to covalently link five different biofunctional groups onto an anionic water-soluble poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) polymer. Two of the biofunctionalized PPEs are used in prototype applications, including pH sensing and flow cytometry labeling. The PPE is functionalized with carboxylate (R-CO2-) and sulfonate (R-SO3-) ionic groups. By using an activated ester, the amine-functionalized groups are covalently linked to the PPE polymer via amide linkages. The reaction chemistry is optimized using biotin-ethylene diamine, making it possible to control the loading of the biotin functionality on the PPE chains. Using the optimized approach, a family of five PPEs were prepared that contain biotin, rhodamine, cholesterol, mannose, or folic acid moieties appended to the polymer backbones. The rhodamine- and biotin-modified PPEs were further applied for pH response and flow cytometry applications. The reported approach can be utilized for other classes of water-soluble conjugated polymers, allowing facile development of a variety of new functionalized water-soluble conjugated polymers for a range of applications including sensing, bioimaging, and flow cytometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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23
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Zhang M, Wang J, Jia T, Qiu J, Zhu H, Gao Y. Two water-soluble fluorescence probes based on 5(6)-carboxyl rhodamine for Cu 2+ imaging in living cells. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:1101-1108. [PMID: 32485078 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two novel water-soluble fluorescence probes T1 and T2 based on 5(6)-carboxyl rhodamine were designed and synthesized using a regioselective reaction. The probes exhibited highly selective and sensitive recognition toward Cu2+ over other metal ions in acetonitrile/Tris-HCl buffer solution (2:98, v/v; pH 7.4). Detection limits were 0.4 μM for T1 and 4.50 μM for T2 based on fluorescence titration analysis. Furthermore, probe T1 was successfully applied in cell imaging experiments to monitor Cu2+ in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Jia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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24
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Di Paolo M, Boubeta FM, Alday J, Torino MM, Aramendía PF, Suarez SA, Bossi ML. Design and characterization of pH-sensitive spirorhodamine 6G probes with aliphatic substituents. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Mazi W, Adhikari R, Zhang Y, Xia S, Fang M, Luck RL, Tajiri M, Tiwari A, Tanasova M, Liu H. Fluorescent probes with high pKa values based on traditional, near-infrared rhodamine, and hemicyanine fluorophores for sensitive detection of lysosomal pH variations. Methods 2019; 168:40-50. [PMID: 31344405 PMCID: PMC6851477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterically hindered fluorescent probes (A-C) have been developed by introducing 2-aminophenylboronic acid pinacol ester to a traditional, A, a near-infrared rhodamine dye, B, and a near-infrared hemicyanine dye, C, forming closed spirolactam ring structures. Probe A was non-fluorescent under basic pH conditions whereas probes B and C were moderately fluorescent with fluorescence quantum yields of 9% and 5% in pH 7.4 PBS buffer containing 1% ethanol, respectively. With all probes increasing acidity leads to significant increases in fluorescence at 580 nm, 644 and 744 nm for probes A, B and C with fluorescence quantum yields of 26%, 21% and 10% in pH 4.5 PBS buffer containing 1% ethanol, respectively. Probes A, B and C were calculated to have pKa values of 5.81, 5.45 and 6.97. The difference in fluorescence under basic conditions is ascribed to easier opening of the closed spirolactam ring configurations due to significant steric hindrance between the 2-aminophenylboronic acid pinacol ester residue and an adjacent H atom in the xanthene derivative moiety in probe B or C. The probes show fast, reversible, selective and sensitive fluorescence responses to pH changes, and are capable of sensing lysosomal pH variations in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Mazi
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States
| | - Rashmi Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States
| | - Shuai Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States
| | - Mingxi Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States
| | - Rudy L Luck
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States.
| | - Momoko Tajiri
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States.
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States.
| | - Marina Tanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States.
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States.
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26
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Xia MC, Cai L, Yang Y, Zhang S, Zhang X. Tuning the p Ka of Carboxyfluorescein with Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Intracellular pH Imaging. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9168-9173. [PMID: 31251035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
5-Carboxylfluorescein (FAM) is a conventional pH-responsive fluorophore widely used in fluorescence labeling and imaging. Because of its nonfluorescent structure under acidic conditions, FAM has long been limited to pH determination in a neutral-basic environment. Here, we modified the optical properties of FAM with cationic arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), tuning the pKa value of FAM to adapt well to pH measurement under diverse pH conditions. With increasing length of polyarginine, the pKa value of FAM was tuned from 6.20 ± 0.06 to 5.17 ± 0.05. The key mechanism for pKa variations was attributed to intramolecular electrostatic attraction and the positive charge of cationic CPPs tend to stabilize the fluorescent dianionic form of FAM. Apart from tunable pKa, arginine-rich CPPs also improved the water solubility, membrane permeability, and organelle-specific localization of FAM. Two conjugated probes FAM-R12 and FAM-(Fxr)3 were selected to monitor intracellular pH fluctuations. Compared to FAM-(Fxr)3, highly positively charged FAM-R12 was more effective in lower pH condition and realized targeted visualization of lysosomal pH changes. The arginine-rich CPP-based strategy offers a promising approach to obtain optimized fluorescent pH probes with adjustable pKa values for organelle-specific pH measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chan Xia
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Lesi Cai
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
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Role of hydrophobicity in tuning the intracellular uptake of dendron-based fluorophores for in vitro metal ion sensing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 179:180-189. [PMID: 30959230 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores are used for sensing biologically relevant ions, toxic metals or pathogenic markers. However, the mode of entry of such fluorophores into the cell greatly depends on their size, shape, surface charge, functional groups, and hydrophobicity. In particular, the influence of hydrophobicity on the intracellular uptake of fluorophores is poorly investigated. Self-assembly is a recent strategy to tune the intracellular uptake of fluorophores, facilitating increased intracellular sensing and fluorescence. Herein, self-assembly of three novel poly(aryl ether) dendron derivatives that contain rhodamine units was used to investigate the effect of hydrophobicity on the intracellular uptake of self-assembled fluorophores. The results suggest that monomer hydrophobicity plays an important role in the uptake. The dendron-based fluorophores, which upon self-assembly, formed stable spherical aggregates ranging from 300 to 500 nm. The rhodamine-based dendrons could selectively sense Hg2+ ions in the presence of other competing metal cations. Intracellular imaging of the dendron-based fluorophores displayed bright red fluorescence in human embryonic kidney cells. The rate of intracellular uptake of the three dendron-based fluorophores was analyzed by flow cytometry. The results establish the importance of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the self-assembled amphiphiles for tuning the intracellular uptake.
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28
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Zhang C, Li M, Liang W, Zhang G, Fan L, Yao Q, Shuang S, Dong C. Substituent Effect on the Properties of pH Fluorescence Probes Containing Pyridine Group. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Institution Institute of Environmental ScienceShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Guomei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Li Fan
- Institution Institute of Environmental ScienceShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Qingjia Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institution Institute of Environmental ScienceShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
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29
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Quinoline-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for detection of physiological pH changes in aqueous solution and living cells. Talanta 2019; 192:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Qi S, Li Q, Liu W, Ren H, Zhang H, Wu J, Ge J, Wang P. Coumarin/fluorescein-fused fluorescent dyes for rapidly monitoring mitochondrial pH changes in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:590-597. [PMID: 29980060 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On base of the good optical properties of coumarin and fluorescein, we designed and synthesized two coumarin/fluorescein-fused fluorescent dyes (CF dyes), which enlarged the emission wavelength and increased the Stokes shift of fluorescein moiety. The corresponding optical properties of CF dyes were investigated in detail. CF dyes could easily introduce other groups to design different functional molecules. CF dyes also exhibited rapid and sensitive responses to pH values in the range of 4.0-7.4 through the characterization of absorption and fluorescence spectra in buffer solution. More importantly, CF ethyl ester dye (CFE dye) not only showed good cell membrane permeability and low cytotoxicity, but also had the ability to rapidly monitor mitochondrial pH changes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Haohui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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31
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Wang L, Zhou W, Tang Q, Yang H, Zhou Q, Zhang X. Rhodamine-Functionalized Mechanochromic and Mechanofluorescent Hydrogels with Enhanced Mechanoresponsive Sensitivity. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E994. [PMID: 30960921 PMCID: PMC6403975 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart materials responsible to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, solvents, light, redox agents, and mechanical or electric/magnetic field, have drawn considerable attention recently. Herein, we described a novel rhodamine (Rh) mechanophore-based mechanoresponsive micellar hydrogel with excellent mechanochromic and mechanofluorescent properties. We found with astonishment that, due to the favorable activation of rhodamine spirolactam in the presence of water, together with the stress concentration effect, the mechanoresponsive sensitivity of this hydrogel was enhanced significantly. As a result, the stress needed to trigger the mechanochromic property of Rh in the hydrogel was much lower than in its native polymer matrix reported before. The hydrogel based on Rh, therefore, exhibited excellent mechanochromic property even at lower stress. Moreover, due to the reversibility of color on/off, the hydrogel based on Rh could be used as a reusable and erasable material for color printing/writing. Of peculiar importance is that the hydrogel could emit highly bright fluorescence under sufficient stress or strain. This suggested that the stress/strain of hydrogel could be detected quantificationally and effectively by the fluorescence data. We also found that the hydrogel could respond to acid/alkali and exhibited outstanding properties of acidichromism and acidifluorochromism. Up to now, hydrogels with such excellent mechanochromic and mechanofluorescent properties have rarely been reported. Our efforts may be essentially beneficial to the design of the mechanochromic and mechanofluorescent hydrogels with enhanced mechanoresponsive sensitivity, fostering their potential applications in a number of fields such as damage or stress/strain detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wanfu Zhou
- Oil Production Technology Institute, Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd., Daqing 163453, China.
| | - Quan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Haiyang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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32
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Cheng X, Bonefacino J, Guan BO, Tam HY. All-polymer fiber-optic pH sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:14610-14616. [PMID: 29877495 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.014610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel all-polymer fiber-optic pH sensor using a UV-cured pH-sensitive hydrogel, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), coated on a polymer fiber Bragg grating was developed. The PEGDA increased in volume according to the pH value of the surrounding fluid, which subsequently induced a lateral stress in the polymer fiber Bragg grating. The proposed pH sensor exhibits a pH sensitivity of up to -0.41 nm/pH and a fast response time of 30 s.
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33
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Crovak RA, Hoover JM. A Predictive Model for the Decarboxylation of Silver Benzoate Complexes Relevant to Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2434-2437. [PMID: 29381354 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative coupling reactions offer an attractive route to generate functionalized arenes from simple and readily available carboxylic acid coupling partners, yet they are underutilized due to limitations in the scope of carboxylic acid coupling partner. Here we report that the field effect parameter (F) has a substantial influence on the rate of decarboxylation of well-defined silver benzoate complexes. This finding provides the opportunity to surpass current substrate limitations associated with decarboxylation and to enable widespread utilization of decarboxylative coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Crovak
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Jessica M Hoover
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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34
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Prasannan D, Arunkumar C. A “turn-on-and-off” pH sensitive BODIPY fluorescent probe for imaging E. coli cells. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly selective fluorescent BODIPY probes towards H+ ions displayed good photostability and reversibility and the utility of acid sensitive behavior to visualize extreme acidity in E. coli cells is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijo Prasannan
- Bioinorganic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Calicut-673 601
- India
| | - Chellaiah Arunkumar
- Bioinorganic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Calicut-673 601
- India
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