1
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Alikhani ME, Madebène B, Silvi B. Microsolvation of cobalt, nickel, and copper atoms with ammonia: a theoretical study of the solvated electron precursors. J Mol Model 2024; 30:220. [PMID: 38902588 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The s-block metals dissolved in ammonia form metal-ammonia complexes with diffuse electrons which could be used for redox catalysis. In this theoretical paper, we investigated the possibility of the d-bloc transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) solvated by ammonia. It has been demonstrated that both Mn and Fe atoms undergo into an oxidative reaction with NH3 forming an inserted species, HMNH2. On the contrary, the Co, Ni, and Cu atoms can accommodate four NH3, via the coordination bond, to form the first solvation sphere within C2v, D2d, and Td point groups, respectively. Addition of a fifth NH3 constitute the second solvation shell by forming hydrogen bond with the other NH3s. Interestingly, M(NH3)4 (M = Co, Ni, and Cu) is a so-called solvated electron precursor and should be considered as a monocation M(NH3)4+ kernel in tight contact with one electron distributed over its periphery. This nearly free electron could be used to capture a CO2 molecule and engages in a reduction reaction. METHODS Geometry optimization of the stationary points on the potential energy surface was performed using density functional theory - CAM-B3LYP functional including the GD3BJ dispersion contribution - in combination with the 6-311 + + G(2d, 2p) basis set for all the atoms. All first-principles calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09 quantum chemical packages. The natural electron configuration of transition atom engaged in the compounds has been found using the natural bond orbital (NBO) method. We used the EDR (electron delocalization range) approach to analyze the structure of solvated electrons in real space. We also used the electron localization function (ELF) to measure the degree of electronic localization within a chemical compound. The EDR and ELF analyses are done using the TopMod and Multiwfn packages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Madebène
- Sorbonne Université CNRS, MONARIS, UMR8233, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Silvi
- Sorbonne Université CNRS, LCT, UMR7616, F-75005, Paris, France
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2
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Germer S, Bauer M, Hübner O, Marten R, Dreuw A, Himmel HJ. Isolated Dimers Versus Solid-State Dimers of N-Heteropolycycles: Matrix-Isolation Spectroscopy in Concert with Quantum Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302296. [PMID: 37860944 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, matrix-isolation spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations are used together to analyse the structure and properties of weakly bound dimers of the two isomers benzo[a]acridine and benzo[c]acridine. Our measured experimental electronic absorbance spectra agree with simulated spectra calculated for the equilibrium structures of the dimers in gas-phase, but in contrast, disagree with the simulated spectra calculated for the structures obtained by optimising the experimental solid-state structures. This highlights the sensitivity of the electronic excitations with respect to the dimer structures. The comparison between the solid-state and gas-phase dimers shows how far the intermolecular interactions could change the geometric and electronic structure in a disordered bulk material or at device interfaces, imposing consequences for exciton and charge mobility and other material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Germer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Bauer
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen (IWR), Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hübner
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramona Marten
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen (IWR), Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Hübner O, Thusek J, Himmel HJ. Pyridine Dimers and Their Low-Temperature Isomerization: A High-Resolution Matrix-Isolation Spectroscopy Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218042. [PMID: 36633004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The bonding between two neutral aromatic compounds, especially small ones, has been controversially debated in the last decades, and terms like "π-stacking" had to be revised. Surprisingly, despite of many experimental and computational work, there is still no clear consensus about the structure of and the bonding in the pyridine dimer. In this work, for different isomeric forms of the pyridine dimer, the structures and bonding were elucidated by combining high-resolution matrix-isolation spectroscopic results with quantum-chemical calculations. High-resolution IR spectra of Ne matrices at 4 K containing pyridine were recorded for different concentrations and upon annealing to 10 and 12 K, relying on three isotopologues of pyridine. The spectra show the presence of hydrogen-bonded, T-shaped, and stacked forms of weakly-bound pyridine dimers. Among these, the hydrogen-bonded isomer is identified as the lowest-energy form. The results provide for the first time conclusive information about the interaction between two pyridine dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübner
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Thusek
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Andrews LS, Tsegaw YA, Cho HG, Riedel S. Observation and Characterization of the Hg-O Diatomic Molecule: A Matrix-Isolation and Quantum-Chemical Investigation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202740. [PMID: 36322698 PMCID: PMC10107950 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mercuric oxide is a well-known and stable solid, but the diatomic molecule Hg-O is very fragile and does not survive detection in the gas phase. However, laser ablation of Hg atoms from a dental amalgam alloy target into argon or neon containing about 0.3 % of 16 O2 or of 18 O2 during their condensation into a cryogenic matrix at 4 K allows the formation of O atoms which react on annealing to make ozone and new IR absorptions in solid argon at 521.2 cm-1 for Hg-16 O or at 496.4 cm-1 for Hg-18 O with the oxygen isotopic frequency ratio 521.2/496.4=1.0499. Solid neon gives a 529.0 cm-1 absorption with a small 7.8 cm-1 blue shift. CCSD(T) calculations found 594 cm-1 for Hg16 O and 562 cm-1 for Hg18 O (frequency ratio=1.0569). Such calculations usually produce harmonic frequencies that are slightly higher than the anharmonic (observed) values, which supports their relationship. These observed frequencies have the isotopic shift predicted for Hg-O and are within the range of recent high-level frequency calculations for the Hg-O molecule. Spectra for the related mercury superoxide and ozonide species are also considered for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester S Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Yetsedaw A Tsegaw
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Han-Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Ferrante F, Nania C, Duca D. Computational investigation of isoeugenol transformations on a platinum cluster – I: Direct deoxygenation to propylcyclohexane. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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7
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Sun X, Huang X. Reaction of Ta 3 - Clusters with Molecular Nitrogen: A Mechanism Investigation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22682-22688. [PMID: 35811866 PMCID: PMC9260930 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Because of the inertness of molecular nitrogen, its practicable activation under mild conditions is a fundamental challenge. Ta3 - is an exceptionally small cluster that reacts with N2 at room temperature, leading finally to Ta3N2 -; Ta3N2 - also could react with N2 at room temperature, leading finally to Ta3N4 -, a product of interest in its own right because of its potential as a nitrogen fixation medium. The mechanisms of the Ta3 -- and Ta3N2 --mediated activation of the N≡N triple bond have been investigated. Our extensive computations elucidate mechanisms for the ready reactions, leading to stepwise cleavage of the N≡N bond. Initial isomeric N2/Ta3 - complexes, N≡N elongation, undergo a N≡N split over generally low barriers in a highly exothermic process. The nitrogen-atom or molecular exchange reactions found in the Ta3N2 -/N2 system may be of paramount importance in both applied and fundamental studies.
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8
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Mou LH, Li ZY, He SG. Recent Progress in Dinitrogen Activation by Gas-Phase Metal Species. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4159-4169. [PMID: 35507918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms to activate and functionalize dinitrogen (N2) is of great importance for the rational design of nitrogen-fixation catalysts. Reactions of gas-phase species with N2 are being actively studied to understand the bond activation and formation processes at a strictly molecular level. This Perspective provides an overview of the recent progress in combined experimental and theoretical studies on the activation and functionalization of N2 by gas-phase metal species. New mechanistic insights into N2 molecular adsorption, N≡N cleavage, and N-X (X = C, B, and H) formation have been introduced, in which the new reaction channels of ejecting neutral metal fragments and the coupling reactions of N2 with other molecules are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and outlooks of N2 activation in the gas phase are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hui Mou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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9
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Hübner O, Himmel H. The Dioxygen Complexes of VO
2. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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10
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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11
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Fries DV, Klein MP, Steiner A, Prosenc MH, Niedner-Schatteburg G. Observation and mechanism of cryo N 2 cleavage by a tantalum cluster. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11345-11354. [PMID: 33960990 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We explore the cryogenic kinetics of N2 adsorption to Ta4+ and the infrared signatures of [Ta4(N2)m]+ complexes, m = 1-5. This is accomplished by N2 exposure of isolated ions within a cryogenic ion trap. We find stepwise addition of numerous N2 molecules to the Ta4+ cluster. Interestingly, the infrared signatures of the [Ta4(N2)1]+ and [Ta4(N2)2]+ products are special: there are no NN stretching bands. This is consistent with cleavage of the first two adsorbed dinitrogen molecules. DFT calculations reveal intermediates and barriers along reaction paths of N2 cleavage in support of these experimental findings. We indicate the identified multidimensional path of N2 cleavage as an across edge-above surface (AEAS) mechanism: initially end-on coordinated N2 bends towards a neighboring Ta-atom which yields a second intermediate, with a μ2 bonded N2 across an edge of the Ta4+ tetrahedron core. Further rearrangement above a Ta-Ta-Ta surface of the Ta4+ tetrahedron results in a μ3 bonded N2 ligand. This intermediate relaxes swiftly by ultimate NN cleavage unfolding into the final dinitrido motif. Submerged activation barriers below the entrance channel confirm spontaneous cleavage of the first two dinitrogen molecules (-59 and -33 kJ mol-1, respectively), while cleavage of the third N2 ligand is kinetically hindered (+55 kJ mol-1). We recognize that substoichiometric N2 exposure allows for spontaneous activation by Ta4+, while higher N2 exposure causes self-poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Fries
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Matthias P Klein
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Annika Steiner
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Marc H Prosenc
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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12
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Forrest SJK, Schluschaß B, Yuzik-Klimova EY, Schneider S. Nitrogen Fixation via Splitting into Nitrido Complexes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6522-6587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. K. Forrest
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Schluschaß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Morato-Márquez J, Godavarthi S, Espinosa-González CG, Torres-Torres JG, Rodríguez-Domínguez A, Muñoz-Castro A, Ortiz-Chi F, Rodríguez-Kessler P. Structural characterization and electronic properties of Ru-doped Cun (n = 1–12) clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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On the search of small Cu-Ru atomically precise Superatoms. Cu10Ru cluster as a stable 18-ve endohedral structure. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Wilson RJ, Weigend F, Dehnen S. The
Arachno
‐Zintl Ion (Sn
5
Sb
3
)
3−
and the Effects of Element Composition on the Structures of Isoelectronic Clusters: Another Facet of the Pseudo‐Element Concept. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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16
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Wilson RJ, Weigend F, Dehnen S. The Arachno-Zintl Ion (Sn 5 Sb 3 ) 3- and the Effects of Element Composition on the Structures of Isoelectronic Clusters: Another Facet of the Pseudo-Element Concept. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14251-14255. [PMID: 32449980 PMCID: PMC7496391 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The pseudo-element concept, in its most general formulation, states that isoelectronic atoms form equal numbers of bonds. Hence, clusters such as Zintl ions usually retain their structure upon isoelectronic replacement of some or all atoms. Here, a deviation from this common observation is presented, namely the formation of (Sn5 Sb3 )3- (1), a rare example of an eight-vertex Zintl ion, and an unprecedented example of a Zintl ion synthesized by solution means that has an arachno-type structure according to the Wade-Mingos rules. Three structure-types of interest for (Sn5 Sb3 )3- were identified by DFT calculations: one that matched the X-ray diffraction data, and two that that were reminiscent of fragments of known clusters. A study on the isoelectronic series of clusters, (Snx Sb8-x )2-x (x=0-8), showed that the relative energies of these three isomers vary significantly with composition (independent of electron count) and that each is the global minimum at least once within the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, MaterialwissenschaftenPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, MaterialwissenschaftenPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein Straße 435043MarburgGermany
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, MaterialwissenschaftenPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein Straße 435043MarburgGermany
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17
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Hübner O, Himmel H. Oxidative Addition of Dihydrogen to Divanadium in Solid Ne: Multiple‐Bonded Triplet HVVH and Singlet V
2
(μ‐H)
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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18
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Hübner O, Himmel HJ. Oxidative Addition of Dihydrogen to Divanadium in Solid Ne: Multiple-Bonded Triplet HVVH and Singlet V 2 (μ-H) 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12206-12212. [PMID: 32285587 PMCID: PMC7383563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear compounds of early transition metals with a high metal–metal bond order are of fundamental interest due to their intriguing bonding situation and of practical interest because of their potential involvement in catalytic processes. In this work, two isomers of V2H2 have been generated in solid Ne by the reaction between V2 and H2 and detected by infrared spectroscopy: the linear HVVH molecule (3Σg− ground state), which is the product of the spin‐allowed reaction between V2 (3Σg− ground state) and H2, and a lower‐energy, folded V2(μ‐H)2 isomer (1A1 ground state) with two bridging hydrogen atoms. Both isomers are characterized by metal–metal bonding with a high bond order; the orbital occupations point to quadruple bonding. Irradiation with ultraviolet light induces the transformation of linear HVVH to folded V2(μ‐H)2, whereas irradiation with visible light initiates the reverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Thusek J, Hoffmann M, Hübner O, Tverskoy O, Bunz UHF, Dreuw A, Himmel H. Low-Energy Electronic Excitations of N-Substituted Heteroacene Molecules: Matrix Isolation Spectroscopy in Concert with Quantum-Chemical Calculations. Chemistry 2019; 25:15147-15154. [PMID: 31482610 PMCID: PMC6899788 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Heteropolycycles are attractive as materials in organic electronic devices. However, a detailed understanding of the low-energy electronic excitation characteristics of these species is still lacking. In this work, the matrix isolation technique is applied to obtain high-resolution absorbance spectra for a series of tetracene and core-substituted N-analogues. The experimental electronic excitation spectra obtained for matrix-isolated molecules are then analysed with the help of quantum-chemical calculations. Additional lower energy excitation bands in the spectrum of the core-substituted N-derivatives of tetracene could be explained in terms of intensity borrowing from dipole-forbidden transitions due to Herzberg-Teller vibronic coupling. In the case of tetracene, evidence for the additional formation of London dimers (J aggregates) is found at higher tetracene concentrations in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Thusek
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marvin Hoffmann
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Olena Tverskoy
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27569120HeidelbergGermany
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Complete cleavage of the N≡N triple bond by Ta 2N + via degenerate ligand exchange at ambient temperature: A perfect catalytic cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21416-21420. [PMID: 31591230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913664116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented, spontaneous, and complete cleavage of the triple bond of N2 in the thermal reaction of 15N2 with Ta2 14N+ was observed experimentally by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry; mechanistic aspects of the degenerate ligand exchange were addressed by high-level quantum chemical calculations. The "hidden" dis- and reassembly of N2, mediated by Ta2N+, constitutes a full catalytic cycle. A frontier orbital analysis reveals that the scission of the N2 triple bond is essentially governed by the donation of d-electrons from the 2 metal centers into antibonding π*-orbitals of N2 and by the concurrent migration of electrons from bonding π- and σ-orbitals of N2 into empty d-orbitals of the metals. This work may contribute to a rational design of catalysts in order to reduce the still enormous energy demand required for an artificial dinitrogen activation.
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Li ZY, Mou LH, Wei GP, Ren Y, Zhang MQ, Liu QY, He SG. C–N Coupling in N2 Fixation by the Ditantalum Carbide Cluster Anions Ta2C4–. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:4701-4705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hui Mou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Gong-Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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22
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Ta 2 +-mediated ammonia synthesis from N 2 and H 2 at ambient temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11680-11687. [PMID: 30352846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814610115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In a full catalytic cycle, bare Ta2 + in the highly diluted gas phase is able to mediate the formation of ammonia in a Haber-Bosch-like process starting from N2 and H2 at ambient temperature. This finding is the result of extensive quantum chemical calculations supported by experiments using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS. The planar Ta2N2 +, consisting of a four-membered ring of alternating Ta and N atoms, proved to be a key intermediate. It is formed in a highly exothermic process either by the reaction of Ta2 + with N2 from the educt side or with two molecules of NH3 from the product side. In the thermal reaction of Ta2 + with N2, the N≡N triple bond of dinitrogen is entirely broken. A detailed analysis of the frontier orbitals involved in the rate-determining step shows that this unexpected reaction is accomplished by the interplay of vacant and doubly occupied d-orbitals, which serve as both electron acceptors and electron donors during the cleavage of the triple bond of N≡N by the ditantalum center. The ability of Ta2 + to serve as a multipurpose tool is further shown by splitting the single bond of H2 in a less exothermic reaction as well. The insight into the microscopic mechanisms obtained may provide guidance for the rational design of polymetallic catalysts to bring about ammonia formation by the activation of molecular nitrogen and hydrogen at ambient conditions.
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