1
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Mastropasqua Talamo M, Cauchy T, Zinna F, Pop F, Avarvari N. Tuning the photophysical and chiroptical properties of [4]helicene-diketopyrrolopyrroles. Chirality 2023; 35:805-816. [PMID: 37203869 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and functionalization of diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DPP) derivatives containing chiral groups able to induce a strong chiral perturbation of the DPP core are still a challenging task. We report in this work the straightforward preparation of four bis([4]helicene)-DPP and bis([4]thiahelicene)-DPP dyes upon the condensation of 2-CN-[4](thia)helicene precursors, followed by their N-alkylation by nucleophilic substitution (compounds 9-11) or by a Mitsunobu-type strategy (compound 12). Compound 12, which contains sec-phenylethyl groups attached to the nitrogen atoms, has been obtained as (R,R) and (S,S) enantiomers. The four DPP-helicenes are luminescent in solution, while the N-benzyl (10) and N-sec-phenethyl (12) are emissive in the solid state as well. The chiroptical properties of compound 12 in solution and in the solid state indicate a strong chiral perturbation provided by the α-stereogenic centres, in spite of the stereodynamic nature of the [4]helicene flanking units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Cauchy
- Université d'Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, Angers, France
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavia Pop
- Université d'Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, Angers, France
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- Université d'Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, Angers, France
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2
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Zhou Y, Zhang K, Chen Z, Zhang H. Molecular Design Concept for Enhancement Charge Carrier Mobility in OFETs: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6645. [PMID: 37895626 PMCID: PMC10607980 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have garnered increasing attention from the scientific and industrial communities. The performance of OFETs can be evaluated based on three factors: the charge transport mobility (μ), threshold voltage (Vth), and current on/off ratio (Ion/off). To enhance μ, numerous studies have concentrated on optimizing charge transport within the semiconductor layer. These efforts include: (i) extending π-conjugation, enhancing molecular planarity, and optimizing donor-acceptor structures to improve charge transport within individual molecules; and (ii) promoting strong aggregation, achieving well-ordered structures, and reducing molecular distances to enhance charge transport between molecules. In order to obtain a high charge transport mobility, the charge injection from the electrodes into the semiconductor layer is also important. Since a suitable frontier molecular orbitals' level could align with the work function of the electrodes, in turn forming an Ohmic contact at the interface. OFETs are classified into p-type (hole transport), n-type (electron transport), and ambipolar-type (both hole and electron transport) based on their charge transport characteristics. As of now, the majority of reported conjugated materials are of the p-type semiconductor category, with research on n-type or ambipolar conjugated materials lagging significantly behind. This review introduces the molecular design concept for enhancing charge carrier mobility, addressing both within the semiconductor layer and charge injection aspects. Additionally, the process of designing or converting the semiconductor type is summarized. Lastly, this review discusses potential trends in evolution and challenges and provides an outlook; the ultimate objective is to outline a theoretical framework for designing high-performance organic semiconductors that can advance the development of OFET applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haichang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China; (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.)
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3
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Preda G, Aricò A, Botta C, Ravelli D, Merli D, Mattiello S, Beverina L, Pasini D. Activation of Solid-State Emission and Photostability through Molecular Confinement: The Case of Triptycene-Fused Quinacridone Dyes. Org Lett 2023; 25:6490-6494. [PMID: 37638412 PMCID: PMC10496147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the facile, metal-free convergent synthesis and the characterization of novel quinacridone dyes in which two triptycene units end-cap and sterically confine the quinacridone chromophore. A precise comparison of the confined dyes with their known homologues reveals that the reduction of π-π interactions in triptycene-fused quinacridone dyes compared to classical quinacridone results not only in an increase of solubility and processability but also in an enhancement of fluorescence quantum yield and photostability in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Preda
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia
Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
| | - Andrea Aricò
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia
Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- SCITEC−CNR,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ‘G. Natta’, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Ravelli
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia
Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia
Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia
Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
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4
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Parra RD. Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Peptide Nanotube Formation: A DFT Study. Molecules 2023; 28:6217. [PMID: 37687047 PMCID: PMC10488343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DFT calculations were carried out to examine geometries and binding energies of H-bond-driven peptide nanotubes. A bolaamphiphile molecule, consisting of two N-α amido glycylglycine head groups linked by either one CH2 group or seven CH2 groups, is used as a building block for nanotube self-assembly. In addition to hydrogen bonds between adjacent carboxy or amide groups, nanotube formation is also driven by weak C-H· · ·O hydrogen bonds between a methylene group and the carboxy OH group, and between a methylene group and an amide O=C group. The intratubular O-H· · ·O=C hydrogen bonds account for approximately a third of the binding energies. Binding energies calculated with the wB97XD/DGDZVP method show that the hydrocarbon chains play a stabilizing role in nanotube self-assembly. The shortest nanotube has the length of a single monomer and a diameter than increases with the number of monomers. Lengthening of the tubular structure occurs through intertubular O-H· · ·O=C hydrogen bonds. The average intertubular O-H· · ·O=C hydrogen bond binding energy is estimated to change with the size of the nanotubes, decreasing slightly towards some plateau value near 15 kcal/mol according to the wB97XD/DGDZVP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén D Parra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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5
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Humphreys J, Killalea CE, Pop F, Davies ES, Siligardi G, Amabilino DB. Self-assembly of chiral diketopyrrolopyrrole chromophores giving supramolecular chains in monolayers and twisted microtapes. Chirality 2023; 35:281-297. [PMID: 36760121 PMCID: PMC10947275 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral diketopyrrolopyrroles appended with enantiomeric ethyl lactate functions through an ether linkage to the aryl backbone of the chromophore were synthesized via the Mitsunobu reaction. The molecules have good solubility and excellent optical properties, high molar absorption coefficients, and fluorescence quantum yields. Helical aggregates with circular dichroism arising from the supramolecular arrangement are seen in both solution and thin films, and the aggregates also display circularly polarized luminescence (glum ≈ ±0.1). The molecules assemble to give monolayers on graphite and precipitate from solution forming supramolecular twisted tapes hundreds of microns long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Humphreys
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - C. Elizabeth Killalea
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Flavia Pop
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Present address:
MOLTECH‐Anjou, UMR 6200, CNRSUniversity of AngersAngersFrance
| | | | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOxfordshireUK
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)Campus Universitari de CerdanyolaBarcelonaSpain
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6
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Trinh CK, Abdo NI. A Mini-Review: Intermolecular interactions of small molecules containing amide groups- based organic semiconductors and their applications†. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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7
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Zhang Q, Huang J, Wang K, Huang W. Recent Structural Engineering of Polymer Semiconductors Incorporating Hydrogen Bonds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110639. [PMID: 35261083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly planar, extended π-electron organic conjugated polymers have been increasingly attractive for achieving high-mobility organic semiconductors. In addition to the conventional strategy to construct rigid backbone by covalent bonds, hydrogen bond has been employed extensively to increase the planarity and rigidity of polymer via intramolecular noncovalent interactions. This review provides a general summary of high-mobility semiconducting polymers incorporating hydrogen bonds in field-effect transistors over recent years. The structural engineering of the hydrogen bond-containing building blocks and the discussion of theoretical simulation, microstructural characterization, and device performance are covered. Additionally, the effects of the introduction of hydrogen bond on self-healing, stretchability, chemical sensitivity, and mechanical properties are also discussed. The review aims to help and inspire design of new high-mobility conjugated polymers with superiority of mechanical flexibility by incorporation of hydrogen bond for the application in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- CAS key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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8
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Hu Y, Chen L, Lin Z, Lee J, Wei W, Ko T, Lo C, Hung W, Wong K. Suppressing intermolecular interactions for enhancing the performance of exciplex‐based OLEDs. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Cheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li‐Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Zong‐Liang Lin
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jhih‐Wei Lee
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Chih Wei
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzu‐Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Yuan Lo
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Yi Hung
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung Taiwan
| | - Ken‐Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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9
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Górski K, Mech-Piskorz J, Pietraszkiewicz M. From truxenes to heterotruxenes: playing with heteroatoms and the symmetry of molecules. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the modification of truxene, we can change the electronic structure or create multidimensional materials. Thus, the use of truxenes is very wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Górski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Justyna Mech-Piskorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
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10
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Shivran N, Koli M, Chakraborty G, Srivastava AP, Chattopadhyay S, Mula S. A BODIPY- O-glycoside based near-infrared fluorescent sensor for serum albumin. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7920-7929. [PMID: 34549222 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01564h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective near-infrared fluorescent bioprobes for serum albumin detection and quantification are in high demand for biomedical applications. Herein, we report a near-infrared emitting BODIPY-O-glycoside dye as a turn-on emission sensor for serum albumin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of NIR-emitting BODIPY dyes for serum albumin sensing. Despite the various outstanding photophysical properties of the BODIPY dyes, their insolubility in water/biological media restricts their real biomedical applications. To overcome this issue, highly stable unadulterated BODIPY-O-glycoside nanoparticles (BDP-Glu-NPs) were prepared in aqueous solution by self-assembly of amphiphilic BODIPY-O-glycoside dyes. The BDP-Glu-NPs were characterized by spectroscopic, NMR, DLS and TEM studies. The ability of the BDP-Glu-NPs for the detection and quantification of serum albumin was demonstrated. It showed a 150-fold fluorescence enhancement in the presence of serum albumin, with excellent selectivity over other amino acids, porphyrin, proteins and various inorganic salts. Detection of human serum albumin (HSA) in urine samples showed that the bioprobe is applicable to a clinically significant range of the analytes with very low detection limit. These results suggested that the BDP-Glu-NPs can act as potential bioprobe to quantify albumin in biochemical and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Shivran
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
| | - Mrunesh Koli
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
| | - Goutam Chakraborty
- Laser and Plasma Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
| | | | | | - Soumyaditya Mula
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai-400094, India
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11
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Mastropasqua Talamo M, Pop F, Avarvari N. Straightforward N-alkylation of diketopyrrolopyrroles through the Mitsunobu reaction with benzyl, α-branched, and chiral alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6514-6517. [PMID: 34105540 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02472h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The N-alkylation of diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) represents a fundamental step to ensure solubility and further processability. Commonly used nucleophilic substitution in halogenated derivatives is replaced in this work by the Mitsunobu reaction affording unprecedented DPPs with α-branched and chiral chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Pop
- Univ. Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- Univ. Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
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12
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Gómez P, Georgakopoulos S, Más-Montoya M, Cerdá J, Pérez J, Ortí E, Aragó J, Curiel D. Improving the Robustness of Organic Semiconductors through Hydrogen Bonding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8620-8630. [PMID: 33576612 PMCID: PMC8893359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular organization plays an essential role in organic semiconductors since it determines the extent of intermolecular interactions that govern the charge transport present in all electronic applications. The benefits of hydrogen bond-directed self-assembly on charge transport properties are demonstrated by comparing two analogous pyrrole-based, fused heptacyclic molecules. The rationally designed synthesis of these materials allows for inducing or preventing hydrogen bonding. Strategically located hydrogen bond donor and acceptor sites control the solid-state arrangement, favoring the supramolecular expansion of the π-conjugated surface and the subsequent π-stacking as proved by X-ray diffraction and computational calculations. The consistency observed for the performance of organic field-effect transistors and the morphology of the organic thin films corroborate that higher stability and thermal robustness are achieved in the hydrogen-bonded material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gómez
- Multifunctional
Molecular Materials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Stamatis Georgakopoulos
- Multifunctional
Molecular Materials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miriam Más-Montoya
- Multifunctional
Molecular Materials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Institute
of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - José Pérez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Regional Campus
of International Excellence, Technical University
of Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Institute
of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Institute
of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - David Curiel
- Multifunctional
Molecular Materials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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13
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Liu S, Zhou Y, Wu S, Ma H, Qian L, Zhao Y, Su R, Su W, Yu T. Effect of different imidazole derived moieties on the photo- and electro-luminescence properties of 2,7,12-trisubstituted triazatruxene derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three 2,7,12-trisubstituted triazatruxene derivatives containing different imidazole derived moieties were synthesized for OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hailin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Long Qian
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ruige Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tianzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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