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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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2
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Feng G, Chan KL, Lin Z, Yamashita M. Alumanyl-Samarium(II): Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7204-7209. [PMID: 38505938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Metal-metal bonded species involving lanthanides are intriguing but rare. The recently reported salt metathesis reaction of an Al anion and SmI2(thf)2 yields novel heterometallic compound possessing two distinctive Al-Sm bonds. Although the Al-Sm bonds were considerably long [3.518(1) and 3.543(1) Å], DFT calculations indicated polar character of the Alδ--Smδ+ bonds. This is the first example of lanthanide species containing X-type Al ligands. Reactivity studies have demonstrated that the introduction of Sm(II) produces unique reactivity. The reaction with carbodiimide led to an insertion of carbodiimide into the Al-Sm bonds and reductive coupling of carbodiimide to create an oxalamidinate moiety, facilitated by Sm(II). Exposure of the Al-Sm-Al complex toward ethylene furnished a Sm(II) salt of anionic aluminacyclopropane that was spontaneously isomerized to a 1,4-dialuminacyclohexane derivative. The important role of Sm(II) to facilitate the ring expansion through an alkyl-relay mechanism was elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genfeng Feng
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ka Lok Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
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3
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Hsiao KC, Yang PC, Fang CT, Liu HK, Lin CY. A Linear Two-Coordinate Cr(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300924. [PMID: 38059903 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a linear two-coordinate Cr(II) amido complex, Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl), from the reaction of 1 molar equivalent (equiv) of CrCl2 and 2 equiv. of LiN(t Bu)Dipp is reported. Single-crystal X-ray diffractometry (SC-XRD) analysis revealed that it has a short Cr-N bond distance of 1.8878(9) Å, which could be attributed to the relatively less bulky nature of the amido ligand compared with reported systems. Furthermore, the oxidation reaction of the two-coordinate Cr(II) complex was explored. The oxidation reaction of Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 with the one-electron oxidants AgOTf and [FeCp2 ][BArF 4 ] (BArF 4 - =[B{C6 H3 -3,5-(CF3 )2 }4 ]- ) afforded the trigonal planar three- and bent two-coordinate Cr(III) complexes Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (OTf) and [Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 ][BArF 4 ], respectively. The reaction of Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 with 1 equiv. of the organic azides AdN3 (Ad=1-adamantyl) and PhN3 afforded the three-coordinate Cr(IV) imido complexes Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (NAd) and Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (NPh), respectively. The reaction of Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 and two equiv. of Me3 NO afforded the Cr(VI) dioxo complex Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (O)2 . The reaction of Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 with 1 equiv. of CyN=C=NCy resulted in the insertion of the carbodiimide into the Cr-N bond, with the formation of a three-coordinate Cr(II) complex. Finally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to elucidate the electronic structure of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chin Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Kuan Liu
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
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4
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Guthardt R, Jones C. A bromo(boryloxy) silylene and its heavier analogues. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1583-1586. [PMID: 38224168 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05760g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A N-heterocylic boryloxy ligand equipped with bulky diazaboryl N-substituents is used to synthesize divalent and dicoordinate group 14 compounds which represent the first examples of acyclic halo(boryloxy) tetrylenes. The bromo(boryloxy) silylene reacts swiftly with benzophenone to a siloxindane.
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5
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Bücker A, Wölper C, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multiple ethylene activation by heteroleptic L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:640-646. [PMID: 38073505 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene insertion into the Ga-Ge bond of the L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylene LGa(μ-Cl)GeDMP 1 (L = HC(C(Me)NAr)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; DMP = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) at ambient temperature is followed by dimerization of the as-formed germylene to give the digermene 3, which further reacted with ethylene in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition to give the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 4. In marked contrast, the amino-substituted germylene L(Cl)GaGeN(SiMe3)Ar 2 reacted directly to the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 5. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed the assumed reaction mechanism, hence demonstrating the crucial role of the substituent on the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Mears KL, Ruiz B, Nguyen GA, Zou W, Fettinger JC, Power PP. Disproportionation of Sn(II){CH(SiMe 3) 2} 2 to ˙Sn(III){CH(SiMe 3) 2} 3 and ˙Sn(I){CH(SiMe 3) 2}: characterization of the Sn(I) product. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6399-6402. [PMID: 37158008 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01542d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Half a century after the photolytic disproportionation of Lappert's dialkyl stannylene SnR2, R = CH(SiMe3)2 (1) gave the persistent trivalent radical [˙SnR3], the characterization of the corresponding Sn(I) product, ˙SnR is now described. It was isolated as the hexastannaprismane Sn6R6 (2), from the reduction of 1 by the Mg(I)-reagent, Mg(BDIDip)2 (BDI = (DipNCMe)2CH, Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L Mears
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, USA.
| | - Bronson Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, USA.
| | - Gia-Ann Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, USA.
| | - Wenxing Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, USA.
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, USA.
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616, USA.
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Zheng X, Crumpton AE, Protchenko AV, Heilmann A, Ellwanger MA, Aldridge S. Disproportionation and Ligand Lability in Low Oxidation State Boryl-Tin Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203395. [PMID: 36399407 PMCID: PMC10947314 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Boryltin compounds featuring the metal in the+1 or 0 oxidation states can be synthesized from the carbene-stabilized tin(II) bromide (boryl)Sn(NHC)Br (boryl={B(NDippCH)2 }; NHC=C{(Ni PrCMe)2 }) by the use of strong reducing agents. The formation of the mono-carbene stabilized distannyne and donor-free distannide systems (boryl)SnSn(IPrMe)(boryl) (2) and K2 [Sn2 (boryl)2 ] (3), using Mg(I) and K reducing agents mirrors related germanium chemistry. In contrast to their lighter congeners, however, systems of the type [Sn(boryl)]n are unstable with respect to disproportionation. Carbene abstraction from 2 using BPh3 , and two-electron oxidation of 3 both result in the formation of a 2 : 1 mixture of the Sn(II) compound Sn(boryl)2 , and the hexatin cluster, Sn6 (boryl)4 (4). A viable mechanism for this rearrangement is shown by quantum chemical studies to involve a vinylidene intermediate (analogous to the isolable germanium compound, (boryl)2 Ge=Ge), which undergoes facile atom transfer to generate Sn(boryl)2 and trinuclear [Sn3 (boryl)2 ]. The latter then dimerizes to give the observed hexametallic product 4, with independent studies showing that similar trigermanium species aggregate in analogous fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andrey V. Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Mathias A. Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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8
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Lee VY. Organogermanium Analogues of Alkenes, Alkynes, 1,3-Dienes, Allenes, and Vinylidenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041558. [PMID: 36838546 PMCID: PMC9960162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the latest achievements in the field of multiply bonded organogermanium derivatives, mostly reported within the last two decades, are presented. The isolable Ge-containing analogues of alkenes, alkynes, 1,3-dienes, allenes, and vinylidenes are discussed, and for each class of unsaturated organogermanium compounds, the most representative examples are given. The synthetic approaches toward homonuclear multiply bonded combinations solely consisting of germanium atoms, and their heteronuclear variants containing germanium and other group 14 elements, both acyclic and cyclic, are discussed. The peculiar structural features and nonclassical bonding nature of the abovementioned compounds are discussed based on their spectroscopic and structural characteristics, in particular their crystallographic parameters (double bond length, trans-bending at the doubly bonded centers, and twisting about the double bond). The prospects for the practical use of the title compounds in synthetic and catalytic fields are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
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9
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Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. Activation of Ge-H and Sn-H Bonds with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202493. [PMID: 36177710 PMCID: PMC10100474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study of the reactivity of several N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene 1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene (cAACMe ) with the group 14 hydrides GeH2 Mes2 and SnH2 Me2 (Me=CH3 , Mes=1,3,5-(CH3 )3 C6 H2 ) is presented. The reaction of GeH2 Mes2 with cAACMe led to the insertion of cAACMe into one Ge-H bond to give cAACMe H-GeHMes2 (1). If 1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Me2 ImMe ) was used as the carbene, NHC-mediated dehydrogenative coupling occurred, which led to the NHC-stabilized germylene Me2 ImMe ⋅GeMes2 (2). The reaction of SnH2 Me2 with cAACMe also afforded the insertion product cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3), and reaction of two equivalents Me2 ImMe with SnH2 Me2 gave the NHC-stabilized stannylene Me2 ImMe ⋅SnMe2 (4). If the sterically more demanding NHCs Me2 ImMe , 1,3-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (iPr2 ImMe ) and 1,3-bis-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Dipp2 Im) were employed, selective formation of cyclic oligomers (SnMe2 )n (5; n=5-8) in high yield was observed. These cyclic oligomers were also obtained from the controlled decomposition of cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. M. Philipp
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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10
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Arsenyeva KV, Piskunov AV. HETEROCYCLIC HEAVY ANALOGUES OF CARBENES: STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. REVIEW. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476623010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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11
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Arsenyeva KV, Klimashevskaya AV, Zherebtsov MA, Chegerev MG, Cherkasov AV, Yakushev IA, Piskunov AV. Redox-Active Germylene Based on 2,4,6,8-Tetra-tert-butylphenoxazin-1-one: Synthesis, Structure, and Chemical Properties. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422070016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Möbius JHJ, Guddorf BJ, Hepp A, Bergander K, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Lips F. Direct Formation and Reactivity of a Bromo- and Amido-Substituted Cyclotrisilene. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost H. J. Möbius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Benedikt J. Guddorf
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
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13
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Garg P, Dange D, Jiang Y, Jones C. Facile activation of inert small molecules using a 1,2-disilylene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7838-7844. [PMID: 35536565 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00721e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the known amidinate stabilised 1,2-disilylene, [{ArC(NDip)2}Si]21 (Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar = 4-C6H4But) with a series of inert, unsaturated small molecule substrates have been carried out. Compound 1 reduces ButNC: to give the singlet biradicaloid 1,3-disilacyclobutanediyl [{ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-CNBut)]23, which can be oxidised by 1,2-dibromoethane to give [{ArC(NDip)2}(Br)Si(μ-CNBut)]24. Disilylene 1 reduces two molecules of ethylene to give an unprecedented disilabicyclo[2.2.0]hexane, [{ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-C2H4)]25. In contrast, only one molecule of ethylene inserts in the Ge-Ge bond of the digermylene analogue of 1, viz. [{ArC(NDip)2}Ge]26, leading to the formation of the bis(germylene), [{ArC(NDip)2}Ge]2(μ-C2H4) 7. Compound 1 reduces CO2, generating CO, and the oxo/carbonate-bridged disilicon(IV) system, {ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-CO3)2(μ-O)Si{(NDip)2CAr} 10, while its reaction with N2O proceeds via generation of N2, and a hydrogen abstraction process, to give the oxo/hydroxy disilicon(IV) species, [{ArC(NDip)2}(HO)Si(μ-O)]211. This study highlights new small molecule activation chemistry for 1,2-disilylenes, which could lead to further adoption of compound 1 as a potent reducing reagent for the transformation of inert unsaturated molecules into value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Garg
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Yixiao Jiang
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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14
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Caise A, Griffin LP, McManus C, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Reversible Uptake of CO
2
by Pincer Ligand Supported Dimetallynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117496. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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15
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Caise A, Griffin LP, McManus C, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Reversible Uptake of CO2 by Pincer Ligand Supported Dimetallynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- University of Oxford Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | - Simon Aldridge
- University of Oxford Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks Road SN77RR Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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16
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Caise A, Crumpton AE, Vasko P, Hicks J, McManus C, Rees NH, Aldridge S. Controlling Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination at Tin(I) via Hemi‐Lability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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17
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Yang PC, Yu KP, Hsieh CT, Zou J, Fang CT, Liu HK, Pao CW, Deng L, Cheng MJ, Lin CY. Stabilization of a high-spin three-coordinate Fe(III) imidyl complex by radical delocalization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9637-9643. [PMID: 36091897 PMCID: PMC9400638 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02699f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-spin, late transition metal imido complexes have attracted significant interest due to their group transfer reactivity and catalytic C−H activation of organic substrates. Reaction of a new two-coordinate iron complex,...
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University No. 1 University Road Tainan 701014 Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Po Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University No. 1 University Road Tainan 701014 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tien Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University No. 1 University Road Tainan 701014 Taiwan
| | - Junjie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Chia-Te Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University No. 1 University Road Tainan 701014 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Kuan Liu
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University No. 1 University Road Tainan 701014 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Pao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center 101 Hsin-Ann Road Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University No. 1 University Road Tainan 701014 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University No. 1 University Road Tainan 701014 Taiwan
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18
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Lips F, Helmer J, Droste J, Hansen MR, Hepp A. Unsaturated Amido-Substituted Six-Vertex Mixed Silicon Germanium Clusters. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10535-10542. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of mixed silicon and germanium clusters SixGe6-x{N(SiMe3)Dipp}4 1-3 (x = 3.7, 3.1, 2.1) with amido-substituents and two unsubstituted germanium atoms was achieved in co-reductions using the tribromosilane {N(SiMe3)Dipp}SiBr3...
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19
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Fan J, Quek S, Yang MC, Zhang ZF, Su MD, So CW. Reversible CO 2 activation by a N-phosphinoamidinato digermyne. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1033-1036. [PMID: 34951421 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The N-phosphinoamidinato digermynes [LG̈e-G̈eL] (L = tBu2PNC(Ph)NAr, 4: Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 5: Ar = Ph) underwent reversible CO2 activation to form [LG̈eOC(O)G̈eL] (6: Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 7: Ar = Ph). Compound 7 was further reacted with diphenylacetylene and hexafluorobenzene, which proceeded through compound 5 in the first step, to form CO2, [LG̈eC(Ph) = C(Ph) G̈eL] (8), [LG̈eF] (9) and [LG̈eC6F5] (10), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shina Quek
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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20
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Schwedtmann K, Quest M, Guddorf BJ, Keuter J, Hepp A, Feldt M, Droste J, Hansen MR, Lips F. Reactivity of the Bicyclic Amido-Substituted Silicon(I) Ring Compound Si 4 {N(SiMe 3 )Mes} 4 with FLP-Type Character. Chemistry 2021; 27:17361-17368. [PMID: 34636454 PMCID: PMC9297995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The bicyclic amido-substituted silicon(I) ring compound Si4 {N(SiMe3 )Mes}4 2 (Mes=Mesityl=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ) features enhanced zwitterionic character and different reactivity from the analogous compound Si4 {N(SiMe3 )Dipp}4 1 (Dipp=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ) due to the smaller mesityl substituents. In a reaction with the N-heterocyclic carbene NHCMe 4 (1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazol-2-ylidene), we observe adduct formation to give Si4 {N(SiMe3 )Mes}4 ⋅ NHCMe 4 (3). This adduct reacts further with the Lewis acid BH3 to yield the Lewis acid-base complex Si4 {N(SiMe3 )Mes}4 ⋅ NHCMe 4 ⋅ BH3 (4). Coordination of AlBr3 to 2 leads to the adduct 5. Calculated proton affinities and fluoride ion affinities reveal highly Lewis basic and very weak Lewis acidic character of the low-valent silicon atoms in 1 and 2. This is confirmed by protonation of 1 and 2 with Brookharts acid yielding 6 and 7. Reaction with diphenylacetylene only occurs at 111 °C with 2 in toluene and is accompanied by fragmentation of 2 to afford the silacyclopropene 8 and the trisilanorbornadiene species 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwedtmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Michael Quest
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Benedikt J. Guddorf
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Milica Feldt
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Jörn Droste
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Physikalische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Physikalische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
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21
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Keuter J, Hepp A, Lips F. Trapping Experiments during Reductive Debrominations of Aminotribromosilanes with Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster
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22
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Caise A, Crumpton AE, Vasko P, Hicks J, McManus C, Rees NH, Aldridge S. Controlling Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination at Tin(I) via Hemi-Lability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114926. [PMID: 34811868 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of a distannyne supported by a pincer ligand bearing pendant amine donors that is capable of reversibly activating E-H bonds at one or both of the tin centres through dissociation of the hemi-labile N-Sn donor/acceptor interactions. This chemistry can be exploited to sequentially (and reversibly) assemble mixed-valence chains of tin atoms of the type ArSn{Sn(Ar)H}n SnAr (n=1, 2). The experimentally observed (decreasing) propensity towards chain growth with increasing chain length can be rationalized both thermodynamically and kinetically by the electron- withdrawing properties of the -Sn(Ar)H- backbone units generated via oxidative addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Nicholas H Rees
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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23
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Vrána J, Němec V, Samsonov MA, Růžička A. On the edge of the steric repulsion and reactivity of bulky anilines; a case study of chloro(imino)phosphine synthesis. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14352-14361. [PMID: 34568883 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02445k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Benzhydryl-4-methyl-6-(1,1'-diphenyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)aniline was prepared by a three-step process. 2,6-Bis(benzhydryl)-4-methyl-aniline was protected by Schiff coupling, then benzylated and finally dealkylated by using hydrochloric acid and methanol. The resulting compound exhibits one of the highest buried volumes around the nitrogen atom of anilines prepared so far, but it reacts with phosphorus trichloride and triethylamine to give a monomeric chloro(imino)phosphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vrána
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vlastimil Němec
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Maksim A Samsonov
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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24
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Caise A, Griffin LP, Heilmann A, McManus C, Campos J, Aldridge S. Controlling Catenation in Germanium(I) Chemistry through Hemilability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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25
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Caise A, Griffin LP, Heilmann A, McManus C, Campos J, Aldridge S. Controlling Catenation in Germanium(I) Chemistry through Hemilability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15606-15612. [PMID: 33939867 PMCID: PMC8362110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for constructing chains of Group 14 metal atoms linked by unsupported metal-metal bonds that exploits hemilabile ligands to generate unsaturated metal sites. The formation/nature of catenated species (oligo-dimetallynes) can be controlled by the use of (acidic/basic) "protecting groups" and through variation of the ligand scaffold. Reduction of ArNiPr2 GeCl (ArNiPr2 =2,6-(i Pr2 NCH2 )2 C6 H3 )-featuring hemilabile Ni Pr2 donors-yields (ArNiPr2 Ge)4 (2), which contains a tetrameric Ge4 chain. 2 represents a novel type of a linear homo-catenated GeI compound featuring unsupported E-E bonds. Trapping experiments reveal that a key structural component is the central two-way Ge=Ge donor-acceptor bond: reactions with IMe4 and W(CO)5 (NMe3 ) give the base- or acid-stabilized digermynes (ArNiPr2 Ge(IMe4 ))2 (4) and (ArNiPr2 Ge{W(CO)5 })2 (5), respectively. The use of smaller N-donors leads to stronger Ge-N interactions and quenching of catenation behaviour: reduction of ArNEt2 GeCl gives the digermyne (ArNEt2 Ge)2 , while the unsymmetrical system ArNEt2 GeGeArNiPr2 dimerizes to give tetranuclear (ArNEt2 GeGeArNiPr2 )2 through aggregation at the Ni Pr2 -ligated GeI centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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26
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Arsenyeva KV, Chegerev MG, Cherkasov AV, Pashanova KI, Ershova IV, Trofimova OY, Piskunov AV. Facile synthesis of digermylene oxide and its reactivity towards vanadocene: the first example of Cp2V–germylene coordination. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Arsenyeva KV, Chegerev MG, Cherkasov AV, Pashanova KI, Ershova IV, Trofimova OY, Piskunov AV. Facile synthesis of digermylene oxide and its reactivity towards vanadocene: the first example of Cp2V–germylene coordination. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Švec P, Samsonov MA, RůŽičková Z, Brus J, RůŽička A. Oxidative addition of cyanogen bromide to C, N-chelated and Lappert's stannylenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5519-5529. [PMID: 33908988 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stannylenes of L2Sn type bearing either C,N-chelating (1, L = LCN = 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl) or bulky amido (2, L = LN = N(SiMe3)2) ligands react with cyanogen bromide (Br-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N) via an oxidative-addition reaction to give monomeric six-coordinate (LCN)2Sn(Br)CN (1a) and four-coordinate (LN)2Sn(Br)CN (2a) stannanes in moderate yields. In solution, both 1a and 2a undergo instantaneous bromido-cyanido ligand redistribution reactions, leading to mixtures containing 1a, (LCN)2SnBr2 (1b) and (LCN)2Sn(CN)2 (1c) or 2a, (LN)2SnBr2 (2b) and (LN)2Sn(CN)2 (2c), respectively. The prepared species were characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in solution (1a-c and 2a-c) and in the solid state (1a-c). The crystal structures of 1a/b/c, 2a/b/c and sole 2b were determined by XRD analyses. DFT calculations and QTAIM analysis were also carried out to corroborate the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Švec
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Maksim A Samsonov
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeňka RůŽičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-162 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš RůŽička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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29
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Xiong Y, Chen D, Yao S, Zhu J, Ruzicka A, Driess M. New Types of Ge 2 and Ge 4 Assemblies Stabilized by a Carbanionic Dicarborandiyl-Silylene Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6229-6237. [PMID: 33852310 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first Ge(0)-Ge(II) germylone-germylene-paired Ge2 complex (LSi)2Ge2 (4) and the molecular Ge4 cluster (LSi)2Ge4 (5) supported by the chelating carbanionic ortho-C,C'-dicarborandiyl-silylene ligand LSi [L = C,C'-C2B10H10, Si = PhC(tBuN)2Si] have been synthesized and isolated via reduction of the corresponding precursors chlorogermyl-germyliumylidene chloride (2), [(LSi)2Ge(Cl)Ge]+Cl-, and (LSi)2Ge4Cl4 (3) with C8K, respectively. The latter precursors were obtained from the unexpected outcome of the reaction of the ortho-C,C'-dicarborandiyl phosphine-silylene ligand PLSi (1) {P = P[N(tBu)CH2]2} and GeCl2·dioxane. Compound 2 is formed in higher yields (65% yields) by the salt metathesis reaction of the C-lithium dicarborandiyl-C'-silylene salt LiLSi (6) [Li = Li(OEt2)2] with GeCl2·dioxane. The molecular structures of all these species (1-6) have been established and confirmed spectroscopically and crystallographically. The electronic structures of 4 and 5 were elucidated by density functional theory calculations. While 4 possesses a localized dative Ge(0)→Ge(II) bond, the Ge-Ge σ bonds in 5 are delocalized in the Ge4 cluster core. Featuring a donor-acceptor interaction between two chelating silylenes and the Ge4 core, compound 5 represents a unique molecular model for a Ge4 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ales Ruzicka
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Driess
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Yuvaraj K, Douair I, Maron L, Jones C. Activation of Ethylene by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Coordinated Magnesium(I) Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:14665-14670. [PMID: 32542741 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of a series of magnesium(I) compounds with ethylene, in the presence of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), have been explored. Treating [{(Mes Nacnac)Mg}2 ] (Mes Nacnac=[HC(MeCNMes)2 ]- , Mes=mesityl) with an excess of ethylene in the presence of two equivalents of :C{(MeNCMe)2 } (TMC) leads to the formal reductive coupling of ethylene, and formation of the 1,2-dimagnesiobutane complex, [{(Mes Nacnac)(TMC)Mg}2 (μ-C4 H8 )]. In contrast, when the reaction is repeated in the presence of three equivalents of TMC, a mixture of the β-diketiminato magnesium ethyl, [(Mes Nacnac)(TMC)MgEt], and the NHC coordinated magnesium diamide, [(Mes Nacnac-H )Mg(TMC)2 ], results. Four related products, [(Ar Nacnac)(TMC)MgEt] (Ar=2,6-dimethylphenyl (Xyl) or 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dip)) and [(Ar Nacnac-H )Mg(TMC)2 ] (Ar=Xyl or Dip), were similarly synthesised and crystallographically characterized. Computational studies have been employed to investigate the mechanisms of the two observed reaction types, which appear dependent on the substitution pattern of the magnesium(I) compound, and the stoichiometric equivalents of TMC used in the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, VIC 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Iskander Douair
- INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse et CNRS, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse et CNRS, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, VIC 3800, Melbourne, Australia
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31
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Helmer J, Hepp A, Lips F. An unsaturated amido-substituted six-vertex germanium cluster and its reactions with alkenes and alkynes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11843-11850. [PMID: 32869780 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01984d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unsaturated metalloid germanium cluster Ge6{N(SiMe3)Dipp}42 with two ligand-free germanium atoms and only four amine substituents was obtained starting from the base-coordinated germylene {N(SiMe3)Dipp}GeCl·DMAP 1 in 50% yield (DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine). This cluster reacts as a masked digermyne in cycloadditions with ethylene, diphenylacetylene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene in toluene at 100 °C to yield 3-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joschua Helmer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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32
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Hanusch F, Groll L, Inoue S. Recent advances of group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes in bond activation and catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2001-2015. [PMID: 34163962 PMCID: PMC8179309 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first heavy alkene analogues of germanium and tin were isolated in 1976, followed by West's disilene in 1981, the chemistry of stable group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes has advanced immensely. Recent developments in this field veered the focus from the isolation of novel bonding motifs to mimicking transition metals in their ability to activate small molecules and perform catalysis. The potential of these homonuclear multiply bonded compounds has been demonstrated numerous times in the activation of H2, NH3, CO2 and other small molecules. Hereby, the strong relationship between structure and reactivity warrants close attention towards rational ligand design. This minireview provides an overview on recent developments in regard to bond activation with group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes with the perspective of potential catalytic applications of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Lisa Groll
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Inorganic Benzene Valence Isomers. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2558-2574. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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Tsys KV, Chegerev MG, Fukin GK, Starikov AG, Piskunov AV. Low-valent oligogermanium amidophenolate complex comprising a unique Ge4 chain. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Romeo LJ, Kaur A, Wilson DJD, Martin CD, Dutton JL. Evaluation of the σ-Donating and π-Accepting Properties of N-Heterocyclic Boryl Anions. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16500-16509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo J. Romeo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Aishvaryadeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Caleb D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Juckel M, Dange D, de Bruin‐Dickason C, Jones C. Synthesis and Characterization of Group 12 Metal(I) Complexes Bearing Extremely Bulky Boryl/Silyl Substituted Amide Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Juckel
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Melbourne VIC Australia
| | | | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Melbourne VIC Australia
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Kristinsdóttir L, Oldroyd NL, Grabiner R, Knights AW, Heilmann A, Protchenko AV, Niu H, Kolychev EL, Campos J, Hicks J, Christensen KE, Aldridge S. Synthetic, structural and reaction chemistry of N-heterocyclic germylene and stannylene compounds featuring N-boryl substituents. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11951-11960. [PMID: 31318369 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study details the syntheses of N-heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes featuring diazaborolyl groups, {(HCDippN)2B} (Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), as both of the N-bound substituents, with a view to generating electron rich and sterically protected metal centres. The energies of their key frontier orbitals - the group 14-centred lone pair and orthogonal pπ-orbital (typically the HOMO-2 and LUMO) have been probed by DFT calculations and compared with a related acyclic analogue, revealing (in the case of the stannylenes) a correlation with the measured 119Sn chemical shifts. The reactivity of the germylene systems towards oxygen atom transfer agents has been examined, with 2 : 1 reaction stoichiometries being observed for both Me3NO and pyridine N-oxide, leading to the formation of products thought to be derived from the activation of C-H bonds by a transient first-formed germanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilja Kristinsdóttir
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Nicola L Oldroyd
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Rachel Grabiner
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Alastair W Knights
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Andrey V Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Haoyu Niu
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Eugene L Kolychev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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Dange D, Gair AR, Jones DDL, Juckel M, Aldridge S, Jones C. Acyclic 1,2-dimagnesioethanes/-ethene derived from magnesium(i) compounds: multipurpose reagents for organometallic synthesis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3208-3216. [PMID: 30996903 PMCID: PMC6428033 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions of three magnesium(i) dimers, [{(ArNacnac)Mg-}2] (ArNacnac = [(ArNCMe)2CH]-; Ar = xylyl (Xyl), mesityl (Mes) or 2,6-diethylphenyl (Dep)), with either 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE), α-methylstyrene (MS), trans-stilbene (TS) or diphenylacetylene (DPA) led to the 1,2-addition of the Mg-Mg bond across the substrate, giving rise to the 1,2-dimagnesioethanes, [{(XylNacnac)Mg}2(μ-DPE)], [{(DepNacnac)Mg}2(μ-MS)], [{(ArNacnac)Mg}2(μ-TS)] (Ar = Mes or Dep); and a 1,2-dimagnesioethene, [{(MesNacnac)Mg}2(μ-DPA)]. The reactions involving the 1,1-substituted alkenes are shown to be readily redox reversible, in that the reaction products are in equilibrium with a significant proportion of the starting materials at room temperature. Variable temperature NMR spectroscopy and a van't Hoff analysis point to low kinetic barriers to these weakly exergonic reactions. [{(MesNacnac)Mg}2(μ-DPE)] and [{(MesNacnac)Mg}2(μ-DPA)] behave as 1,2-di-Grignard reagents in their reactions with very bulky amido-zinc bromides, yielding the first examples of a 1,2-dizincioethane, [(L*Zn)2(μ-DPE)] (L* = -N(Ar*)(SiPri 3); Ar* = C6H2Me{C(H)Ph2}2-4,2,6), and a 1,2-dizincioethene, [(TBoLZn)2(μ-DPA)] (TBoL = -N(SiMe3){B(DipNCH)2}, Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl), respectively. Divergent reactivity is shown for [{(MesNacnac)Mg}2(μ-DPE)], which behaves as a two-electron reducing agent when treated with amido-cadmium and amido-magnesium halide precursors, yielding the cadmium(i) and magnesium(i) dimers, [PhBoLCdCdPhBoL] (PhBoL = -N(SiPh3){B(DipNCH)2}) and [L†MgMgL†] (L† = -N(Ar†)(SiMe3); Ar† = C6H2Pri{C(H)Ph2}2-4,2,6), respectively. A further class of reactivity for [{(MesNacnac)Mg}2(μ-DPE)] derives from its reaction with the bulky amido-germanium chloride, L*GeCl, which gives a magnesio-germane, presumably via intramolecular C-H activation of a highly reactive magnesiogermylene intermediate, [:Ge(L*){Mg(MesNacnac)}]. [{(MesNacnac)Mg}2(μ-DPE)] can be considered as acting as a two-electron reducing, magnesium transfer reagent in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , PO Box 23 , VIC , 3800 , Australia
| | - Andrew R Gair
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , PO Box 23 , VIC , 3800 , Australia
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford , OX1 3QR , UK . ; http://www.monash.edu/science/research-groups/chemistry/jonesgroup
| | - Dafydd D L Jones
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , PO Box 23 , VIC , 3800 , Australia
| | - Martin Juckel
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , PO Box 23 , VIC , 3800 , Australia
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford , OX1 3QR , UK . ; http://www.monash.edu/science/research-groups/chemistry/jonesgroup
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , PO Box 23 , VIC , 3800 , Australia
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39
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Bakewell C, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Reversible alkene binding and allylic C-H activation with an aluminium(i) complex. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2452-2458. [PMID: 30881673 PMCID: PMC6388093 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomeric molecular aluminium(i) complex 1 [{(ArNCMe)2CH}Al] (Ar = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl) reacts with a series of terminal and strained alkenes including ethylene, propylene, allylbenzene and norbornene to form alkene bound products.
The monomeric molecular aluminium(i) complex 1 [{(ArNCMe)2CH}Al] (Ar = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl) reacts with a series of terminal and strained alkenes including ethylene, propylene, allylbenzene and norbornene to form alkene bound products. Remarkably all these reactions are reversible under mild conditions (298–353 K) with alkene binding being disfavoured at higher temperatures due to the positive reaction entropy. Van't Hoff analyses have allowed quantification of the binding events with . Calculations and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies are consistent with the alkene bound species being metallocyclopropane complexes. Alkene binding involves a reversible redox process with changes from the +1 to +3 aluminium oxidation state. Under more forcing conditions the metallocyclopropane complexes undergo non-reversible allylic C–H bond activation to generate aluminium(iii) allyl hydride complexes. This represents a rare example of redox-based main group reactivity in which reversible substrate binding is followed by a further productive bond breaking event. Analysis of the mechanism reveals a reaction network in which alkene dissociation and reformation of 1 is required for allylic C–H activation, a realisation that has important implications for the long-term goal of developing redox-based catalytic cycles with main group compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bakewell
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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40
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Wysokiński R, Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W, Scheiner S. Influence of monomer deformation on the competition between two types of σ-holes in tetrel bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10336-10346. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Competition between two competing sites on a tetrel atom is explained by balance between structural deformation and σ-hole intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Utah State University
- Logan
- USA
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