1
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Krieft J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Oxidation-dependent Lewis acidity in chalcogen adducts of Sb/P frustrated Lewis pairs. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38938114 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01591f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The reactions of the frustrated Lewis pair (F5C2)2SbCH2P(tBu)2 with oxygen, sulphur, selenium and tellurium led to the mono-oxidation products (F5C2)2SbCH2P(E)(tBu)2 (E = O, S, Se, Te). Further oxidation of these chalcogen adducts with tetrachloro-ortho-benzoquinone (o-chloranil) gave (F5C2)2Sb(CH2)(μ-E)P(tBu)2·CatCl (CatCl = o-O2C6Cl4) with a central four-membered ring heterocycle for E = O, S, and Se. For E = Te the elimination of elemental tellurium led to an oxidation product with two equivalents of o-chloranil, (F5C2)2SbCH2P(tBu)2·2CatCl, which is also accessible by reaction of (F5C2)2SbCH2P(tBu)2 with o-chloranil. The synthesised compounds were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray structure analyses, and the structural properties were analysed in the light of the altered Lewis acidity due to the oxidation of the antimony atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Krieft
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
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2
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Žáková A, Saha P, Paparakis A, Zábranský M, Gastelu G, Kukla J, Uranga JG, Hulla M. Hexacoordinated tin complexes catalyse imine hydrogenation with H 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3287-3290. [PMID: 38421350 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05878f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) hydrogenation catalysts predominantly use alkyl- and aryl-substituted Lewis acids (LA) that offer a limited number of combinations of substituents, limiting our ability to tune their properties and, ultimately, their reactivity. Nevertheless, main-group complexes have numerous ligands available for such purposes, which could enable us to broaden the range of FLP catalysis. Supporting this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that hexacoordinated tin complexes with Schiff base ligands catalyse imine hydrogenation via activation of H2(g). As shown by hydrogen-deuterium scrambling, [Sn(tBu2Salen)(OTf)2] activated H2(g) at 25 °C and 10 bar of H2. After tuning the ligands, we found that [Sn(Salen)Cl2] was the most efficient imine hydrogenation catalyst despite having the lowest activity in H2(g) activation. Moreover, various imines were hydrogenated in yields up to 98% thereby opening up opportunities for developing novel FLP hydrogenation catalysts based on hexacoordinated LA of main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Žáková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Pritha Saha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandros Paparakis
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Zábranský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Gastelu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Jaroslav Kukla
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge G Uranga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Martin Hulla
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
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3
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Frenette BL, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation in the p-Block. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302332. [PMID: 37677126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been the subject of considerable study since the field's inception. While much of the research into FLPs has centered around small molecule activation for diverse stoichiometric and catalytic transformations, intramolecular FLPs also show promise as chelating ligands. The cooperative action of Lewis basic and acidic moieties enables intramolecular FLPs to stabilize low oxidation state centers and (consequently) reactive molecular fragments through a donor-acceptor approach, making them an attractive ligand class in main group element chemistry. This review outlines the state of FLP chelation to date throughout the p-block, encompassing primarily groups 13-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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4
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Wickemeyer L, Schwabedissen J, Trapp PC, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. ortho-Phenylene-bridged phosphorus/silicon Lewis pairs. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2611-2618. [PMID: 36740914 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of five ortho-phenylene-bridged phosphorus-silicon Lewis pairs was synthesized, with phosphorus bearing isopropyl groups while the substituents at the silicon atom vary (-CH3, -Cl, -F). Possible interactions between Lewis acid and base were investigated both experimentally (NMR, XRD) and theoretically to determine the influence of the different substituents. Calculated ortho-interaction energies (OIEs) show a stabilizing interactions between the acidic and basic units which were also found for the meta- and para-interaction energies (MIEs and PIEs, respectively), indicating stabilization resulting not from direct acid-base interaction but from electronic interactions through the ring. Further spectroscopic (NMR, XRD) and theoretical (NBO, QTAIM, SAPT) investigations confirmed the absence of direct interactions between silicon and phoshorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Pia C Trapp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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5
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Wickemeyer L, Hartmann L, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Differences in the Reactivity of Geminal Si-O-P and Al-O-P Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202842. [PMID: 36349870 PMCID: PMC10107522 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The new oxygen-bridged geminal Si/P Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (2) is able to reversibly bind carbon dioxide at ambient temperature. We compared its reactivity towards benzil, but-3-en-2-one, nitriles and phenylacetylene to that of the Al/P FLP tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (Bis=-CH(SiMe3 )2 ) (1). When reacted with benzil, both, 1 and 2, form the 1,2-addition product, but in the Si/P FLP 2, the second carbonyl function additionally binds to the silicon atom. With but-3-en-2-one 2 forms the 1,2-addition product, while 1 binds in 1,4-position. The reaction with acetonitrile yielded an unexpected etheneimine adduct for both systems, while only 1 reacted with tert-butylnitrile. With benzonitrile and acrylonitrile, 2 showed reversible addition to the C≡N bond and 1 forms a stable adduct with benzonitrile. Solely 1 shows reactivity towards phenylacetylene affording a mixture of the CH deprotonation adduct tBu2 P(H)-O-AlBis2 (CCPh) and the FLP -C≡C 1,2-addition adduct under ring formation. All compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, XRD and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Lukas Hartmann
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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6
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Wickemeyer L, Trapp PC, Aders N, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Reactivity of Oxygen-Bridged Geminal Al/P and Si/P Frustrated Lewis Pairs towards Heterocumulenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203685. [PMID: 36734185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The two oxygen-bridged geminal frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (Bis=CH(SiMe3 )2 ; 1) and tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (2) were reacted with the heterocumulenes PhNCO, PhOCN, PhNCS, CS2 and PhNSO as well as SO2 . With isocyanate and cyanate, both 1 and 2, form addition products under formation of five-membered rings. With CS2 , isothiocyanate and sulfinylaniline, only 1 forms stable adducts, whereas 2 shows reactivity towards sulfinylaniline, but the product decomposed after a few minutes. The reaction of 1 with SO2 led to partial cleavage of the P-O-Al and Al-C units, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies of a complex aggregate. The reaction of 2 with SO2 affords the 1,2-addition product. All adducts were characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and CHN analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pia C Trapp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Niklas Aders
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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7
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Theoretical Study of Reaction Mechanisms of Carbon Dioxide with E–CH 2–Z-Type Frustrated Lewis Pairs (E = C–Pb; Z = N–Bi). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan
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8
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Thorwart T, Hartmann D, Greb L. Dihydrogen Activation with a Neutral, Intermolecular Silicon(IV)-Amine Frustrated Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202273. [PMID: 35861023 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen constitutes the hallmark reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP). While being well-established for planar Lewis acids, such as boranes or silylium ions, the observation of the primary H2 splitting products with non-planar Lewis acid FLPs remained elusive. In the present work, we report bis(perfluoro-N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato)silane and its application in dihydrogen activation to a fully characterized hydridosilicate. The strict design of the Lewis acid, the limited selection of the Lewis base, and the distinct reaction conditions emphasize the narrow tolerance to achieve this fascinating process with a tetrahedral Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Falk A, Bauer JO. Structural and Electronic Effects on Phosphine Chalcogenide Stabilized Silicon Centers in Four-Membered Heterocyclic Cations. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15576-15588. [PMID: 36130169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay of structural and electronic parameters in the stabilization of Lewis acidic silicon centers is crucial for stereochemical questions and applications in bond activation and catalytic transformations. Phosphine chalcogenide functionalized (Ch = O, S, and Se) hydrosilanes having tert-butyl and 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl (TMP) substituents on the silicon atom were synthesized, and the ring-closing reactions to afford the heterocyclic four-membered CPChSi cations were investigated. Synthetic access was only achieved for the sulfur- and selenium-based cations. A thorough study by means of single-crystal X-ray structure determination, NMR spectroscopic data, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insight into important electronic and structural parameters affecting the stability of the intramolecularly stabilized cations. Detailed structural considerations were made on the contributions to the ring strain (angular strain and steric repulsion). Thermochemical investigations showed that the substituents on the silicon and phosphorus atoms play an important role for the stability of the cationic heterocycles. In the absence of large steric repulsions through bulky substituents (methyl groups on silicon and tert-butyl groups on phosphorus), an intrinsic stability sequence of the intramolecular Ch-Si coordination depending on the chalcogen atom in the direction Se ≤ S < O can be observed. However, the order is reversed (O < S < Se) in the case of strong repulsions between sterically demanding substituents (tert-butyl groups on both silicon and phosphorus atoms). Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis supported the explanations for the observed deshielding trends in 31P NMR spectroscopy and revealed that the O-Si bond is more ionic in nature compared to the S-Si and Se-Si bonds, with the latter exhibiting higher covalent character due to a more efficient charge transfer through a σ-type nCh → pSi interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Falk
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan O Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Cabrera-Trujillo JJ, Fernández I. Aromaticity-enhanced reactivity of geminal frustrated Lewis pairs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6801-6804. [PMID: 35611955 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a cyclopropenimine moiety as the Lewis base partner in geminal frustrated Lewis pairs greatly enhances the reactivity of the system towards the activation of small molecules. This is mainly due to an increase of the aromaticity strength of this fragment during the activation reaction which results in a significant gain of stability ultimately leading to low barrier and high exergonic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Juan Cabrera-Trujillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Fernández I. Understanding the reactivity of frustrated Lewis pairs with the help of the activation strain model-energy decomposition analysis method. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4931-4940. [PMID: 35322823 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This Feature article presents recent representative applications of the combination of the Activation Strain Model of reactivity and the Energy Decomposition Analysis methods to understand the reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs). This approach has been helpful to not only gain a deeper quantitative insight into the factors controlling the cooperative action between the Lewis acid/base partners but also to rationally design highly active systems for different bond activation reactions. Issues such as the influence of the nature of the FLP antagonists or the substituents directly attached to them on the reactivity are covered herein, which are crucial for the future development of this fascinating family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Sarkar P, Das S, Pati SK. Recent Advances in Group 14 and 15 Lewis Acids for Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200148. [PMID: 35320614 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) which rely on the cooperative action of Lewis acids and Lewis bases, played a prominent role in the advancement of main-group catalysis. While the early days of FLP chemistry witnessed the dominance of boranes, there is a growing body of reports on alternative Lewis acids derived from groups 14 and 15. This short review focuses on the discovery of such non-boron candidates reported since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sarkar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Theoretical Sciences Unit, INDIA
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, New Chemstry Unit, INDIA
| | - Swapan K Pati
- JNCASR, Theoretical Sciences Unit and New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur Campus, 560064, Bangalore, INDIA
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13
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Schwedtmann K, Quest M, Guddorf BJ, Keuter J, Hepp A, Feldt M, Droste J, Hansen MR, Lips F. Reactivity of the Bicyclic Amido-Substituted Silicon(I) Ring Compound Si 4 {N(SiMe 3 )Mes} 4 with FLP-Type Character. Chemistry 2021; 27:17361-17368. [PMID: 34636454 PMCID: PMC9297995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The bicyclic amido‐substituted silicon(I) ring compound Si4{N(SiMe3)Mes}42 (Mes=Mesityl=2,4,6‐Me3C6H2) features enhanced zwitterionic character and different reactivity from the analogous compound Si4{N(SiMe3)Dipp}41 (Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) due to the smaller mesityl substituents. In a reaction with the N‐heterocyclic carbene NHCMe4
(1,3,4,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene), we observe adduct formation to give Si4{N(SiMe3)Mes}4 ⋅ NHCMe4
(3). This adduct reacts further with the Lewis acid BH3 to yield the Lewis acid–base complex Si4{N(SiMe3)Mes}4 ⋅ NHCMe4
⋅ BH3 (4). Coordination of AlBr3 to 2 leads to the adduct 5. Calculated proton affinities and fluoride ion affinities reveal highly Lewis basic and very weak Lewis acidic character of the low‐valent silicon atoms in 1 and 2. This is confirmed by protonation of 1 and 2 with Brookharts acid yielding 6 and 7. Reaction with diphenylacetylene only occurs at 111 °C with 2 in toluene and is accompanied by fragmentation of 2 to afford the silacyclopropene 8 and the trisilanorbornadiene species 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwedtmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Quest
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt J Guddorf
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Milica Feldt
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn Droste
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
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14
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de Las Nieves-Piña M, Frontera A, Mooibroek TJ, Bauzá A. Frustrated Lewis Pairs Based on Carbon⋅⋅⋅Carbon + Tetrel Bonds: A DFT Study. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2478-2483. [PMID: 34596315 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Triangulenium (TA+ ) compounds to form Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) with N-HeteroCycle Carbenes (NHCs) is analysed in this manuscript at the PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory. We have used six TA+ -based moieties, three presenting similar bridging groups (O (trioxo), -CH2 (triaryl) and -NH (triaza)) and another three mixing, O, -CH2 and NH moieties. In addition, several aryl-substituted NHCs have been used as electron donor moieties to undergo carbon⋅⋅⋅carbon+ tetrel bonds with the TA+ derivatives. More precisely, -Me,-iPr, -tBu and -Ph groups were used. Finally, we have used Bader's quantum theory of "atoms in molecules" (QTAIM) and Natural Bonding Analysis (NBO) to characterize the carbon⋅⋅⋅carbon+ tetrel bonds described herein. We expect the results gathered herein will be useful for further exploitation of carbon⋅⋅⋅carbon+ bonds in the formation of FLPs as well as to expand the current knowledge of tetrel bonds to the fields of synthetic chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Nieves-Piña
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.7, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.7, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park A, 904, E1.26, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.7, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
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15
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A neutral germanium/phosphorus frustrated Lewis pair: Synthesis and reactivity. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Henry AT, Cosby TPL, Boyle PD, Baines KM. Selective dimerization of α-methylstyrene by tunable bis(catecholato)germane Lewis acid catalysts. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15906-15913. [PMID: 34714312 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a variety of bis(catecholato)germanes is reported. The Lewis acidity of the bis(catecholato)germanes was assessed using the experimental Gutmann-Beckett method and computational FIA and GEI methods. The oligomerization of alkenes using bis(catecholato)germanes demonstrates the use of these complexes in catalysis. The use of donor additives in the dimerization of α-methylstyrene resulted in selectivity control comparable to transition metal catalyst systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Henry
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Taylor P L Cosby
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul D Boyle
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kim M Baines
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Sarkar P, Das S, Pati SK. Investigating Tetrel-Based Neutral Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogen Activation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15180-15189. [PMID: 34590831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrel Lewis acids are a prospective alternative to commonly employed neutral boranes in frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry. While cationic tetrylium Lewis acids, being isolobal and iso(valence)electronic, are a natural replacement to boranes, neutral tetrel Lewis acids allude as less trivial options due to the absence of a formally empty p orbital on the acceptor atom. Recently, a series of intramolecular geminal FLPs (C2F5)3E-CH2-P(tBu)2 (E = Si, Ge, Sn) featuring neutral tetrel atoms as acceptor sites has been reported for activation of small molecules including H2. In this work, through density functional theory computations, we elucidate the general mechanistic picture of H2 activation by this family of FLPs. Our findings reveal that the acceptor atom derives the required Lewis acidity utilizing the antibonding orbitals of its adjacent bonds with the individual contributions depending on the identity of the acceptor and the donor atoms. By varying the identity of the Lewis acid and Lewis base sites and attached substituents, we unravel their interplay on the energetics of the H2 activation. We find that switching the donor site from P to N significantly affects the synchronous nature of the bond breaking/formations along the reaction pathway, and as a result, N-bearing FLPs have a more favorable H2 activation profile than those with P. Our results are quantitatively discussed in detail within the framework of the activation-strain model of reactivity along with the energy-decomposition analysis method. Finally, the reductive elimination decomposition route pertinent to the plausible extension of the H2 activation to catalytic hydrogenation by these FLPs is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
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18
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Ferrer M, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Oliva-Enrich JM. Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide with Frustrated Lewis Pairs Based on N-Heterocycles with Silane/Germane Groups. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6976-6984. [PMID: 34375528 PMCID: PMC8389994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) based on nitrogen heterocycles (pyridine, pyrazole, and imidazole) with a silane or germane group in the α-position of a nitrogen atom have been considered as potential molecules to sequestrate carbon dioxide. Three stationary points have been characterized in the reaction profile: a pre-reactive complex, an adduct minimum, and the transition state connecting them. The effect of external (solvent) or internal (hydroxyl group) electric fields in the reaction profile has been considered. In both cases, it is possible to improve the kinetics and thermodynamics of the complexation of CO2 by the FLP and favor the formation of adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ferrer
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- PhD Programme in Theoretical Chemistry and Computational Modelling, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Oliva-Enrich
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano, 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Holtkamp P, Poier D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Exploring the Reactivity of a Frustrated Sn/P Lewis Pair: The Highly Selective Complexation of the cis-Azobenzene Photoisomer. Chemistry 2021; 27:3793-3798. [PMID: 33284497 PMCID: PMC7986075 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the geminal frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 (1) was explored by reacting it with a variety of small molecules (PhOCN, PhNCS, PhCCH, tBuCCH, H3 CC(O)CH=CH2 , Ph[C(O)]2 Ph, PhN=NPh and Me3 SiCHN2 ), featuring polar or non-polar multiple bonds and/or represent α,β-unsaturated systems. While most adducts are formed readily, the binding of azobenzene requires UV-induced photoisomerization, which results in the highly selective complexation of cis-azobenzene. In the case of benzil, the reaction does not lead to the expected 1,2- or 1,4-addition products, but to the non-stereoselective (tBu)2 PCH2 -transfer to a prochiral keto function of benzil. All adducts of 1 were characterised by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and X-ray diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Dario Poier
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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20
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Shaikh AC, Veleta JM, Moutet J, Gianetti TL. Trioxatriangulenium (TOTA +) as a robust carbon-based Lewis acid in frustrated Lewis pair chemistry. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4841-4849. [PMID: 34168760 PMCID: PMC8179643 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the reactivity between the water stable Lewis acidic trioxatriangulenium ion (TOTA+) and a series of Lewis bases such as phosphines and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). The nature of the Lewis acid-base interaction was analyzed via variable temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. While small and strongly nucleophilic phosphines, such as PMe3, led to the formation of a Lewis acid-base adduct, frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) were observed for sterically hindered bases such as P( t Bu)3. The TOTA+-P( t Bu)3 FLP was characterized as an encounter complex, and found to promote the heterolytic cleavage of disulfide bonds, formaldehyde fixation, dehydrogenation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene, heterolytic cleavage of the C-Br bonds, and interception of Staudinger reaction intermediates. Moreover, TOTA+ and NHC were found to first undergo single-electron transfer (SET) to form [TOTA]·[NHC]˙+, which was confirmed via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and subsequently form a [TOTA-NHC]+ adduct or a mixture of products depending the reaction conditions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam C Shaikh
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ USA
| | - José M Veleta
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ USA
| | - Jules Moutet
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ USA
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ USA
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21
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Fontana N, Espinosa‐Jalapa NA, Seidl M, Bauer JO. Easy Access to Enantiomerically Pure Heterocyclic Silicon-Chiral Phosphonium Cations and the Matched/Mismatched Case of Dihydrogen Release. Chemistry 2021; 27:2649-2653. [PMID: 33264430 PMCID: PMC7898527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonium ions are widely used in preparative organic synthesis and catalysis. The provision of new types of cations that contain both functional and chiral information is a major synthetic challenge and can open up new horizons in asymmetric cation-directed and Lewis acid catalysis. We discovered an efficient methodology towards new Si-chiral four-membered CPSSi* heterocyclic cations. Three synthetic approaches are presented. The stereochemical sequence of anchimerically assisted cation formation with B(C6 F5 )3 and subsequent hydride addition was fully elucidated and proceeds with excellent preservation of the chiral information at the stereogenic silicon atom. Also the mechanism of dihydrogen release from a protonated hydrosilane was studied in detail by the help of Si-centered chirality as stereochemical probe. Chemoselectivity switch (dihydrogen release vs. protodesilylation) can easily be achieved through slight modifications of the solvent. A matched/mismatched case was identified and the intermolecularity of this reaction supported by spectroscopic, kinetic, deuterium-labeling experiments, and quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Fontana
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Noel Angel Espinosa‐Jalapa
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
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22
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Holtkamp P, Schwabedissen J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Koptyug IV, Zhivonitko VV, Mitzel NW. A Zwitterionic Phosphonium Stannate(II) via Hydrogen Splitting by a Sn/P Frustrated Lewis-Pair and Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2020; 26:17381-17385. [PMID: 33016507 PMCID: PMC7839681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 (1) was investigated with respect to the activation of elemental hydrogen. The reaction of 1 at elevated hydrogen pressure afforded the intramolecular phosphonium stannate(II) (F5C2)2SnCH2PH(tBu)2 (3). It was characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. NMR experiments with the two isotopologues H2 and D2 showed it to be formed via an H2 adduct (F5C2)3HSnCH2PH(tBu)2 (2) and the subsequent formal reductive elimination of pentafluoroethane; this is supported by DFT calculations. Parahydrogen‐induced polarization experiments revealed the formation of a second product of the reaction of 1 with H2, [HP(tBu)2Me][Sn(C2F5)3] (4), in 1H NMR spectra, whereas 2 was not detected due to its transient nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya St. 3A, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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23
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Roth D, Wadepohl H, Greb L. Bis(perchlorocatecholato)germane: Hard and Soft Lewis Superacid with Unlimited Water Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20930-20934. [PMID: 32776679 PMCID: PMC7693072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously described Lewis superacids are moisture sensitive and predominantly hard in character-features that severely limit their widespread use in orbital-controlled reactions and under non-inert conditions. Described here are adducts of bis(perchlorocatecholato)germane, the first hard and soft Lewis superacid based on germanium. Remarkably, the synthesis of this compound is performed in water, and the obtained H2 O adduct constitutes a strong Brønsted acid. If applied as an adduct with aprotic donors, it displays excellent activity in a diverse set of Lewis acid catalyzed transformations, covering hydrosilylation, hydrodefluorination, transfer hydrogenation, and carbonyl-olefin metathesis. Given the very straightforward synthetic access from two commercially available precursors, the unlimited water stability and the soft Lewis acidic character, it promotes the transfer of Lewis superacidity into organic synthesis and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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24
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Holtkamp P, Glodde T, Poier D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. An Adduct of Sulfur Monoxide to a Frustrated Sn/P Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17388-17392. [PMID: 32558235 PMCID: PMC7540458 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The geminal frustrated Lewis pair (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 (1) reacted with N-sulfinylaniline PhNSO to afford the first sulfur monoxide adduct of a main group metal, (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 ⋅SO (2), which contains a SnCPSO ring. The second product is a phenylnitrene adduct of 1. The surprising stability of 2 was compared with the stabilities of the so far inaccessible O2 and S2 adducts of 1. Attempts to prepare these from 1 and the elemental chalcogens (O2 , S8 , Se∞ , Te∞ ) led to four-membered SnCPE ring systems. Quantum-chemical investigations of 2 demonstrate the bond polarity of the SO unit to stabilize 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Timo Glodde
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Dario Poier
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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25
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Holtkamp P, Glodde T, Poier D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Ein Schwefelmonoxid‐Addukt eines frustrierten Sn/P‐Lewis‐Paares. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Timo Glodde
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Dario Poier
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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26
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Simon M, Radius M, Wagner HE, Breher F. Imidazolyl Alanes – Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hanna E. Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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27
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Kunzmann R, Omatsu Y, Schnakenburg G, Espinosa Ferao A, Yanagisawa T, Tokitoh N, Streubel R. A synthetic equivalent for unknown 1,3-zwitterions? – A K/OR phosphinidenoid complex with an additional Si–Cl function. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3899-3902. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has seen tremendous developments, investigations on anionic, mono-molecular FLPs are still scarce and 1,3-zwitterions are unknown, but a functional K/OR phosphinindenoid complex can be used instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kunzmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Yamato Omatsu
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji
- Japan
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Murcia
- 30100 Murcia
- Spain
| | | | | | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
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28
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Cabrera-Trujillo JJ, Fernández I. Understanding the Reactivity of Neutral Geminal Group 14 Element/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10095-10101. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Juan Cabrera-Trujillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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29
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Kinder TA, Blomeyer S, Franke M, Depenbrock F, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Small Neutral Geminal Silicon/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo A. Kinder
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice Franke
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Felix Depenbrock
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Marczenko KM, Johnson CL, Chitnis SS. Synthesis of a Perfluorinated Phenoxyphosphorane and Conversion to Its Hexacoordinate Anions. Chemistry 2019; 25:8865-8874. [PMID: 30958579 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and structural characterization of a neutral PV Lewis acid, P(OC6 F5 )5 , and salts containing the six-coordinate anions [P(OC6 F5 )5 F]- and [P(OC6 F5 )6 ]- . The latter anion exhibits a rare example of F-πarene interactions in both the solid and the solution phase, which has been quantitatively studied by variable-temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy. The Lewis acid strength of P(OC6 F5 )5 has been assessed through experimental fluoride ion competition experiments and quantum-chemical calculations of its fluoride ion affinity (FIA) and global electrophilicity index (GEI). Our findings highlight the importance of considering solvent effects in electrophilicity calculations, even when neutral Lewis acids are involved, and show a rare divergence between FIA and GEI trends. The coordinating abilities of the [P(OC6 F5 )6 ]- and [P(OC6 F5 )5 F]- anions towards the trityl cation, as a prototypical electrophile, have been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Marczenko
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Chloe-Louise Johnson
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
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