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Hadlington TJ. Heavier tetrylene- and tetrylyne-transition metal chemistry: it's no carbon copy. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9738-9831. [PMID: 39230570 PMCID: PMC11373607 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Since the late 19th century, heavier tetrylene- and tetrylyne-transition metal chemistry has formed an important cornerstone in both main-group and organometallic chemistry alike. Driven by the success of carbene systems, significant efforts have gone towards the thorough understanding of the heavier group 14 derivatives, with examples now known from across the d-block. This now leads towards applications in cooperative bond activation, and moves ultimately towards well-defined catalytic systems. This review aims to summarise this vast field, from initial discoveries of tetrylene and tetrylyne complexes, to the most recent developments in reactivity and catalysis, as a platform to the future of this exciting, blossoming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
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2
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Cabeza JA, García-Álvarez P. Polydentate Amidinato-Silylenes, -Germylenes and -Stannylenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400786. [PMID: 38606572 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This review article focuses on amidinatotetrylenes that potentially can (or have already shown to) behave as bi- or tridentate ligands because they contain at least one amidinatotetrylene moiety (silylene, germylene or stannylene) and one (or more) additional coordinable fragment(s). Currently, they are being widely used as ligands in coordination chemistry, small molecule activation and catalysis. This review classifies those that have been isolated as transition metal-free compounds into five families that differ in the position(s) of the donor group(s) (D) on the amidinatotetrylene moiety, namely: ED{R1NC(R2)NR1}, EX{DNC(R2)NR1}, EX{R1NC(D)NR1}, EX{DNC(R2)ND} and E{R1NC(R2)ND}2 (E=Si, Ge or Sn). Those that do not exist as transition metal-free compounds but have been observed as ligands in transition metal complexes are cyclometallated and ring-opened amidinatotetrylene ligands. This article presents schematic descriptions of their structures, the approaches used for their syntheses and a quick overview of their involvement (as ligands) in transition metal-catalysed reactions. The literature is covered up to the end of 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Cabeza
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Álvarez
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
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3
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Alonso C, Cabeza JA, García-Álvarez P, García-Soriano R, Pérez-Carreño E. Amidinatotetrylenes Donor Functionalized on Both N Atoms: Structures and Coordination Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3118-3128. [PMID: 38289155 PMCID: PMC10865366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
E(hmds)(bqfam) (E = Ge (1a), Sn (1b); hmds = N(SiMe3)2, bqfam = N,N'-bis(quinol-8-yl)formamidinate), which are amidinatotetrylenes equipped with quinol-8-yl fragments on the amidinate N atoms, have been synthesized from the formamidine Hbqfam and Ge(hmds)2 or SnCl(hmds). Both 1a and 1b are fluxional in solution at room temperature, as the E atom oscillates from being attached to the two amidinate N atoms to being chelated by an amidinate N atom and its closest quinolyl N atom (both situations are similarly stable according to density functional theory calculations). The hmds group of 1a and 1b is still reactive and the deprotonation of another equivalent of Hbqfam can be achieved, allowing the formation of the homoleptic derivatives E(bqfam)2 (E = Ge, Sn). The reactions of 1a and 1b with [AuCl(tht)] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene), [PdCl2(MeCN)2], [PtCl2(cod)] (cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene), [Ru3(CO)12] and [Co2(CO)8] have been investigated. The gold(I) complexes [AuCl{κE-E(hmds)(bqfam)}] (E = Ge, Sn) have a monodentate κE-tetrylene ligand and display fluxional behavior in solution the same as that of 1a and 1b. However, the palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes [MCl{κ3E,N,N'-ECl(hmds)(bqfam)}] (M = Pd, Pt; E = Ge, Sn) contain a κ3E,N,N'-chloridotetryl ligand that arises from the insertion of the tetrylene E atom into an M-Cl bond and the coordination of an amidinate N atom and its closest quinolyl N atom to the metal center. Finally, the binuclear ruthenium(0) and cobalt(0) complexes [Ru2{μE-κ3E,N,N'-E(hmds)(bqfam)}(CO)6] and [Co2{μE-κ3E,N,N'-E(hmds)(bqfam)}(μ-CO)(CO)4] (E = Ge, Sn) have a related κ3E,N,N'-tetrylene ligand that bridges two metal atoms through the E atom. For the κ3E,N,N'-metal complexes, the quinolyl fragment not attached to the metal is pendant in all the germanium compounds but, for the tin derivatives, is attached to (in the Pd and Pt complexes) or may interact with (in the Ru2 and Co2 complexes) the tin atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Alonso
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada ORFEO−CINQA, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier A. Cabeza
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada ORFEO−CINQA, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Álvarez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada ORFEO−CINQA, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rubén García-Soriano
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada ORFEO−CINQA, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enrique Pérez-Carreño
- Departamento
de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
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4
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Liu R, Mondal KC, Wang C, Suthar S, Fang Z, Zuo D, Li Y. Synthesis of SiN/SiS-heterocycles via the reactions of a bis-silylene with isocyanate/isothiocyanate molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1148-1151. [PMID: 38189208 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04950g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactions of o-carborane-fused bis-silylene 1 with isocyanate/isothiocyanate molecules furnished a series of SiN/SiS-heterocycles, which show distinct styles of cyclization and were theoretically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Sonam Suthar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Zijie Fang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Darui Zuo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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5
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Empel C, Jana S, Koodan A, Koenigs RM. Unlocking C–H Functionalization at Room Temperature via a Light-Mediated Protodemetalation Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Empel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sripati Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Adithyaraj Koodan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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6
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Cabeza JA, García‐Álvarez P. Cyclometallation of Heavier Tetrylenes: Reported Complexes and Applications in Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Cabeza
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA network) Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Pablo García‐Álvarez
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA network) Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
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7
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Yang W, Dong Y, Sun H, Li X. Progress in the preparation and characterization of silylene iron, cobalt and nickel complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6766-6772. [PMID: 33960329 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00523e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of Fe, Co and Ni complexes supported by silylene ligands in the past ten years are summarized. Due to the decrease of the electron cloud density on the Si atom after coordination, the downfield shift of the 29Si chemical shift is accompanied by the coordination between the free silylene ligand and metal. The strong electron-donating ability of silylene makes the metal center more electron-rich, which is conducive to the oxidative addition reaction in the metal center. In some cases, the coordination ability of silylene is stronger than those of phosphine and carbene ligands. Therefore, silylene transition metal complexes have better catalytic activity. The further challenges in this field are to develop new polydentate silylene ligands, synthesize chelate silylene-phosphine and silylene-carbene ligands, and design new silylene transition metal complexes for more catalytic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yanhong Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Hongjian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Nanlu 27, Jinan 250100, China.
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8
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Takahashi S, Sekiguchi J, Ishii A, Nakata N. An Iminophosphonamido‐Chlorosilylene as a Strong σ‐Donating NHSi Ligand: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
| | - Jueri Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishii
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
| | - Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
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9
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Takahashi S, Sekiguchi J, Ishii A, Nakata N. An Iminophosphonamido‐Chlorosilylene as a Strong σ‐Donating NHSi Ligand: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:4055-4059. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
| | - Jueri Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishii
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
| | - Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
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10
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Sun X, Simler T, Reiter K, Weigend F, Roesky PW. Synthesis and Reactivity of Bis(silylene)-Coordinated Calcium and Divalent Lanthanide Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:14888-14895. [PMID: 32744765 PMCID: PMC7756572 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Divalent lanthanide complexes of Eu (1) and Yb (2) coordinated by a chelating pyridine-based bis(silylene) ligand were isolated and fully characterized. Compared to the EuII complex 1, the YbII complex 2 presents a lower thermal stability, resulting in the activation of one SiII -N bond and formation of an YbIII complex (3), which features a unique silylene-pyridyl-amido ligand. The different thermal stability of 1 and 2 points towards reduction-induced cleavage of one SiII -N bond of the bis(silylene) ligand. Successful isolation of the corresponding redox-inert bis(silylene) CaII complex (5) was achieved at low temperature and thermal decomposition into a CaII complex (4) bearing the same silylene-pyridyl-amido ligand was identified. In this case, the thermolysis reaction proceeds through another, non-redox induced, mechanism. An alternative higher yielding route to 4 was developed through an in situ generated silylene-pyridyl-amine proligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Kevin Reiter
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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11
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Cabeza JA, García-Álvarez P, Laglera-Gándara CJ, Pérez-Carreño E. Phosphane-functionalized heavier tetrylenes: synthesis of silylene- and germylene-decorated phosphanes and their reactions with Group 10 metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:8331-8339. [PMID: 32515774 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01727b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stable phosphane-functionalized heavier tetrylenes E(tBu2bzam)pyrmPtBu2 (E = Si (1Si), Ge (1Ge); tBu2bzam = N,N'-ditertbutylbenzamidinate; HpyrmPtBu2 = ditertbutyl(2-pyrrolylmethyl)phosphane) have been prepared by reacting the amidinatotetrylenes E(tBu2bzam)Cl (E = Si, Ge) with LipyrmPtBu2. The reactions of 1Si and 1Ge with selected M0 and MII (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) metal precursors have allowed the synthesis of square-planar [MCl2{κ2E,P-E(tBu2bzam)pyrmPtBu2}] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; E = Si, Ge), tetrahedral [Ni{κ2E,P-E(tBu2bzam)pyrmPtBu2}(cod)] (E = Si, Ge; cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and triangular [M{κ2E,P-E(tBu2bzam)pyrmPtBu2}(PPh3)] (M = Pd, Pt; E = Si, Ge) complexes, showing that 1Si and 1Ge are excellent Si,P- and Ge,P-chelating ligands that, due to their large steric bulk, are able to stabilize three-coordinate Pd0 and Pt0 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Cabeza
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain.
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12
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Ayoubi‐Chianeh M, Kassaee MZ. New monodentate and bidentate silylene ligands by
DFT. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Yoshida T, Ohta M, Innocent J, Kato T, Tobisu M. Catalytic Dimerization of Alkynes via C–H Bond Cleavage by a Platinum–Silylene Complex. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Ohta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jean Innocent
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Cabeza JA, García-Álvarez P, Laglera-Gándara CJ. The Transition Metal Chemistry of PGeP and PSnP Pincer Heavier Tetrylenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Cabeza
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA network); Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica; Universidad de Oviedo; 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Pablo García-Álvarez
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA network); Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica; Universidad de Oviedo; 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Carlos J. Laglera-Gándara
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA network); Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica; Universidad de Oviedo; 33071 Oviedo Spain
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15
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Cuevas-Chávez CA, Vendier L, Sabo-Etienne S, Montiel-Palma V. Iridium complexes featuring a tridentate SiPSi ligand: from dimeric to monomeric 14, 16 or 18-electron species. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14010-14018. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dimer [Ir{P(o-C6H4CH2SiMe2)2Ph}(μ-Cl)]2 featuring tricoordinate phosphinodisilyl ligands dissociates in solution to the reactive 14 electron monomer [Ir(SiPSi)Cl].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Cuevas-Chávez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas
- IICBA
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos
- Cuernavaca
- Mexico
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS
- Université de Toulouse
- CNRS
- UPS
- F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4
| | | | - Virginia Montiel-Palma
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas
- IICBA
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos
- Cuernavaca
- Mexico
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