1
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Ali W, Oliver GA, Werz DB, Maiti D. Pd-catalyzed regioselective activation of C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39212454 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Differentiating between two highly similar C-H bonds in a given molecule remains a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Directing group assisted strategies for the functionalisation of proximal C-H bonds has been known for the last few decades. However, distal C-H bond functionalisation is strenuous and requires distinctly specialised techniques. In this review, we summarise the advancement in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bond activation through various redox manifolds including Pd(0)/Pd(II), Pd(II)/Pd(IV) and Pd(II)/Pd(0). Distal C-H functionalisation, where a Pd-catalyst is directly involved in the C-H activation step, either through assistance of an external directing group or directed by an inherent functionality or functional group incorporated at the site of the Pd-C bond is covered. The purpose of this review is to portray the current state of art in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H functionalisation reactions, their mechanism and application in the late-stage functionalisation of medicinal compounds along with highlighting its limitations, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
| | - Gwyndaf A Oliver
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Cui X, Qu J, Yi J, Sun W, Hu J, Guo S, Jin JW, Chen WH, Wong WL, Wu JQ. Rh(III)-catalyzed redox-neutral C-H alkenylation of benzamides with gem-difluorohomoallylic silyl ethers via β-H elimination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3747-3750. [PMID: 36897608 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated molecules are widely used in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Herein we report the synthesis of 2-(3,3-difluoro-4-(silyloxy)but-1-en-1-yl)benzamides from the unprecedented rhodium(III)-catalyzed alkenylation of various benzamides with difluorohomoallylic silyl ethers. The practicability of this protocol is demonstrated by its broad substrate compatibility, good functional group tolerance, ready scalability and high regioselectivity. The oxygen in difluorohomoallylic silyl ethers makes β-H elimination feasible, which suppresses both the β-F elimination and dialkenylation of benzamides. This redox-neutral reaction proceeds efficiently via N-O bond cleavage without external oxidants and thus provides new opportunities for the synthesis of elaborate difluorinated compounds from readily available fluorinated synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Cui
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Qu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfeng Yi
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiqiang Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suqin Guo
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Wei Jin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Qiang Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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4
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Fernández-Figueiras A, Ravutsov MA, Simeonov SP. Site-Selective C-H Functionalization of Arenes Enabled by Noncovalent Interactions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6439-6448. [PMID: 35252639 PMCID: PMC8892649 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The direct metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization of arenes has emerged as a powerful tool for streamlining the synthesis of complex molecular scaffolds. However, despite the different chemical environments, the energy values of all C-H bonds are within a fairly narrow range; hence, the regioselective C-H bond functionalization poses a great challenge. The use of covalently bound directing groups is to date the most exploited approach to achieve regioselective C-H functionalization of arenes. However, the required installation and removal of those groups is a serious drawback. Recently, new strategies for regioselective metal-catalyzed distal C-H functionalization of arenes based on noncovalent forces (hydrogen bonds, Lewis acid-base interactions, ionic or electrostatic forces, etc.) have been developed to tackle these issues. Nowadays, these approaches have already showcased impressive advances. Therefore, the aim of this mini-review is to cover chronologically how these groundbreaking strategies evolved over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Fernández-Figueiras
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martin A. Ravutsov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svilen P. Simeonov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Lam NYS, Fan Z, Wu K, Park HS, Shim SY, Strassfeld DA, Yu JQ. Empirical Guidelines for the Development of Remote Directing Templates through Quantitative and Experimental Analyses. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2793-2803. [PMID: 35108009 PMCID: PMC9170077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate and selectively activate remote C-H bonds represents a perennial challenge in the field of C-H activation. Since its first report in 2012, a now-established "directing template" (DT) approach remains demonstrably effective for the functionalization of remote C-H bonds. As selectivity is hypothesized to be principally determined by the optimal positioning of the reactive catalyst to a target C-H bond, a DT's spatial factors are particularly important toward achieving high selectivity, though a systematic study on its requisite factors remain unelucidated. Through an in-depth analysis of 119 structurally unique published remote DTs, this report summarizes the key factors that are central toward achieving high selectivity at defined aryl positions, which are experimentally corroborated through the development of new aliphatic meta and para-selective DTs for electronically unbiased arenes. These empirical rules, which summarize key distance and geometric factors, are expected to be useful tools for the future development of site-selective arene C-H activation as well as other reactions that rely on covalent/noncovalent DT-mediated remote regioselection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Y. S. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Han Seul Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Su Yong Shim
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel A. Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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6
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Dutta U, Maiti D. Emergence of Pyrimidine-Based meta-Directing Group: Journey from Weak to Strong Coordination in Diversifying meta-C-H Functionalization. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:354-372. [PMID: 35021007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
C-H activation has emerged as a powerful transformative synthetic tool to construct complex molecular frameworks, which are ubiquitous in natural products, medicines, dyes, polymers, and many more. However, reactivity and selectivity, arising from the inertness of C-H bonds and their overabundance in organic molecules, are the two major fundamental challenges in developing various carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bond formation reactions via C-H activation technique. Functional groups with coordinating capacity to the transition metal catalysts, profoundly known as directing groups (DGs), have shown great promise in exerting selective C-H activation, often called site-selective or regioselective transformation of a target molecule. Advent of directing group (DG)-assisted strategies not only has resolved the selectivity issues but also offers a unique solution to the rapid synthesis of complex molecules in a convenient and predictable manner. Our laboratory, in this regard, is fascinated by the prospect of DG-assisted distal C-H functionalization of arenes, in which the target C-H bond is remotely located from the existing directing group. Notably, in opposition to proximal ortho-C-H activation, which proceeded via an energetically favorable five- to seven-membered metallacycle, distal C-H activation remained a formidable challenge as it required formation of a large macrocyclic metallacycle. Therefore, designing a suitable directing template that would maintain the required distance and geometric relationship between the target C-H bond and the appended directing auxiliary in order to ensure the prolific delivery of the metal catalyst to the closest proximity of targeted distal C-H bond was the key to success. In this regard, the Yu group devised an elegant "U-shaped" template for the first time to execute distal meta-C-H activation recruiting a cyano-based directing group. Our initial effort to diversify the scope of meta-C-H functionalization using a cyano-based template led us to realize that the "cyano-based DGs" are intrinsically limited with weak coordinating ability, competitive binding mode (end-on vs side-on), and incompatibility with acidic and basic reaction conditions. In search of a robust directing auxiliary, we were intrigued by the possibility of using the strongly coordinating ability of pyrimidine and quinoline-based DGs.In this Account, we describe our journey from the weakly coordinating cyano-based DG to the strongly coordinating pyrimidine-based DG to achieve diverse meta-C-H functionalization of electronically and sterically unbiased arenes. While some of the functionalizations were achieved by finding suitable reaction conditions, others were led by mechanistic understanding. Notably, initial development in this realm was constrained with short linkers, in which the DG was attached to the arene of interest through 2-4 atoms. In later studies, we demonstrated that the selective meta-C-H activation can be attained even though the DG is 10-atoms away from the targeted arene. More importantly, a transient DG was successfully utilized to deliver meta-C-H olefination of arenes via in situ imine formation, which provided a step-economic route to meta-C-H activation.We hope that this Account will stimulate further template design and will provide a guiding platform for the future development of distal meta-C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI) Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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7
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Sindhe H, Chaudhary B, Chowdhury N, Kamble A, Kumar V, Lad A, Sharma S. Recent advances in transition-metal catalyzed directed C–H functionalization with fluorinated building blocks. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the advances in transition-metal catalyzed reactions with fluorinated building blocks via directed C–H bond activation for the construction of diverse organic molecules with an insight into the probable mechanistic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Sindhe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Bharatkumar Chaudhary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Neelanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Akshay Kamble
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Aishwarya Lad
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Satyasheel Sharma
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
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8
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Jana R, Begam HM, Dinda E. The emergence of the C-H functionalization strategy in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10842-10866. [PMID: 34596175 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the market competitiveness and urgent societal need, an optimum speed of drug discovery is an important criterion for successful implementation. Despite the rapid ascent of artificial intelligence and computational and bioanalytical techniques to accelerate drug discovery in big pharma, organic synthesis of privileged scaffolds predicted in silico for in vitro and in vivo studies is still considered as the rate-limiting step. C-H activation is the latest technology added into an organic chemist's toolbox for the rapid construction and late-stage modification of functional molecules to achieve the desired chemical and physical properties. Particularly, elimination of prefunctionalization steps, exceptional functional group tolerance, complexity-to-diversity oriented synthesis, and late-stage functionalization of privileged medicinal scaffolds expand the chemical space. It has immense potential for the rapid synthesis of a library of molecules, structural modification to achieve the required pharmacological properties such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology (ADMET) and attachment of chemical reporters for proteome profiling, metabolite synthesis, etc. for preclinical studies. Although heterocycle synthesis, late-stage drug modification, 18F labelling, methylation, etc. via C-H functionalization have been reviewed from the synthetic standpoint, a general overview of these protocols from medicinal and drug discovery aspects has not been reviewed. In this feature article, we will discuss the recent trends of C-H activation methodologies such as synthesis of medicinal scaffolds through C-H activation/annulation cascade; C-H arylation for sp2-sp2 and sp2-sp3 cross-coupling; C-H borylation/silylation to introduce a functional linchpin for further manipulation; C-H amination for N-heterocycles and hydrogen bond acceptors; C-H fluorination/fluoroalkylation to tune polarity and lipophilicity; C-H methylation: methyl magic in drug discovery; peptide modification and macrocyclization for therapeutics and biologics; fluorescent labelling and radiolabelling for bioimaging; bioconjugation for chemical biology studies; drug-metabolite synthesis for biodistribution and excretion studies; late-stage diversification of drug-molecules to increase efficacy and safety; cutting-edge DNA encoded library synthesis and improved synthesis of drug molecules via C-H activation in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Hasina Mamataj Begam
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Enakshi Dinda
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700107, India
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9
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Srinivas D, Satyanarayana G. Palladium-Catalyzed Distal m-C-H Functionalization of Arylacetic Acid Derivatives. Org Lett 2021; 23:7353-7358. [PMID: 34519504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present m-C-H olefination on derivatives of phenylacetic acids by tethering with a simple nitrile-based template through palladium catalysis. Notably, the versatility of the method is evaluated with a wide range of phenylacetic acid derivatives for obtaining the meta-olefination products in fair to excellent yields with outstanding selectivities under mild conditions. Significantly, the present strategy is successfully exemplified for the synthesis of drugs/natural product analogues (naproxen, ibuprofen, paracetamol, and cholesterol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasari Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India
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10
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Murali K, Machado LA, Carvalho RL, Pedrosa LF, Mukherjee R, Da Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Decoding Directing Groups and Their Pivotal Role in C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:12453-12508. [PMID: 34038596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has witnessed a plethora of functionalization and defunctionalization strategies. In this regard, C-H functionalization has been at the forefront due to the multifarious applications in the development of simple to complex molecular architectures and holds a brilliant prospect in drug development and discovery. Despite been explored tremendously by chemists, this functionalization strategy still enjoys the employment of novel metal catalysts as well metal-free organic ligands. Moreover, the switch to photo- and electrochemistry has widened our understanding of the alternative pathways via which a reaction can proceed and these strategies have garnered prominence when applied to C-H activation. Synthetic chemists have been foraging for new directing groups and templates for the selective activation of C-H bonds from a myriad of carbon-hydrogen bonds in aromatic as well as aliphatic systems. As a matter of fact, by varying the templates and directing groups, scientists found the answer to the challenge of distal C-H bond activation which remained an obstacle for a very long time. These templates have been frequently harnessed for selectively activating C-H bonds of natural products, drugs, and macromolecules decorated with multiple C-H bonds. This itself was a challenge before the commencement of this field as functionalization of a site other than the targeted site could modify and hamper the biological activity of the pharmacophore. Total synthesis and pharmacophore development often faces the difficulty of superfluous reaction steps towards selective functionalization. This obstacle has been solved by late-stage functionalization simply by harnessing C-H bond activation. Moreover, green chemistry and metal-free reaction conditions have seen light in the past few decades due to the rising concern about environmental issues. Therefore, metal-free catalysts or the usage of non-toxic metals have been recently showcased in a number of elegant works. Also, research groups across the world are developing rational strategies for directing group free or non-directed protocols that are just guided by ligands. This review encapsulates the research works pertinent to C-H bond activation and discusses the science devoted to it at the fundamental level. This review gives the readers a broad understanding of how these strategies work, the execution of various metal catalysts, and directing groups. This not only helps a budding scientist towards the commencement of his/her research but also helps a matured mind searching out for selective functionalization. A detailed picture of this field and its progress with time has been portrayed in lucid scientific language with a motive to inculcate and educate scientific minds about this beautiful strategy with an overview of the most relevant and significant works of this era. The unique trait of this review is the detailed description and classification of various directing groups and their utility over a wide substrate scope. This allows an experimental chemist to understand the applicability of this domain and employ it over any targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rishav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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11
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Novel multi-functionalized fluorine-containing organometallics: Preparation and applications of tetrafluoroethylenated zinc reagent. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Strategic evolution in transition metal-catalyzed directed C–H bond activation and future directions. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Fujiwara Y, Sato K, Yamada Y, Hanamoto T. Synthesis and reactions of (E)-β-(bromotetrafluoroethyl)vinyl diphenyl sulfonium triflate. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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15
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Bhattacharya T, Ghosh A, Maiti D. Hexafluoroisopropanol: the magical solvent for Pd-catalyzed C-H activation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3857-3870. [PMID: 34163654 PMCID: PMC8179444 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06937j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among numerous solvents available for chemical transformations, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (popularly known as HFIP) has attracted enough attention of the scientific community in recent years. Several unique features of HFIP compared to its non-fluoro analogue isopropanol have helped this solvent to make a difference in various subdomains of organic chemistry. One such area is transition metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization reactions. While, on one side, HFIP is emerging as a green and sustainable deep eutectic solvent (DES), on the other side, a major proportion of Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization is heavily relying on this solvent. In particular, for distal aromatic C-H functionalizations, the exceptional impact of HFIP to elevate the yield and selectivity has made this solvent irreplaceable. Recent research studies have also highlighted the H-bond-donating ability of HFIP to enhance the chiral induction in Pd-catalyzed atroposelective C-H activation. This perspective aims to portray different shades of HFIP as a magical solvent in Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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16
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Wang D, Xu X, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Ligand Promoted Olefination of Anilides for Indirectly Introducing Fluorinated Functional Groups via Palladium Catalyst. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2696-2705. [PMID: 33502195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a palladium-catalyzed, ligand promoted, C-H fluorine-containing olefination of anilides with 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobutene as the fluorinated reagent, which has a potential transformation into other compounds due to its -CF2CF2Br functional group. -CF2CF2H was obtained by using the mild reducing agent sodium borohydride. Bioactive compounds such as aminoglutethimide derivative and propham were well-tolerated in this reaction, both of which highlight the synthetic importance of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Wang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P.R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Rafia Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla New Delhi 110025 India
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18
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Chen X, Fan S, Zhang M, Gao Y, Li S, Li G. Palladium-catalyzed remote para-C-H activation of arenes assisted by a recyclable pyridine-based template. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4126-4131. [PMID: 34163684 PMCID: PMC8179498 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct para-selective C-H functionalization of arenes remains a daunting challenge and is still significantly restricted to a few scaffolds. Herein, we report an unprecedented pyridine-based para-directing template (DT) assisted, Pd-catalyzed para-C-H alkenylation of three classes of arenes, i.e. phenylpropanoic acids, 2-phenyl benzoic acids and benzyl alcohols, with a series of alkenes including perfluoroalkenes. Notably, the pyridine-based para-DT could be easily synthesized and readily recycled under mild conditions. These results may find application in rapid construction of para-substituted arenes and stimulate the exploration of novel methods for para-C-H functionalization of arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shuai Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Yuzhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Shangda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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19
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Ramesh P, Sreenivasulu C, Gorantla KR, Mallik BS, Satyanarayana G. A simple removable aliphatic nitrile template 2-cyano-2,2-di-isobutyl acetic acid for remote meta-selective C–H functionalization. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The remote meta-selective C–H functionalization of arenes using first aliphatic nitrile template 2-cyano-2,2-di-isobutyl acetic acid under mild conditions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- Sangareddy 502285
- India
| | | | | | - Bhabani S. Mallik
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- Sangareddy 502285
- India
| | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- Sangareddy 502285
- India
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20
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Carvalho RL, Almeida RG, Murali K, Machado LA, Pedrosa LF, Dolui P, Maiti D, da Silva Júnior EN. Removal and modification of directing groups used in metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization: the magical step of conversion into ‘conventional’ functional groups. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:525-547. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature review is focused on recent approaches for removing versatile directing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L. Carvalho
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Renata G. Almeida
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Karunanidhi Murali
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Luana A. Machado
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | | | - Pravas Dolui
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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21
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Zhang F, Wang X, Zhou Y, Shi H, Feng Z, Ma J, Marek I. Remote Fluorination and Fluoroalkyl(thiol)ation Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:15378-15396. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fa‐Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xue‐Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hong‐Song Shi
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jun‐An Ma
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ilan Marek
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200009 Israel
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22
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Lapuh MI, Mazeh S, Besset T. Chiral Transient Directing Groups in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Enantioselective C–H Bond Functionalization. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Lapuh
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sara Mazeh
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
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23
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Cai L, Li S, Zhou C, Li G. Carboxyl-Assisted meta-Selective C-H Functionalizations of Benzylsulfonamides. Org Lett 2020; 22:7791-7796. [PMID: 32991192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A protocol of carboxyl-group-assisted, Pd(II)-catalyzed remote meta-C(sp2)-H olefination and arylation of benzylsulfonamides has been developed. It was supposed to proceed through a κ2 coordination of the carboxyl group to the Pd center. These findings demonstrated the versatility of carboxyl-assisted remote meta-C-H activation strategy and might stimulate the exploration of novel reactivity and selectivity of other traditional chelating groups in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangda Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chunlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Bag D, Verma PK, Sawant SD. Chiral Transient Directing Group Strategies in Asymmetric Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3225-3238. [PMID: 32822121 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel methodologies for catalytic enantioselective functionalization reactions enabled by chiral transient directing groups is accompanying in a paradigm shift in the field of asymmetric synthesis. In particular, these highly atom- and step-economic enantioinduction processes commonly proceed either via enantioselective C-H functionalization, or via enantioselective hydroarylation of the pro-chiral substrates generating point, axial or planar chirality. The use of the transient directing group strategy in C-H functionalizations precludes the stoichiometric installations and removal of directing groups and enables efficient, more compatible and economical chemical routes. This minireview highlights asymmetric transition-metal-catalyzed methodologies involving chiral transient directing groups together with the scope, utility and future perspective of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Bag
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 180001, India
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25
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Rani G, Luxami V, Paul K. Traceless directing groups: a novel strategy in regiodivergent C-H functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12479-12521. [PMID: 32985634 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of functional groups as internal ligands for assisting C-H functionalization, termed the chelation assisted strategy, is emerging as one of the most powerful tools for construction of C-C and C-X bonds from inert C-H bonds. However, there are various directing groups which cannot be either removed after functionalization or require some additional steps or reagents for their removal, thereby limiting the scope of structural diversity of the products, and the step and atom economy of the system. These limitations are overcome by the use of the traceless directing group (TDG) strategy wherein functionalization of the substrate and removal of the directing group can be carried out in a one pot fashion. Traceless directing groups serve as the most ideal chelation assisted strategy with a high degree of reactivity and selectivity without any requirement for additional steps for their removal. The present review overviews the use of various functional groups such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, N-oxides, nitrones, N-nitroso amines, amides, sulfoxonium ylides and silicon tethered directing groups for assisting transition metal catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Rani
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147001, India.
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26
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Dutta U, Porey S, Pimparkar S, Mandal A, Grover J, Koodan A, Maiti D. para
‐Selective Arylation of Arenes: A Direct Route to Biaryls by Norbornene Relay Palladation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Sandeep Pimparkar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Astam Mandal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Adithyaraj Koodan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI) Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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27
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Dutta U, Porey S, Pimparkar S, Mandal A, Grover J, Koodan A, Maiti D. para-Selective Arylation of Arenes: A Direct Route to Biaryls by Norbornene Relay Palladation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20831-20836. [PMID: 32754958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biaryl compounds are extremely important structural motifs in natural products, biologically active components and pharmaceuticals. Selective synthesis of biaryls by distinguishing the subtle reactivity difference of distal arene C-H bonds are significantly challenging. Herein, we describe para-selective C-H arylation, which is acheived by a unique combination of a meta-directing group and norbornene as a transient mediator. Upon direct meta-C-H palladation, one-bond relay palladation occurs in presence of norbornene and subsequently para-C-H arylation is achieved for sulfonates, phosphonates and phenols bearing 2,6-disubstitution patterns. The protocol is amenable to electron-deficient aryl iodides. Multisubstituted arenes and phenols are obtained by postsynthetic modification of the products. The protocol allows the synthesis of hexa-substituted benzene by sequential selective distal C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Sandeep Pimparkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Astam Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Adithyaraj Koodan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India.,Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI) Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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28
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Jayarajan R, Chandrashekar HB, Dalvi AK, Maiti D. Ultrasound-Facilitated Direct meta-C-H Functionalization of Arenes: A Time-Economical Strategy under Ambient Temperature with Improved Yield and Selectivity. Chemistry 2020; 26:11426-11430. [PMID: 32289187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The horizon of ultrasound-assistance has been expanded to palladium-catalyzed distal C-H functionalization of arenes. Compared to thermal conditions, operationally simple ultrasound mediated distal C-H functionalization occurred with a shorter reaction time and enhanced reactivity of reactants to give superior yields with improved selectivity both in terms of meta:others and mono:di. A wide variety of meta-functionalizations such as olefination, alkylation, acetoxylation, allylation and cyanation were successfully carried out under ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Jayarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Aishwarya K Dalvi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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29
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Meng G, Lam NYS, Lucas EL, Saint-Denis TG, Verma P, Chekshin N, Yu JQ. Achieving Site-Selectivity for C-H Activation Processes Based on Distance and Geometry: A Carpenter's Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10571-10591. [PMID: 32437604 PMCID: PMC7485751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate between highly similar C-H bonds in a given molecule remains a fundamental challenge in organic chemistry. In particular, the lack of sufficient steric and electronic differences between C-H bonds located distal to functional groups has prevented the development of site-selective catalysts with broad scope. An emerging approach to circumvent this obstacle is to utilize the distance between a target C-H bond and a coordinating functional group, along with the geometry of the cyclic transition state in directed C-H activation, as core molecular recognition parameters to differentiate between multiple C-H bonds. In this Perspective, we discuss the advent and recent advances of this concept. We cover a wide range of transition-metal-catalyzed, template-directed remote C-H activation reactions of alcohols, carboxylic acids, sulfonates, phosphonates, and amines. Additionally, we review eminent examples which take advantage of non-covalent interactions to achieve regiocontrol. Continued advancement of this distance- and geometry-based differentiation approach for regioselective remote C-H functionalization reactions may lead to the ultimate realization of molecular editing: the freedom to modify organic molecules at any site, in any order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nelson Y. S. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Erika L. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tyler G. Saint-Denis
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pritha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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30
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Santiago C, Rubio I, Sotomayor N, Lete E. Selective PdII
-Catalyzed Acylation of Pyrrole with Aldehydes. Application to the Synthesis of Celastramycin Analogues and Tolmetin. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Santiago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Ibon Rubio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Nuria Sotomayor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Esther Lete
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
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31
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Spencer ARA, Korde R, Font M, Larrosa I. meta-Selective olefination of fluoroarenes with alkynes using CO 2 as a traceless directing group. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4204-4208. [PMID: 34122883 PMCID: PMC8152615 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades C-H olefination has received significant interest, due to the importance and usefulness of aryl olefins both as synthetic targets and intermediates. While a wide range of ortho-olefination protocols have been developed, only a small number of meta-olefinations are currently available. Importantly, the most common approach to meta-olefination, using a large meta-directing template, is not suitable for substrates such as fluorobenzenes, which cannot be derivatised. We report that the meta-selective olefination of fluoroarenes can be achieved via the use of CO2 as a traceless directing group, which can be easily installed and removed in a one-pot process. Furthermore, this approach avoids the use of stoichiometric Ag(i)-salts, commonly used in C-H olefinations, and affords complete meta- over ortho/para-regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R A Spencer
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Rishi Korde
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Marc Font
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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32
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Yin B, Fu M, Wang L, Liu J, Zhu Q. Dual ligand-promoted palladium-catalyzed nondirected C-H alkenylation of aryl ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3293-3296. [PMID: 32073080 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H functionalization of aryl ethers remains challenging owing to their low reactivity and selectivity. Herein, a novel strategy for nondirected C-H alkenylation of aryl ethers promoted by a dual ligand catalyst was demonstrated. This catalytic system readily achieved the highly efficient alkenylation of alkyl aryl ethers (anisole, phenetole, n-propyl phenyl ether, n-butyl phenyl ether and benzyl phenyl ether), cyclic aryl ethers (1,4-benzodioxan, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, dibenzofuran), and diphenyl oxides. Moreover, the proposed methodology was successfully employed for the late-stage modification of complex drugs containing the aryl ether motif. Interestingly, the compounds developed herein displayed fluorescent properties, which would facilitate their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Manlin Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Barysevich MV, Laktsevich-Iskryk MV, Krech AV, Zhabinskii VN, Khripach VA, Hurski AL. Palladium-Catalyzed 2-(Neopentylsulfinyl)aniline Directed C-H Acetoxylation and Alkenylation of Arylacetamides. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryia V. Barysevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str. 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | | | - Anastasiya V. Krech
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str. 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Vladimir N. Zhabinskii
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str. 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Vladimir A. Khripach
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str. 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Alaksiej L. Hurski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str. 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
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34
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Wen C, Jiang X, Wu K, Luo R, Li Q. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of alkenyl aluminums with 2-bromobenzo[b]furans. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19610-19614. [PMID: 35515440 PMCID: PMC9054126 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02984j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient and simple cross-coupling reactions of 2-bromobenzo[b]furans with alkenylaluminum reagents for the synthesis of 2-alkenylbenzo[b]furan derivatives using PdCl2 (3 mol%)/XantPhos (6 mol%) as catalyst are reported. Excellent yields (up to 97%) were obtained for a wide range of substrates at 80 °C for 4 h in DCE. PdCl2 (3 mol%)/XantPhos (6 mol%) complexes was found to be a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2-alkenylbenzo[b]furans from 2-bromobenzo[b]furans and alkenylaluminums. The reaction was also found to be effective in gram-scale synthesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Kun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Ruiqiang Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Qinghan Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu
- China
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