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Mitzel NW, Lamm JH. Phase-Dependence of Molecular Structures Arising from Weak London Dispersion Interactions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3379-3391. [PMID: 37852201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe structures of molecules can be different in different phases. Intermolecular forces, even those of weak noncovalent interactions (WNCIs), can lead to a preference for quite different conformations in the solid, the gas, and the liquid phases. WNCIs can cause variations in bond lengths, angles, and torsional angles. Since structure is a fundamental concept in chemistry, the knowledge of structural changes with phase is important to understand the source and effects of distorting contributions from WNCIs but also as a predictive tool for the design and stabilization of new bonding situations.X-ray crystallography is ubiquitous and now mostly straightforward to perform, but facilities for the determination of accurate gas-phase structure determination are rare, and gas-phase work is laborious and time-consuming. There are currently about 1.25 million crystal structures and more than 12 500 experimental gas-phase structures, but the intersection of the two data sets that can tell us about the structural differences of the same molecule in different phases is surprisingly small.In this Account, we describe several cases of WNCI-dominated systems for which accurate experimental structure determinations exist for both the gas phase and the solid state and, in one case, also for solution. The examples include aryl-aryl, aryl-alkyl, and alkyl-alkyl interactions; systems with chalcogen and halogen bonding; and fluorine-based interactions in arylboranes. We work out the role of WNCIs in stabilizing large, strained, or sterically overloaded molecules. We will show how flexible molecules will fold under the action of WNCIs when isolated in the gas and how they fold or unfold when they are embedded in an environment of neighbors in crystals. We will show how they can vary in strength when the substitution patterns in aryl groups are changed by different halogens and how intramolecular WNCIs, such as those forming rings, change when such systems experience additional intermolecular WNCIs.Overall, we hope that this Account will give the reader an idea of the type and magnitude of structural changes that can be expected from a free molecule in the gas phase or a single molecule calculated by quantum chemistry compared with one embedded in a crystal. This should define the limits of comparability and provide some predictive concepts of the distortions and variations to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Lamm
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Weddeling JH, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Inter- and Intramolecular Aryl-Aryl Interactions in Partially Fluorinated Ethylenedioxy-bridged Bisarenes*. Chemistry 2020; 26:16111-16121. [PMID: 32845047 PMCID: PMC7756350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several ethylenedioxy‐bridged bisarenes with a variety of type and number of aryl groups were synthesized to study non‐covalent dispersion‐driven inter‐ and intramolecular aryl–aryl interactions in the solid state and gas phase. Intramolecular interactions are preferably found in the gas phase. DFT calculations with and without dispersion correction show larger interacting aromatic groups increase the stabilization energy of folded conformers and decrease the intermolecular centroid–centroid distance. Single‐molecule structures generally adopt folded conformations with short intramolecular aryl–aryl contacts. Gas electron diffraction experiments were performed exemplarily for 1‐(pentafluorophenoxy)‐2‐(phenoxy)ethane. A new procedure for structure refinement was developed to deal with the conformational complexity of such molecules. The results are an experimental confirmation of the existence of folded conformations of this molecule with short intramolecular aryl–aryl distances in the gas phase. Solid‐state structures are dominated by stretched structures without intramolecular aryl–aryl interactions but interactions with neighboring molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Henrik Weddeling
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Kurochkin IY, Pogonin AE, Otlyotov AA, Kiselev AN, Krasnov AV, Shlykov SA, Girichev GV. Molecular structure of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4′-fluorophenyl)porphyrin by combined gas-phase electron diffraction/mass spectrometry experiment and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Holub J, Vishnevskiy YV, Fanfrlík J, Mitzel NW, Tikhonov D, Schwabedissen J, McKee ML, Hnyk D. Bromination Mechanism of closo-1,2-C 2 B 10 H 12 and the Structure of the Resulting 9-Br-closo-1,2-C 2 B 10 H 11 Determined by Gas Electron Diffraction. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2606-2610. [PMID: 33029907 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
9-Br-closo-1,2-C2 B10 H11 has been prepared and its gas-phase structure has been examined by means of gas electron diffraction. The structure of the carbaborane core is similar to the structure of the parent compound, which is of C2v symmetry. A DFT-based search for the corresponding reaction pathway of the bromination of closo-1,2-C2 B10 H12 revealed that the catalytic amount of aluminum reduces the barrier of the initial attack of the bromination agent toward the negatively charged part of the icosahedral carbaborane, i. e., the first transition state, from about 40 to about 27 kcalmol-1 . The Br-Br bond is weakened by an intermediate binding to the large π-hole on the aluminum atom of AlBr3 , which is the driving force for the AlBr3 -catalyzed bromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Holub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-250 68, Husinec - Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Denis Tikhonov
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael L McKee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Drahomír Hnyk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-250 68, Husinec - Řež, Czech Republic
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Otlyotov AA, Girichev GV, Rykov AN, Glodde T, Vishnevskiy YV. Molecular Structure of Pyrazinamide: A Critical Assessment of Modern Gas Electron Diffraction Data from Three Laboratories. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5204-5211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy A. Otlyotov
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Physics, Sheremetievskiy Avenue, 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - Georgiy V. Girichev
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Physics, Sheremetievskiy Avenue, 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - Anatolii N. Rykov
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, 119992 GSP-2, Vorob’evy gory 1, Building 3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Timo Glodde
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V. Vishnevskiy
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Fatima M, Maué D, Pérez C, Tikhonov DS, Bernhard D, Stamm A, Medcraft C, Gerhards M, Schnell M. Structures and internal dynamics of diphenylether and its aggregates with water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27966-27978. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on a detailed multi-spectroscopic analysis of the structures and internal dynamics of diphenylether and its aggregates with up to three water molecules by employing molecular beam experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fatima
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
- D-22607 Hamburg
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - D. Maué
- TU Kaiserslautern
- Fachbereich Chemie & Research Center Optimas
- D-67663 Kaiserslautern
- Germany
| | - C. Pérez
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
- D-22607 Hamburg
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - D. S. Tikhonov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
- D-22607 Hamburg
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - D. Bernhard
- TU Kaiserslautern
- Fachbereich Chemie & Research Center Optimas
- D-67663 Kaiserslautern
- Germany
| | - A. Stamm
- TU Kaiserslautern
- Fachbereich Chemie & Research Center Optimas
- D-67663 Kaiserslautern
- Germany
| | - C. Medcraft
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
- D-22607 Hamburg
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - M. Gerhards
- TU Kaiserslautern
- Fachbereich Chemie & Research Center Optimas
- D-67663 Kaiserslautern
- Germany
| | - M. Schnell
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
- D-22607 Hamburg
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
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Reichel M, Krumm B, Vishnevskiy YV, Blomeyer S, Schwabedissen J, Stammler HG, Karaghiosoff K, Mitzel NW. Solid-State and Gas-Phase Structures and Energetic Properties of the Dangerous Methyl and Fluoromethyl Nitrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18557-18561. [PMID: 31573130 PMCID: PMC6916544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An improved synthesis of the simplest nitric acid ester, methyl nitrate, and a new synthesis of fluoromethyl nitrate use the metathesis of the corresponding iodomethanes with silver nitrate. Both compounds were identified by spectroscopy and the structures determined for in situ grown crystals by X-ray diffraction as well as in the gas phase by electron diffraction. Fluorination leads to structures with shorter C-O and N-O bonds, has an energetically destabilizing effect and increases friction sensitivity, but decreases detonation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reichel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13(D), D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13(D), D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13(D), D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Reichel M, Krumm B, Vishnevskiy YV, Blomeyer S, Schwabedissen J, Stammler H, Karaghiosoff K, Mitzel NW. Festkörper‐ und Gasphasenstrukturen sowie energetische Eigenschaften des gefährlichen Methyl‐ und Fluormethylnitrats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reichel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13(D) D-81377 München Deutschland
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13(D) D-81377 München Deutschland
| | - Yury V. Vishnevskiy
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13(D) D-81377 München Deutschland
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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Chalcogen Bonding due to the Exo-Substitution of Icosahedral Dicarbaborane. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142657. [PMID: 31340435 PMCID: PMC6680755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcogen atoms are a class of substituents capable of generating inner and outer derivatives of boron clusters. It is well known that chalcogenated boron clusters can form strong σ-hole interactions when a chalcogen atom is a part of an icosahedron. This paper studies σ-hole interactions of dicarbaboranes with two exopolyhedral chalcogen atoms bonded to carbon vertices. Specifically, a computational investigation has been carried out on the co-crystal of (1,2-C2B10H10)2Se4•toluene and a single crystal of (1,2-C2B10H10)2Te4.
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