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Sellin M, Krossing I. Homoleptic Transition Metal Carbonyl Cations: Synthetic Approaches, Characterization and Follow-Up Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2776-2787. [PMID: 37668537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon monoxide, CO, is one of the most important ligands in organometallic chemistry. It is an excellent π-acceptor and a moderate σ-donor. Therefore, most of the known transition metal carbonyls (TMCs) exhibit a zerovalent or even negative metal oxidation state (OS) of up to -4. However, given the right conditions, the carbonyl ligand also forms homoleptic cationic complexes with one or more transition metal atoms, the transition metal carbonyl cations (TMCCs), known with an OS of up to +3. Despite their long-standing history upon discovery of the first [M(CO)6]+ examples (M = Mn, Tc, Re) by E. O. Fischer in 1962 as well as their very fundamental nature, it took until the 1990s for the scope to be widened by Aubke, Strauss and Willner. Yet, many potential TMCC entries known from gas-phase mass spectrometry work remained unknown on preparative grounds. This is due to their high reactivity, which puts scientists to new challenges and encourages the development of suitable solvents, anions and oxidants, to cope with the demands of these fundamental salts─later referred to as pseudo-gas-phase conditions and innocent deelectronators and solvents.Hence, the utilization of extremely weakly coordinating perfluorinated alkoxyaluminates [Al(ORF)4]- and [F{Al(ORF)3}2]- (ORF = -OC(CF3)3) in combination with the polar but non- or weakly coordinating innocent solvents 1,2-difluorobenzene (oDFB) and 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene (TFB) yielded the first TMCC salts containing heptacoordinate [M(CO)7]+ (M = Nb, Ta) as well as paramagnetic [M(CO)6]+· (M = Cr, Mo, W) or [Ni(CO)4]+·. However, the use of typical inorganic oxidants Ag+, [NO]+ and Ag+/0.5 I2 regularly led to unwanted side reactions. For example, the Lewis acidic silver(I) cations form Lewis pairs with various Lewis basic TMCs yielding partly clustered [Agx{TMC}y]x+ complex salts, while nitrosonium cations may substitute for carbonyl ligands, forming [M(CO)x-1(NO)]+ complexes. The synergistic oxidizing reagent Ag+/0.5 X2 can add halonium ions X+ to the TMCs (X = Cl, Br, I). This prevented the synthesis of univalent group 8 TMCC salts. Yet, the application of radical cation salts of perfluorinated arenes as innocent deelectronators finally yielded salts of [Fe(CO)5]+· and [M3(CO)14]2+ (M = Ru, Os).TMCC salts are excellent starting materials, and the reaction of [Co(CO)5]+ and [Ni(CO)4]+· with benzene led to the previously unknown bis(benzene) sandwich complexes [Co(benzene)2]+ and [Ni(benzene)2]+·. Under the right conditions, even the very weakly bound oDFB-complex salts with [M(oDFB)2]+ (M = Co, Ni) cations form, useful as naked metal(I) synthons and for small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Schmitt M, Mayländer M, Goost J, Richert S, Krossing I. Chasing the Mond Cation: Synthesis and Characterization of the Homoleptic Nickel Tetracarbonyl Cation and its Tricarbonyl‐Nitrosyl Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Julian Goost
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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Schmitt M, Mayländer M, Goost J, Richert S, Krossing I. Chasing the Mond Cation: Synthesis and Characterization of the Homoleptic Nickel Tetracarbonyl Cation and its Tricarbonyl-Nitrosyl Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14800-14805. [PMID: 33734545 PMCID: PMC8251987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
130 years after Mond discovered the first homoleptic carbonyl complex Ni(CO)4, we report on a [Ni(CO)4].+ salt as the first synthesis of any homoleptic nickel carbonyl cation in the condensed phase. It was prepared by oxidation of nickel metal with the synergistic oxidant Ag[F{Al(ORF)3}2]/0.5 I2 (RF=C(CF3)3) in CO atmosphere. This D2d‐symmetric metalloradical represents the last missing entry among the structurally characterized homoleptic carbonyl cations of Groups 6 to 11. Additionally, the nickel tricarbonyl‐nitrosyl cation [Ni(CO)3(NO)]+ was obtained by usage of NO[F{Al(ORF)3}2] and all products were fully characterized by means of IR, Raman, NMR/EPR, single crystal and powder XRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Goost
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Zick ME, Lee JH, Gonzalez MI, Velasquez EO, Uliana AA, Kim J, Long JR, Milner PJ. Fluoroarene Separations in Metal-Organic Frameworks with Two Proximal Mg 2+ Coordination Sites. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1948-1958. [PMID: 33492140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroarenes are widely used in medicinal, agricultural, and materials chemistry, and yet their production remains a critical challenge in organic synthesis. Indeed, the nearly identical physical properties of these vital building blocks hinders their purification by traditional methods, such as flash chromatography or distillation. As a result, the Balz-Schiemann reaction is currently employed to prepare fluoroarenes instead of more atom-economical C-H fluorination reactions, which produce inseparable mixtures of regioisomers. Herein, we propose an alternative solution to this problem: the purification of mixtures of fluoroarenes using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Specifically, we demonstrate that controlling the interaction of fluoroarenes with adjacent coordinatively unsaturated Mg2+ centers within a MOF enables the separation of fluoroarene mixtures with unparalleled selectivities. Liquid-phase multicomponent equilibrium adsorption data and breakthrough measurements coupled with van der Waals-corrected density functional theory calculations reveal that the materials Mg2(dobdc) (dobdc4- = 2,5-dioxidobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate) and Mg2(m-dobdc) (m-dobdc4- = 2,4-dioxidobenzene-1,5-dicarboxylate) are capable of separating the difluorobenzene isomers from one another. Additionally, these frameworks facilitate the separations of fluoroanisoles, fluorotoluenes, and fluorochlorobenzenes. In addition to enabling currently unfeasible separations for the production of fluoroarenes, our results suggest that carefully controlling the interaction of isomers with not one but two strong binding sites within a MOF provides a general strategy for achieving challenging liquid-phase separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Zick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Miguel I Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ever O Velasquez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam A Uliana
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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Bohnenberger J, Kratzert D, Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Frenking G, Krossing I. Group 6 Hexacarbonyls as Ligands for the Silver Cation: Syntheses, Characterization, and Analysis of the Bonding Compared with the Isoelectronic Group 5 Hexacarbonylates. Chemistry 2020; 26:17203-17211. [PMID: 32964504 PMCID: PMC7839444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the two novel complexes [Ag{Mo/W(CO)6 }2 ]+ [F-{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- (RF =C(CF3 )3 ) are reported along with their structural and spectroscopic characterization. The X-ray structure shows that three carbonyl ligands from each M(CO)6 fragment bend towards the silver atom within binding Ag-C distance range. DFT calculations of the free cations [Ag{M(CO)6 }2 ]+ (M=Cr, Mo, W) in the electronic singlet state give equilibrium structures with C2 symmetry with two bridging carbonyl groups from each hexacarbonyl ligand. Similar structures with C2 symmetry (M=Nb) and D2 symmetry (M=V, Ta) are calculated for the isoelectronic group 5 anions [Ag{M(CO)6 }2 ]- (M=V, Nb, Ta). The electronic structure of the cations is analyzed with the QTAIM and EDA-NOCV methods, which provide detailed information about the nature of the chemical bonds between Ag+ and the {M(CO)6 }2 q (q = -2, M = V, Nb, Ta; q = 0, M = Cr, Mo, W) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bohnenberger
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | | | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
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Unkrig W, Kloiber K, Butschke B, Kratzert D, Krossing I. Altering Charges on Heterobimetallic Transition-Metal Carbonyl Clusters. Chemistry 2020; 26:12373-12381. [PMID: 32613683 PMCID: PMC7589396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The homoleptic group 5 carbonylates [M(CO)6 ]- (M=Nb, Ta) serve as ligands in carbonyl-terminated heterobimetallic Agm Mn clusters containing 3 to 11 metal atoms. Based on our serendipitous [Ag6 {Nb(CO)6 }4 ]2+ (4 a2+ ) precedent, we established access to such Agm Mn clusters of the composition [Agm {M(CO)6 }n ]x (M=Nb, Ta; m=1, 2, 6; n=2, 3, 4, 5; x=1-, 1+, 2+). Salts of those molecular cluster ions were synthesized by the reaction of [NEt4 ][M(CO)6 ] and Ag[Al(ORF )4 ] (RF =C(CF3 )3 ) in the correct stoichiometry in 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene at -35 °C. The solid-state structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods and, owing to the thermal instability of the clusters, a limited scope of spectroscopic methods. In addition, DFT-based AIM calculations were performed to provide an understanding of the bonding within these clusters. Apparently, the clusters 3+ (m=6, n=5) and 42+ (m=6, n=4) are superatom complexes with trigonal-prismatic or octahedral Ag6 superatom cores. The [M(CO)6 ]- ions then bind through three CO units as tridentate chelate ligands to the superatom core, giving overall structures related to tetrahedral AX4 (42+ ) or trigonal bipyramidal AX5 molecules (3+ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Unkrig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Konstantin Kloiber
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstrasse 2179104FreiburgGermany
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Li Z, Chen X, Liu LL, Scharnhölz MT, Grützmacher H. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Dicarbondiphosphides: Strong Neutral Four‐Membered Heterocyclic 6π‐Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University 30071 Tianjin China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto M5S3H60 Canada
| | - Moritz Theodor Scharnhölz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University 30071 Tianjin China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Li Z, Chen X, Liu LL, Scharnhölz MT, Grützmacher H. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Dicarbondiphosphides: Strong Neutral Four‐Membered Heterocyclic 6π‐Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4288-4293. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University 30071 Tianjin China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto M5S3H60 Canada
| | - Moritz Theodor Scharnhölz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University 30071 Tianjin China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Weis P, Röhner DC, Prediger R, Butschke B, Scherer H, Weber S, Krossing I. First experimental evidence for the elusive tetrahedral cations [EP 3] + (E = S, Se, Te) in the condensed phase. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10779-10788. [PMID: 32055385 PMCID: PMC7006506 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03915e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensed phase access to the unprecedented tetrahedral cations [EP3]+ (E = S, Se, Te) was achieved through the reaction of ECl3[WCA] with white phosphorus ([WCA]- = [Al(ORF)4]- and [F(Al(ORF)3)2]-; -RF = -C(CF3)3). Previously, [EP3]+ was only known from gas phase MS investigations. By contrast, the reaction of ECl3[A] with the known P3 3- synthon Na[Nb(ODipp)3(P3)] (enabling AsP3 synthesis), led to formation of P4. The cations [EP3]+ were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in combination with high-level quantum chemical calculations. Their bonding situation is described with several approaches including Atoms in Molecules and Natural Bond Orbital analysis. The first series of well-soluble salts ECl3[WCA] was synthesized and fully characterized as starting materials for the studies on this elusive class of [EP3]+ cations. Yet, with high [ECl3]+ fluoride ion affinity values between 775 (S), 803 (Se) and 844 (Te) kJ mol-1, well exceeding typical phosphenium ions, these well-soluble ECl3[WCA] salts could be relevant in view of the renewed interest in strong (also cationic) Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Weis
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - David Christopher Röhner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Richard Prediger
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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Bohnenberger J, Feuerstein W, Himmel D, Daub M, Breher F, Krossing I. Stable salts of the hexacarbonyl chromium(I) cation and its pentacarbonyl-nitrosyl chromium(I) analogue. Nat Commun 2019; 10:624. [PMID: 30733449 PMCID: PMC6367395 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Homoleptic carbonyl radical cations are a textbook family of complexes hitherto unknown in the condensed phase, leaving their properties and applications fundamentally unexplored. Here we report on two stable 17-electron [Cr(CO)6]•+ salts that were synthesized by oxidation of Cr(CO)6 with [NO]+[Al(ORF)4]- (RF = C(CF3)3)) in CH2Cl2 and with removal of NO gas. Longer reaction times led to NO/CO ligand exchange and formation of the thermodynamically more stable 18-electron species [Cr(CO)5(NO)]+, which belongs to the family of heteroleptic chromium carbonyl/nitrosyl cations. All salts were fully characterized (IR, Raman, EPR, NMR, scXRD, pXRD, magnetics) and are stable at room temperature under inert conditions over months. The facile synthesis of these species enables the thorough investigation of their properties and applications to a broad scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bohnenberger
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Division Molecular Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Daub
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Division Molecular Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Meier SC, Himmel D, Krossing I. How does the Environment Influence a Given Cation? A Systematic Investigation of [Co(CO) 5 ] + in Gas Phase, Solution, and Solid State. Chemistry 2018; 24:19348-19360. [PMID: 30259588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IR spectroscopic studies of the gaseous metal carbonyl cations [Co(CO)5 ]+ ⋅mCO (m=1-4) indicated that the weakly bound CO molecules in a second coordination sphere perturb the structure of [Co(CO)5 ]+ causing the CO stretching frequencies ν(CO) to become noticeably redshifted. In this work, we aimed to establish the relationship between such gas phase IR spectra and those recorded in condensed phases, either as a solid salt or as a solution in the weakly basic solvent o-difluorobenzene. For this purpose, a series of [Co(CO)5 ]+ [WCA]- salts (WCA=weakly coordinating anion), with the counterions varying between more coordinating (WCA=F-Al(ORF )3 , (RF O)3 Al-F-Al(F)(ORF )2 ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ) and almost non-coordinating (WCA=Al(ORF )4 , F{Al(ORF )3 }2 ), were synthesized and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy as well as X-ray structure analysis. The experimental spectra differ considerably from that of the undisturbed gaseous [Co(CO)5 ]+ ion, as the structural deformation of [Co(CO)5 ]+ requires very little energy. Together with previously reported data, the perturbed condensed phase [Co(CO)5 ]+ ions were analyzed and compared with the gaseous [Co(CO)5 ]+ ⋅mCO ions. DFT calculations were performed on simply adapted [Co(CO)5 ]+ structures to allow the assignment of all the ν(CO) modes and a qualitative interpretation of structural deformations by external influences as a function of the environment (ligands, solvation, crystal packing). The analysis showed that especially the degenerate E' mode νe and the averaged asymmetric equatorial CO stretch ν ‾ e , which originates from a split of the E' mode, are a function of the interaction with the environment. Whereas for the more coordinating counterions ν ‾ e values of 2112-2120 cm-1 were obtained, for the less coordinating counterions ν ‾ e values of up to 2133 cm-1 were found, which is very close to that of gaseous [Co(CO)5 ]+ ⋅4CO, with a ν ‾ e value of 2135 cm-1 . This indicates the possibility of approximating the gas phase conditions in the condensed phases with the [Co(CO)5 ]+ ion probably being the prototypical probe molecule for investigating the strengths of interactions in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C Meier
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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13
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13982-14024. [PMID: 29266644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Meier SC, Holz A, Kulenkampff J, Schmidt A, Kratzert D, Himmel D, Schmitz D, Scheidt EW, Scherer W, Bülow C, Timm M, Lindblad R, Akin ST, Zamudio-Bayer V, von Issendorff B, Duncan MA, Lau JT, Krossing I. Access to the Bis-benzene Cobalt(I) Sandwich Cation and its Derivatives: Synthons for a "Naked" Cobalt(I) Source? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9310-9314. [PMID: 29847000 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of the hitherto unknown parent Co(bz)2+ (bz=benzene) complex and several of its derivatives are described. Their synthesis starts either from a CoCO5+ salt, or directly from Co2 (CO)8 and a Ag+ salt. Stability and solubility of these complexes was achieved by using the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) [Al(ORF )4 ]- and [F{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- {RF =C(CF3 )3 } and the solvent ortho-difluorobenzene (o-DFB). The magnetic properties of Co(bz)2+ were measured and compared in the condensed and gas phases. The weakly bound Co(o-dfb)2+ salts are of particular interest for the preparation of further CoI salts, for example, the structurally characterized low-coordinate 12 valence electron Co(Pt Bu3 )2+ and Co(NHC)2+ salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C Meier
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albina Holz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kulenkampff
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexei Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmitz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ernst-Wilhelm Scheidt
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Scherer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christine Bülow
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Lunds Universitet, Synkrotronljusfysik, Box 118, 221000, Lund, Sweden
| | - Scott T Akin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Meier SC, Holz A, Kulenkampff J, Schmidt A, Kratzert D, Himmel D, Schmitz D, Scheidt EW, Scherer W, Bülow C, Timm M, Lindblad R, Akin ST, Zamudio-Bayer V, von Issendorff B, Duncan MA, Lau JT, Krossing I. Access to the Bis-benzene Cobalt(I) Sandwich Cation and its Derivatives: Synthons for a “Naked” Cobalt(I) Source? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C. Meier
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Albina Holz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jan Kulenkampff
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Alexei Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Dominik Schmitz
- Institut für Physik; Universität Augsburg; Universitätsstrasse 1 86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - Ernst-Wilhelm Scheidt
- Institut für Physik; Universität Augsburg; Universitätsstrasse 1 86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Scherer
- Institut für Physik; Universität Augsburg; Universitätsstrasse 1 86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - Christine Bülow
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 12489 Berlin Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik; Hardenbergstrasse 36 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 12489 Berlin Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik; Hardenbergstrasse 36 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 12489 Berlin Germany
- Lunds Universitet; Synkrotronljusfysik, Box 118 221000 Lund Sweden
| | - Scott T. Akin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 12489 Berlin Germany
- Physikalisches Institut; Universität Freiburg; Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut; Universität Freiburg; Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - J. Tobias Lau
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 12489 Berlin Germany
- Physikalisches Institut; Universität Freiburg; Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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