1
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Wang J, Pan D, Wang F, Yu S, Huang G, Li X. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Larock reaction for the atroposelective synthesis of N─N chiral indoles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado4489. [PMID: 38728391 PMCID: PMC11086601 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric indoles defined by a N─N axis are an important class of heterocycles in synthetic and medicinal chemistry and material sciences. However, they remain heavily underexplored due to limited synthetic methods and challenging stereocontrol over the short N─N bonds. Here, we report highly atroposelective access to N─N axially chiral indoles via the asymmetric Larock reaction. This protocol leveraged the powerful role of chiral phosphoramidite ligand to attenuate the common ligand dissociation in the original Larock reaction, forming N─N chiral indoles with excellent functional group tolerance and high enantioselectivity via palladium-catalyzed intermolecular annulation between readily available o-iodoaniline and alkynes. The multifunctionality in the prepared chiral indoles allowed diverse post-coupling synthetic transformations, affording a broad array of functionalized chiral indoles. Experimental and computational studies have been conducted to explore the reaction mechanism, elucidating the enantio-determining and rate-limiting steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, (China)
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
| | - Songjie Yu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, (China)
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, (China)
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, (China)
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2
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Feng J, Liu RR. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of N-N Biaryl Atropisomers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303165. [PMID: 37850396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomers have emerged as important structural scaffolds in natural products, drug design, and asymmetric synthesis. Recently, N-N biaryl atropisomers have drawn increasing interest due to their unique structure and relatively stable axes. However, its asymmetric synthesis remains scarce compared to its well-developed C-C biaryl analogs. In this concept, we summarize the asymmetric synthesis of N-N biaryl atropisomers including N-N pyrrole-pyrrole, N-N pyrrole-indole, N-N indole-indole, and N-N indole-carbazole, during which a series synthetic strategies are highlighted. Also, a synthetic evolution is briefly reviewed and an outlook of N-N biaryl atropisomers synthesis is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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3
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Wei Y, Sun F, Li G, Xu S, Zhang M, Hong L. Enantioselective Synthesis of N-N Amide-Pyrrole Atropisomers via Paal-Knorr Reaction. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38109522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric construction of monoheteroaryl N-N axially chiral compounds and chiral five-membered aryl-based scaffolds remains challenging. Herein, we present a highly efficient enantioselective synthesis of monoheteroaryl N-N atropisomers via an asymmetric Paal-Knorr reaction, affording a diverse array of N-N amide-pyrrole atropisomers with excellent enantioselectivities. Gram-scale synthesis and post-transformations of the product demonstrated the synthesis utility of this method. Racemization experiments confirmed the configurational stability of these N-N axially chiral products. This study not only provides the first de novo cyclization example for accessing an asymmetric monoheteroaryl N-N scaffold but also offers a new member of the N-N atropisomer family with potential synthetic and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - ShiYu Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Wang CS, Xiong Q, Xu H, Yang HR, Dang Y, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N, N'-pyrrolylindoles via de novo indole formation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12091-12097. [PMID: 37969599 PMCID: PMC10631393 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The first organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N,N'-pyrrolylindoles based on o-alkynylanilines was successfully established via de novo indole formation catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid (CPA). This new synthetic strategy introduced CPA-catalyzed asymmetric 5-endo-dig cyclization of new well-designed o-alkynylanilines containing a pyrrolyl unit, resulting in a wide range of axially chiral N,N'-pyrrolylindoles in high yields with exclusive regioselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% yield, >20 : 1 rr, 95 : 5 er). Considering the potential biological significance of N-N atropisomers, preliminary biological activity studies were performed and revealed that these structurally important N,N'-pyrrolylindoles had a low IC50 value with promising impressive cytotoxicity against several kinds of cancer cell lines. DFT studies reveal that the N-nucleophilic cyclization mediated by CPA is the rate- and stereo-determining step, in which ligand-substrate dispersion interactions facilitate the axial chirality of the target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qi Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hao-Ran Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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5
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Bauer AK, Conrad J, Beifuss U. Efficient approach to 1,1'-bisindoles via copper(I)-catalyzed double domino reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8003-8019. [PMID: 37767762 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01231j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient copper(I)-catalyzed approach for the synthesis of 1,1'-bisindoles that is based on the formation of four bonds in one step has been developed. The unprecedented three component reaction between one molecule of a 1,2-bis(2-bromoaryl)hydrazine and two molecules of a 1,3-diketone employing 10 mol% CuI as a catalyst and Cs2CO3 as a base in DMSO at 100 °C for 24 h delivers substituted 1,1'-bisindoles with yields up to 92%. The new method proceeds as a double domino condensation/Ullmann type C-C coupling. It allows an efficient and practical access to substituted 1,1'-bisindoles in one step from easily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Bauer
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Uwe Beifuss
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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6
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Zhu X, Wu H, Wang Y, Huang G, Wang F, Li X. Rhodium-catalyzed annulative approach to N-N axially chiral biaryls via C-H activation and dynamic kinetic transformation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8564-8569. [PMID: 37592987 PMCID: PMC10430736 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02800c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
N-N axially chiral biaryls represent a rarely explored class of atropisomeric compounds. We hereby report rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective [4 + 2] oxidative annulation of internal alkynes with benzamides bearing two classes of N-N directing groups. The coupling occurs under mild conditions via NH and CH annulation through the dynamic kinetic transformation of the directing group and is highly enantioselective with good functional tolerance. Computational studies of a coupling system at the DFT level has been conducted, and the alkyne insertion was identified as the enantio-determining as well as the turnover-limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yishou Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
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7
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Portolani C, Centonze G, Righi P, Bencivenni G. Role of Cinchona Alkaloids in the Enantio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3551-3571. [PMID: 36475607 PMCID: PMC9774690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis using organic catalysts has evolved since it was first realized and defined. Nowadays, it can be considered a valid alternative to transition metal catalysis for synthesizing chiral molecules. According to the literature, the number of asymmetric organocatalytic processes associated with atropisomer synthesis has rapidly increased over the past 10 years because organocatalysis addresses the challenges posed by the most widespread strategies used for preparing axially chiral molecules with satisfactory results.These strategies, useful to prepare a wide range of C-C, C-heteroatom, and N-N atropisomers, vary from kinetic resolution to direct arylation, desymmetrization, and central-to-axial chirality conversion. In this field, our contribution focuses on determining novel methods for synthesizing atropisomers, during which, in most cases, the construction of one or more stereogenic centers other than the stereogenic axis occurred. To efficiently address this challenge, we exploited the ability of catalysts based on a cinchona alkaloid scaffold to realize enantioselective organic transformations. Desymmetrization of N-(2-tert-butylphenyl) maleimides was one of the first strategies that we pursued for preparing C-N atropisomers. The main principle is based on the presence of a rotationally hindered C-N single bond owing to the presence of a large tert-butyl group. Following the peculiar reactivity of this type of substrate as a powerful electrophile and dienophile, we realized several transformations.First, we investigated the vinylogous Michael addition of 3-substituted cyclohexenones, where a stereogenic axis and two contiguous stereocenters were concomitantly and remotely formed and stereocontrolled using a primary amine catalyst. Subsequently, we realized desymmetrization via an organocatalytic Diels-Alder reaction of activated unsaturated ketones that enabled highly atropselective transformation with efficient diastereoselectivity, thereby simultaneously controlling four stereogenic elements. Employing chiral organic bases allowed us to realize efficient desymmetrizations using carbon nucleophiles, such as 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, cyanoacetates, and oxindoles. These reactions, performed with different types of catalysts, highlighted the versatility of organocatalysis as a powerful strategy for atropselective desymmetrization of pro-axially chiral maleimides.Hereafter, we studied the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of naphthols with indenones, a powerful method for enantioselective synthesis of conformationally restricted diastereoisomeric indanones. We realized the first axially chiral selective Knoevenagel condensation using cinchona alkaloid primary amine as the catalyst. This reaction provided a powerful method to access enantioenriched olefins containing the oxindole core. Subsequently, we initiated an intense program for the computational investigation of the reaction mechanism of our atropselective processes. An understanding of the catalytic activity for vinylogous atropselective desymmetrization as well as of the role played by the acidic cocatalyst used for the experimental work was achieved.Recently, we have garnered interest in the novel frontiers of atropselective synthesis. As observed in recent publications, there is considerable interest in the development of methods for preparing N-N atropisomers, an emerging topic in the field of atropselective synthesis. We focused on the synthesis of hydrazide atropisomers by developing a one-pot sequential catalysis protocol based on two sequential organocatalytic reactions that provided high stereocontrol of two contiguous stereogenic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Portolani
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari,” Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Centre
for the Chemical Catalysis−C3, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari,” Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Centre
for the Chemical Catalysis−C3, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Righi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari,” Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Centre
for the Chemical Catalysis−C3, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bencivenni
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari,” Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Centre
for the Chemical Catalysis−C3, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
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8
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Portolani C, Centonze G, Luciani S, Pellegrini A, Righi P, Mazzanti A, Ciogli A, Sorato A, Bencivenni G. Synthesis of Atropisomeric Hydrazides by One-Pot Sequential Enantio- and Diastereoselective Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209895. [PMID: 36036383 PMCID: PMC9826270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The first catalytic enantioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of atropisomeric hydrazides was achieved using a sequential catalysis protocol. This strategy is based on a one-pot sequence of two organocatalytic cycles featuring the enamine amination of branched aldehydes followed by nitrogen alkylation under phase-transfer conditions. The resulting axially chiral hydrazides were obtained directly from commercially available reagents in high yields and with good stereocontrol. The permutation of organocatalysts allowed easy access to all stereoisomers, enabling a stereodivergent approach to enantioenriched atropisomeric hydrazides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Portolani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Sara Luciani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Pellegrini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Paolo Righi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Chemistry and technologies of drugSapienza University of Romepiazzale A. Moro 500185RomeItaly
| | - Andrea Sorato
- Department of Chemistry and technologies of drugSapienza University of Romepiazzale A. Moro 500185RomeItaly
| | - Giorgio Bencivenni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
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9
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Portolani C, Centonze G, Luciani S, Pellegrini A, Righi P, Mazzanti A, Ciogli A, Sorato A, Bencivenni G. Synthesis of Atropisomeric Hydrazides by One‐Pot Sequential Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Portolani
- Università degli Studi di Bologna: Universita degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Sara Luciani
- Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Andrea Pellegrini
- Universita degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Paolo Righi
- Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- University of Rome La Sapienza: Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Department of Chemistry and technologies of drug piazzale A. Moro 5 00185 Roma ITALY
| | - Andrea Sorato
- University of Rome La Sapienza: Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Department of Chemistry and technologies of drug piazzale aldo moro 5 00185 roma ITALY
| | - Giorgio Bencivenni
- Universita degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale Department of Industrial Chemistry Viale del Risorgimento n�4 40136 Bologna ITALY
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10
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Pan M, Shao YB, Zhao Q, Li X. Asymmetric Synthesis of N-N Axially Chiral Compounds by Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Alkylations. Org Lett 2021; 24:374-378. [PMID: 34928616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
N-N axially chiral skeletons are significant structural motifs in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials. Herein we disclose a method for the asymmetric synthesis of N-N axially chiral compounds by phase-transfer catalysis. A wide range of N-N axially chiral quinazolinone derivatives were prepared in high yields with excellent stereoselectivities. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of the protocol was proved by large-scale reaction and transformation of the product. Density functional theory calculations provide insight into the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Bo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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11
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Fiankor C, Nyakuchena J, Khoo RSH, Zhang X, Hu Y, Yang S, Huang J, Zhang J. Symmetry-Guided Synthesis of N,N'-Bicarbazole and Porphyrin-Based Mixed-Ligand Metal-Organic Frameworks: Light Harvesting and Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20411-20418. [PMID: 34797665 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, many attempts have been made to mimic the energy transfer (EnT) in photosynthesis, a key process occurring in nature that is of fundamental significance in solar fuels and sustainable energy. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), an emerging class of porous crystalline materials self-assembled from organic linkers and metal or metal cluster nodes, offer an ideal platform for the exploration of directional EnT phenomena. However, placing energy donor and acceptor moieties within the same framework with an atomistic precision appears to be a major synthesis challenge. In this work, we report the design and synthesis of a highly porous and photoactive N,N'-bicarbazole- and porphyrin-based mixed-ligand MOF, namely, NPF-500-H2TCPP (NPF = Nebraska porous framework; H2TCPP = meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin), where the secondary ligand H2TCPP is incorporated precisely through the open metal sites of the equatorial plane of the octahedron cage resulting from the underlying (4,8) connected network of NPF-500. The efficient EnT process from N,N'-bicarbazole to porphyrin in NPF-500-H2TCPP was captured by time-resolved spectroscopy and exemplified by photocatalytic oxidation of thioanisole. These results demonstrate not only the capability of NPF-500 as the scaffold to precisely arrange the donor-acceptor assembly for the EnT process but also the potential to directly utilize the EnT process for photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fiankor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - James Nyakuchena
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Rebecca Shu Hui Khoo
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environmental Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Yuchen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Sizhuo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Tabey A, Vemuri PY, Patureau FW. Cross-dehydrogenative N-N couplings. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14343-14352. [PMID: 34880984 PMCID: PMC8580018 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03851f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively high electronegativity of nitrogen makes N-N bond forming cross-coupling reactions particularly difficult, especially in an intermolecular fashion. The challenge increases even further when considering the case of dehydrogenative N-N coupling reactions, which are advantageous in terms of step and atom economy, but introduce the problem of the oxidant in order to become thermodynamically feasible. Indeed, the oxidizing system must be designed to activate the target N-H bonds, while at the same time avoid undesired N-N homocoupling as well as C-N and C-C coupled side products. Thus, preciously few intermolecular hetero N-N cross-dehydrogenative couplings exist, in spite of the central importance of N-N bonds in organic chemistry. This review aims at analyzing these few rare cases and provides a perspective for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Tabey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Pooja Y Vemuri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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13
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Fradin C, Guittard F, Darmanin T. Designing Tunable Omniphobic Surfaces by Controlling the Electropolymerization Sites of Carbazole‐Based Monomers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Wang XM, Zhang P, Xu Q, Guo CQ, Zhang DB, Lu CJ, Liu RR. Enantioselective Synthesis of Nitrogen-Nitrogen Biaryl Atropisomers via Copper-Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15005-15010. [PMID: 34496212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-nitrogen bonds containing motifs are ubiquitous in natural products and bioactive compounds. However, the atropisomerism arising from a restricted rotation around an N-N bond is largely overlooked. Here, we describe a method to access the first enantioselective synthesis of N-N biaryl atropisomers via a Cu-bisoxazoline-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. A wide range of axially chiral N-N bisazaheterocycle compounds were efficiently prepared in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities via desymmetrization and kinetic resolution. Heating experiments showed that the axially chiral bisazaheterocycle products have high rotational barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Chang-Qiu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - De-Bing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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15
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Liu X, Wang W, Fan Z, Huang W, Luo L, Yang C, Zhang J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Huang W. Functional Carbazole-Fullerene Complexes: A New Perspective of Carbazoles Acting as Nano-Octopus to Capture Globular Fullerenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:10448-10455. [PMID: 34003527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene host-guest constructs have attracted increasing attention owing to their molecular-level hybrid arrangements. However, the usage of simple carbazolic derivatives to bind with fullerenes is rare. In this research, three novel carbazolic derivatives, containing a tunable bridging linker and carbazole units for the capturing of fullerenes, are rationally designed. Unlike the general concave-convex interactions, fullerenes could interact with the planar carbazole subunits to form 2-dimensional hexagonal/quadrilateral cocrystals with alternating stacking patterns of 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 stoichiometry, as well as the controllable fullerene packing modes. At the meanwhile, good electron-transporting performances and significant photovoltaic effects were realized when a continuous C60⋅⋅⋅ C60 interaction channel existed. The results indicate that the introduction of such carbazolic system into fullerene receptor would provide new insights into novel fullerene host-guest architectures for versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhenqiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wanning Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lixing Luo
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Canglei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Mohamed MG, Chen WC, EL-Mahdy AFM, Kuo SW. Porous organic/inorganic polymers based on double-decker silsesquioxane for high-performance energy storage. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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A Di-Carbazole-Based Dye as a Potential Sensitizer for Greenhouse-Integrated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14041159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For the first time in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology, a di-carbazole-based dye was synthesized and evaluated for its usage as a potential sensitizer for the development of wavelength selective semi-transparent DSSCs for greenhouses-oriented applications. The dye was designed to demonstrate a blue light absorption, allowing a high transmittance in the red region of the visible light, even after its adsorption on the anode semiconductor, which is the most important one for the photosynthetic action of the plants. The application of the new dye to DSSCs was examined using either a high-performance iodide-based electrolyte or a highly transparent iodine-free electrolyte to determine a good balance between electric power generation and device transparency. The spectral engineered DSSCs demonstrated quite promising characteristics, providing a high external quantum efficiency (higher than 70%) in the whole blue–green region of the visible light, while allowing high transparency (up to 55%) in the red region, where the second peak in the absorbance spectrum of chlorophyll is located. Finally, the derived results were discussed under the consideration of important metrics for this niche application, including the transparency of the solar cells in the region of photosynthetic active radiation and the attained crop growth factor. The present work constitutes one of the few comprehensive studies carried out up to now in the direction of the development of 3rd generation “agrivoltaics” for their possible integration as cladding materials in energy-autonomous greenhouses.
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18
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Kobayashi T, Ishiwari F, Fukushima T, Hanaya K, Sugai T, Higashibayashi S. Analysis of Interconversion between Atropisomers of Chiral Substituted 9,9’‐Bicarbazole. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8512 Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Kengo Hanaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8512 Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8512 Japan
| | - Shuhei Higashibayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8512 Japan
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19
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Chen D, Chen W, Xing G, Zhang T, Chen L. An Upgraded "Two-in-One" Strategy toward Highly Crystalline Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2020; 26:8377-8381. [PMID: 32347590 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A highly crystalline bicarbazole-based covalent organic framework (BCzP-COF) was synthesized via an upgraded "two-in-one" strategy by the self-polycondensation of A2 B2 monomer with two neopentyl acetal and two amine groups. Such a strategy is propitious to afford higher crystallinity, larger special surface areas and better morphology than that of using unprotected monomer with free aldehydes and amines. Additionally, the off-white powder of BCzP-COF could serve as acidichromism sensor with a significant color change. Intriguingly, the conductivity of the protonated BCzP-COF can improve by six orders of magnitude compared to that of the pristine samples. This work has the potential to lead to bicarbazole-functional materials for chemosensors and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Weiben Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guolong Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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20
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Mohamed MG, El-Mahdy AFM, Ahmed MMM, Kuo SW. Direct Synthesis of Microporous Bicarbazole-Based Covalent Triazine Frameworks for High-Performance Energy Storage and Carbon Dioxide Uptake. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1767-1774. [PMID: 31943884 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study a series of bicarbazole-based covalent triazine frameworks (Car-CTFs) were synthesized under ionothermal conditions from [9,9'-bicarbazole]-3,3',6,6'-tetracarbonitrile (Car-4CN) in the presence of molten zinc chloride. Thermogravimetric and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses revealed that these Car-CTFs possessed excellent thermal stabilities and high specific surface areas (ca. 1400 m2 /g). The electrochemical performances of this Car-CTF series, investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, showed a highest capacitance of (545 F/g at 5 mV/s), which also exhibited excellent columbic efficiencies of 96.1 % after 8000 cycles at 100 μA/0.5 cm2 . The other Car-CTF samples displayed similar efficiencies. Furthermore, based on CO2 uptake measurements, one of the series showed the highest CO2 uptake capacities: 3.91 and 7.60 mmol/g at 298 and 273 K, respectively. These results suggest a simple method for the preparation of CTF materials that provide excellent electrochemical and CO2 uptake performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gamal Mohamed
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chemistry Department Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F M El-Mahdy
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chemistry Department Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M M Ahmed
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
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21
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Liang B, Yu Z, Zhuang X, Wang J, Wei J, Ye K, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang Y. Achieving High-Performance Pure-Red Electrophosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes Based on Optimizing Ancillary Ligands. Chemistry 2020; 26:4410-4418. [PMID: 32017269 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two new iridium(III) complexes were synthesized by introducing two trifluoromethyl groups into an ancillary ligand to develop pure-red emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The electron-donating ability of the ancillary ligands is suppressed, owing to the electron-withdrawing nature of trifluoromethyl groups, which can reduce the HOMO energy levels compared with those of compounds without trifluoromethyl groups. However, the introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into the ancillary ligand has little impact on the LUMO energy levels. Therefore, a well-tuned, pure-red, excited-state energy was achieved by regulating the relative energy level between the HOMO and LUMO. OLEDs with these complexes as emitters showed high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 26 % and realized high EQEs of about 25 % and fairly low driving voltages of 3.3-3.6 V for practical luminance of 1000 cd m-2 , as well as excellent Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.66, 0.33) and (0.67, 0.33); thus, this demonstrates the successful molecular design strategy by modifying the electron-donating ability of ancillary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zhanshuang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xuming Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jinbei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zuolun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
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