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Yoon JY, Lee Y, Kim DG, Oh DG, Kim JK, Guo L, Kim J, Choe J, Lee K, Cheong H, Kim CU, Choi YJ, Ma Y, Kim K. Type-II Red Phosphorus: Wavy Packing of Twisted Pentagonal Tubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307102. [PMID: 37466016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Elemental phosphorus exhibits fascinating structural varieties and versatile properties. The unique nature of phosphorus bonds can lead to the formation of extremely complex structures, and detailed structural information on some phosphorus polymorphs is yet to be investigated. In this study, we investigated an unidentified crystalline phase of phosphorus, type-II red phosphorus (RP), by combining state-of-the-art structural characterization techniques. Electron diffraction tomography, atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), powder X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were concurrently used to elucidate the hidden structural motifs and their packing in type-II RP. Electron diffraction tomography, performed using individual crystalline nanowires, was used to identify a triclinic unit cell with volume of 5330 Å3 , which is the largest unit cell for elemental phosphorus crystals up to now and contains approximately 250 phosphorus atoms. Atomic-resolution STEM imaging, which was performed along different crystal-zone axes, confirmed that the twisted wavy tubular motif is the basic building block of type-II RP. Our study discovered and presented a new variation of building blocks in phosphorus, and it provides insights to clarify the complexities observed in phosphorus as well as other relevant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yeong Yoon
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yangjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dong Gun Oh
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jin Kyun Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
- Present address: Division of Industrial Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Linshuo Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology &, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jungcheol Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Jeongheon Choe
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeonsik Cheong
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Chae Un Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Young Jai Choi
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yanhang Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology &, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Korea
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2
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Rybkovskiy DV, Koroteev VO, Impellizzeri A, Vorfolomeeva AA, Gerasimov EY, Okotrub AV, Chuvilin A, Bulusheva LG, Ewels CP. "Missing" One-Dimensional Red-Phosphorus Chains Encapsulated within Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6002-6012. [PMID: 35377145 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We identify the "missing" 1D-phosphorus allotrope, red phosphorus chains, formed in the interior of tip-opened single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Via a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study we show that in intermediate diameter cavities (1.6-2.9 nm), phosphorus vapor condenses into linear P8]P2 chains and fibrous red-phosphorus type cross-linked double-chains. Thermogravimetric and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis estimates ∼7 atom % of elemental phosphorus in the sample, while high-resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping reveals that phosphorus fills the SWCNTs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows long chains inside the nanotubes with varying arrangement and packing density. A detailed match is obtained between density functional theory (DFT) simulations, HRTEM, and low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. Notably, a signature spectroscopic signal for phosphorus chain cross-linking is identified. When coupled with reinterpretation of literature data and wide-ranging DFT calculations, these results reveal a comprehensive picture of the diameter dependence of confined 1D-phosphorus allotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Rybkovskiy
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V O Koroteev
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Impellizzeri
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - A A Vorfolomeeva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiv Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E Yu Gerasimov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiv Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Okotrub
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiv Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Chuvilin
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - L G Bulusheva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiv Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - C P Ewels
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
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3
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Sun Z, Zhang B, Yan Q. Solution phase synthesis of the less-known Form II crystalline red phosphorus. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01019d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Form II crystalline red phosphorus was grown by solvothermal reactions. XRD patterns match well with Roth’s results in 1947. Polyphosphide anions captured during phosphorus phase transformation support the “dissolution–crystallization” mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Hu P, Zhou D, Xu S, Ma Q, Yin J, Cao Y, Xu J. Aqueous phase- and size-controlled synthesis, and secondary assemblies of CdS nanocrystals at room temperature. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01276b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phase-controlled and particle size-controlled synthesis of CdS nanocrystals was realized by adjusting the pH of the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hu
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Qianru Ma
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Yin
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhenjiang 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yali Cao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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5
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Pielmeier MRP, Nilges T. Bildungsmechanismen für Phosphoren und SnIP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus R. P. Pielmeier
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching b. München Deutschland
| | - Tom Nilges
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching b. München Deutschland
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6
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Pielmeier MRP, Nilges T. Formation Mechanisms for Phosphorene and SnIP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6816-6823. [PMID: 33512072 PMCID: PMC7986658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorene-the monolayered material of the element allotrope black phosphorus (Pblack )-and SnIP are 2D and 1D semiconductors with intriguing physical properties. Pblack and SnIP have in common that they can be synthesized via short way transport or mineralization using tin, tin(IV) iodide and amorphous red phosphorus. This top-down approach is the most important access route to phosphorene. The two preparation routes are closely connected and differ mainly in reaction temperature and molar ratios of starting materials. Many speculative intermediates or activator side phases have been postulated especially for top-down Pblack /phosphorene synthesis, such as Hittorf's phosphorus or Sn24 P19.3 I8 clathrate. The importance of phosphorus-based 2D and 1D materials for energy conversion, storage, and catalysis inspired us to elucidate the formation mechanisms of these two compounds. Herein, we report on the reaction mechanisms of Pblack /phosphorene and SnIP from P4 and SnI2 via direct gas phase formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus R. P. Pielmeier
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Munich (TUM)Lichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Tom Nilges
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Munich (TUM)Lichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching b. MünchenGermany
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7
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Deringer VL, Pickard CJ, Proserpio DM. Hierarchically Structured Allotropes of Phosphorus from Data-Driven Exploration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15880-15885. [PMID: 32497368 PMCID: PMC7540597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of materials is increasingly guided by quantum-mechanical crystal-structure prediction, but the structural complexity in bulk and nanoscale materials remains a bottleneck. Here we demonstrate how data-driven approaches can vastly accelerate the search for complex structures, combining a machine-learning (ML) model for the potential-energy surface with efficient, fragment-based searching. We use the characteristic building units observed in Hittorf's and fibrous phosphorus to seed stochastic ("random") structure searches over hundreds of thousands of runs. Our study identifies a family of hierarchically structured allotropes based on a P8 cage as principal building unit, including one-dimensional (1D) single and double helix structures, nanowires, and two-dimensional (2D) phosphorene allotropes with square-lattice and kagome topologies. These findings yield new insight into the intriguingly diverse structural chemistry of phosphorus, and they provide an example for how ML methods may, in the long run, be expected to accelerate the discovery of hierarchical nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker L. Deringer
- Department of ChemistryInorganic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Chris J. Pickard
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- Advanced Institute for Materials ResearchTohoku University2-1-1 Katahira, AobaSendai980-8577Japan
| | - Davide M. Proserpio
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)Samara State Technical University443100SamaraRussia
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8
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Deringer VL, Pickard CJ, Proserpio DM. Hierarchically Structured Allotropes of Phosphorus from Data‐Driven Exploration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker L. Deringer
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Chris J. Pickard
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Davide M. Proserpio
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS) Samara State Technical University 443100 Samara Russia
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Bijoy TK, Murugan P, Kumar V. Atomic and electronic structure of solids of Ge 2Br 2PN, Ge 2I 2PN, Sn 2Cl 2PN, Sn 2Br 2PN and Sn 2I 2PN inorganic double helices: a first principles study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14714-14719. [PMID: 35497117 PMCID: PMC9052028 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the results of density functional theory calculations on the atomic and electronic structure of solids formed by assembling A2B2PN (A = Ge and Sn, B = Cl, Br, and I) inorganic double helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. K. Bijoy
- Dr Vijay Kumar Foundation
- Gurgaon 122001
- India
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi 630003
| | - P. Murugan
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi 630003
- India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Dr Vijay Kumar Foundation
- Gurgaon 122001
- India
- Center for Informatics
- School of Natural Sciences
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10
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Dovesi R, Erba A, Orlando R, Zicovich‐Wilson CM, Civalleri B, Maschio L, Rérat M, Casassa S, Baima J, Salustro S, Kirtman B. Quantum‐mechanical condensed matter simulations with CRYSTAL. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 834] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michel Rérat
- Equipe de Chimie Physique, IPREM UMR5254Université de Pau et des Pays de l’AdourPauFrance
| | | | - Jacopo Baima
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità di TorinoTorinoItaly
| | | | - Bernard Kirtman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, California
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11
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Deringer VL, Proserpio DM, Csányi G, Pickard CJ. Data-driven learning and prediction of inorganic crystal structures. Faraday Discuss 2018; 211:45-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00034d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Machine learning-based interatomic potentials, fitting energy landscapes “on the fly”, are emerging and promising tools for crystal structure prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker L. Deringer
- Department of Engineering
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1PZ
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Davide M. Proserpio
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)
| | - Gábor Csányi
- Department of Engineering
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1PZ
- UK
| | - Chris J. Pickard
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0FS
- UK
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research
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