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Montanari J, Schwob L, Marie-Brasset A, Vinatier C, Lepleux C, Antoine R, Guicheux J, Poully JC, Chevalier F. Pilot screening of potential matrikines resulting from collagen breakages through ionizing radiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2024; 63:337-350. [PMID: 39115696 PMCID: PMC11341654 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-024-01086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Little is known regarding radiation-induced matrikines and the possible degradation of extracellular matrix following therapeutic irradiation. The goal of this study was to determine if irradiation can cut collagen proteins at specific sites, inducing potentially biologically active peptides against cartilage cells. Chondrocytes cultured as 3D models were evaluated for extracellular matrix production. Bystander molecules were analyzed in vitro in the conditioned medium of X-irradiated chondrocytes. Preferential breakage sites were analyzed in collagen polypeptide by mass spectrometry and resulting peptides were tested against chondrocytes. 3D models of chondrocytes displayed a light extracellular matrix able to maintain the structure. Irradiated and bystander chondrocytes showed a surprising radiation sensitivity at low doses, characteristic of the presence of bystander factors, particularly following 0.1 Gy. The glycine-proline peptidic bond was observed as a preferential cleavage site and a possible weakness of the collagen polypeptide after irradiation. From the 46 collagen peptides analyzed against chondrocytes culture, 20 peptides induced a reduction of viability and 5 peptides induced an increase of viability at the highest concentration between 0.1 and 1 µg/ml. We conclude that irradiation promoted a site-specific degradation of collagen. The potentially resulting peptides induce negative or positive regulations of chondrocyte growth. Taken together, these results suggest that ionizing radiation causes a degradation of cartilage proteins, leading to a functional unbalance of cartilage homeostasis after exposure, contributing to cartilage dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Montanari
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA - CNRS - ENSICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Lucas Schwob
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aurélie Marie-Brasset
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA - CNRS - ENSICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Claire Vinatier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, Oniris, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Charlotte Lepleux
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA - CNRS - ENSICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, F-69622, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, Oniris, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Poully
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA - CNRS - ENSICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14000, France.
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Normandie, Bd Henri Becquerel - BP 55027, CAEN Cedex 05, F-14076, France.
| | - François Chevalier
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA - CNRS - ENSICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14000, France.
- UMR6252 CIMAP, CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Normandie, Bd Henri Becquerel - BP 55027, CAEN Cedex 05, F-14076, France.
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2
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Abdelmouleh M, Amin M, Lalande M, Schlathölter T, Poully JC. Ionizing radiation induces cross-linking of two noncovalently bound collagen mimetic peptide triple helices in the absence of a molecular environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29249-29256. [PMID: 37874154 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03264g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking is a fundamental molecular process that is highly important for many applications, in particular, to tune the properties of collagen-based biomaterials. Chemical reagents, the action of enzymes or physical factors such as heat or radiation can facilitate collagen cross-linking. Ionizing radiation has the advantages of being fast, efficient and free from potentially toxic reagents. Collagen cross-linking by ionizing radiation is thought to occur via a water-mediated pathway. In the past, synthesized collagen mimetic peptides have proven to be of great value for understanding the influence of the amino acid sequence on the stability of tertiary (fibrous) as well as secondary (triple helical) structures of collagen. Cross-linking of synthetic collagen mimetic peptides is often used for modifying the properties of biomaterials. In this work, for the first time, we apply radiation-induced cross-linking to synthetic collagen mimetic peptides and present an experimental and theoretical study of peptide hexamers consisting of two noncovalently bound triple helices in the absence of a molecular environment, i.e. in the gas phase. Our results show that X-ray photoabsorption of the hydroxylated hexamer leads to ionization and cross-linking of the two triple helices: thus, we found evidence that cross-linking can be achieved by ionizing radiation, without the presence of any reagent or water. We propose a cross-linking mechanism involving the creation of two radicals on hydroxyproline side-chains and their recombination, ultimately leading to covalent bond formation between the triple helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Abdelmouleh
- CIMAP UMR 6252 CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie, Bd Becquerel 14070 Caen, France.
| | - Muhamed Amin
- University College Groningen, Hoendiep 23/24, 9718BG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mathieu Lalande
- CIMAP UMR 6252 CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie, Bd Becquerel 14070 Caen, France.
| | - Thomas Schlathölter
- University College Groningen, Hoendiep 23/24, 9718BG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Poully
- CIMAP UMR 6252 CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie, Bd Becquerel 14070 Caen, France.
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3
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Merrett K, Wan F, Lee CJ, Harden JL. Enhanced Collagen-like Protein for Facile Biomaterial Fabrication. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1414-1427. [PMID: 33733733 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a collagen-mimetic protein of bacterial origin based upon a modified subdomain of the collagen-like Sc12 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes, as an alternative collagen-like biomaterial platform that is highly soluble, forms stable, homogeneous, fluid-like solutions at elevated concentrations, and that can be efficiently fabricated into hydrogel materials over a broad range of pH conditions. This extended bacterial collagen-like (eBCL) protein is expressed in a bacterial host and purified as a trimeric assembly exhibiting a triple helical secondary structure in its collagen-like subdomain that is stable near physiological solution conditions (neutral pH and 37 °C), as well as over a broad range of pH conditions. We also show how this sequence can be modified to include biofunctional attributes, in particular, the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence to elicit integrin-specific cell binding, without loss of structural function. Furthermore, through the use of EDC-NHS chemistry, we demonstrate that members of this eBCL protein system can be covalently cross-linked to fabricate transparent hydrogels with high protein concentrations (at least to 20% w/w). These hydrogels are shown to possess material properties and resistance to enzymatic degradation that are comparable or superior to a type I collagen control. Moreover, such hydrogels containing the constructs with the RGD integrin-binding sequence are shown to promote the adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of C2C12 and 3T3 cells in vitro. Due to its enhanced solubility, structural stability, fluidity at elevated concentrations, ease of modification, and facility of cross-linking, this eBCL collagen-mimetic system has potential for numerous biomedical material applications, where the ease of processing and fabrication and the facility to tailor the sequence for specific biological functionality are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Merrett
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Fan Wan
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Chyan-Jang Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - James L Harden
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials Research, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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4
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Zhu ZH, Wang HF, Yu S, Zou HH, Wang HL, Yin B, Liang FP. Substitution Effects Regulate the Formation of Butterfly-Shaped Tetranuclear Dy(III) Cluster and Dy-Based Hydrogen-Bonded Helix Frameworks: Structure and Magnetic Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11640-11650. [PMID: 32799502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of two types of complexes with different topological connections and completely different structural types merely via the substitution effect is extremely rare, especially for -CH3 and -C2H5 substituents with similar physical and chemical properties. Herein, we used 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde, 1,2-cyclohexanediamine, and Dy(NO3)3·6H2O to react under solvothermal conditions (CH3OH:CH3CN = 1:1) at 80 °C to obtain the butterfly-shaped tetranuclear DyIII cluster [Dy4(L1)4(μ3-O)2(NO3)2] (Dy4, H2L1 = 6,6'-((1E,1'E)-(cyclohexane-1,3-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(2-methoxyphenol)). The ligand H2L1 was obtained by the Schiff base in situ reaction of 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde and 1,2-cyclohexanediamine. In the Dy4 structure, (L1)2- has two different coordination modes: μ2-η1:η2:η1:η1 and μ4-η1:η2:η1:η1:η2:η1. The four DyIII ions are in two coordination environments: N2O6 (Dy1) and O9 (Dy2). The magnetic testing of cluster Dy4 without the addition of an external field revealed that it exhibited a clear frequency-dependent behavior. We changed 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde to 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde and obtained one case of a hydrogen-bonded helix framework, [DyL2(NO3)3]n·2CH3CN (Dy-HHFs, H2L2 = 6,6'-((1E,1'E)-(cyclohexane-1,3-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(2-ethoxyphenol)), under the same reaction conditions. The ligand H2L2 was formed by the Schiff base in situ reaction of 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde and 1,2-cyclohexanediamine. All DyIII ions in the Dy-HHFs structure are in the same coordination environment (O9). The twisted S-shaped (L2)2- ligand is linked by a Dy(III) ion to form a spiral chain. The spiral chain is one of the independent units that is interconnected to form Dy-HHFs through three strong hydrogen-bonding interactions. Magnetic studies show that Dy-HHFs exhibits single-ion-magnet behavior (Ueff = 68.59 K and τ0 = 1.10 × 10-7 s, 0 Oe DC field; Ueff = 131.5 K and τ0 = 1.22 × 10-7 s, 800 Oe DC field). Ab initio calculations were performed to interpret the dynamic magnetic performance of Dy-HHFs, and a satisfactory consistency between theory and experiment exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Hong Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xian 710069 People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Pei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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5
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Buie T, McCune J, Cosgriff-Hernandez E. Gelatin Matrices for Growth Factor Sequestration. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:546-557. [PMID: 31954527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is used in a broad range of tissue engineering applications because of its bioactivity, mild processing conditions, and ease of modification, which have increased interest in its use as a growth factor delivery vehicle. Traditional methods to control growth factor sequestration and delivery have relied on controlling hydrogel mesh size via chemical crosslinking with corollary changes to the physical properties of the hydrogel. To decouple growth factor release from scaffold properties, affinity sequestration modalities have been developed to preserve the bioactivity of the growth factor through interactions with the modified gelatin. This review provides a summary of these mechanisms, highlights current gelatin growth factor delivery systems, and addresses the future perspective of gelatin matrices for growth factor delivery in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taneidra Buie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Joshua McCune
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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6
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Köhler M, Marchand A, Hentzen NB, Egli J, Begley AI, Wennemers H, Zenobi R. Temperature-controlled electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a tool to study collagen homo- and heterotrimers. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9829-9835. [PMID: 32015805 PMCID: PMC6977553 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03248g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen model peptides are useful for understanding the assembly and structure of collagen triple helices. The design of self-assembling heterotrimeric helices is particularly challenging and often affords mixtures of non-covalent assemblies that are difficult to characterize by conventional NMR and CD spectroscopic techniques. This can render a detailed understanding of the factors that control heterotrimer formation difficult and restrict rational design. Here, we present a novel method based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to investigate homo- and heterotrimeric collagen model peptides. Under native conditions, the high resolving power of mass spectrometry was used to access the stoichiometric composition of different triple helices in complex mixtures. A temperature-controlled electrospray ionization source was built to perform thermal denaturation experiments and provided melting temperatures of triple helices. These were found to be in good agreement with values obtained from CD spectroscopic measurements. Importantly, for mixtures of coexisting homo- and heterotrimers, which are difficult to analyze by conventional methods, our technique allowed for the identification and monitoring of the unfolding of each individual species. Their respective melting temperatures could easily be accessed in a single experiment, using small amounts of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 , Zurich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Adrien Marchand
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 , Zurich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Nina B Hentzen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 , Zurich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Jasmine Egli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 , Zurich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Alina I Begley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 , Zurich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 , Zurich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 , Zurich , Switzerland . ;
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7
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Harris T, Chenoweth DM. Sterics and Stereoelectronics in Aza-Glycine: Impact of Aza-Glycine Preorganization in Triple Helical Collagen. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18021-18029. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - David M. Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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8
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Lalande M, Schwob L, Vizcaino V, Chirot F, Dugourd P, Schlathölter T, Poully J. Direct Radiation Effects on the Structure and Stability of Collagen and Other Proteins. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2972-2980. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lalande
- CIMAP LaboratoryUMR 6252CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie) Boulevard Becquerel 14070 Caen France
| | - Lucas Schwob
- Helmholtz AssociationDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Violaine Vizcaino
- CIMAP LaboratoryUMR 6252CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie) Boulevard Becquerel 14070 Caen France
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1ENS de LyonUMR 5280 Institut des Sciences Analytiques 5, rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRSUMR 5306 Institut Lumière Matière 10 rue Ada Byron 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Thomas Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Jean‐Christophe Poully
- CIMAP LaboratoryUMR 6252CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie) Boulevard Becquerel 14070 Caen France
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9
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Wang H, Zhu Z, Ma X, Zou H, Liang F. Metal–Helix Frameworks Formed by
μ
3
‐NO
3
−
with Different Orientations and Connected to a Heterometallic Cu
II
10
Dy
III
2
Folded Cluster. Chemistry 2019; 25:10813-10817. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal ResourcesSchool of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi, Normal University Guilin 541004 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal ResourcesSchool of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi, Normal University Guilin 541004 P. R. China
| | - Xiong‐Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal ResourcesSchool of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi, Normal University Guilin 541004 P. R. China
| | - Hua‐Hong Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal ResourcesSchool of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi, Normal University Guilin 541004 P. R. China
| | - Fu‐Pei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal ResourcesSchool of Chemistry & Pharmacy of Guangxi, Normal University Guilin 541004 P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional MaterialsCollege of Chemistry and BioengineeringGuilin University of Technology Guilin 541004 P. R. China
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10
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Egli J, Siebler C, Köhler M, Zenobi R, Wennemers H. Hydrophobic Moieties Bestow Fast-Folding and Hyperstability on Collagen Triple Helices. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5607-5611. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Egli
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Siebler
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Martin Köhler
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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