1
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Gawron M, Rückel J, Wolf R. Photocatalytic functionalization of white phosphorus with aryl bromides and chlorides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39158222 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02891k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
We report the implementation of a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) strategy for the functionalization of white phosphorus (P4) with inexpensive and widely available aryl bromides and chlorides. By employing a well-known acridinium-based photocatalyst under near-UV irradiation, this protocol gives direct access to valuable triarylphosphines and tetraarylphosphonium salts. The reaction mechanism is elucidated by NMR spectroscopic studies and model reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gawron
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jannes Rückel
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Wolf
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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2
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Chen Y, Liu W, Huangfu X, Wei J, Yu J, Zhang WX. Direct Synthesis of Phosphoryltriacetates from White Phosphorus via Visible Light Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302289. [PMID: 37927193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are widely used in many fields. However, traditional synthetic routes in the industry usually involve multistep and hazardous procedures. Therefore, it's of great significance to construct such compounds in an environmentally-friendly and facile way. Herein, a photoredox catalytic method has been developed to construct novel phosphoryltriacetates. Using fac-Ir(ppy)3 (ppy=2-phenylpyridine) as the photocatalyst and blue LEDs (456 nm) as the light source, white phosphorus can react with α-bromo esters smoothly to generate phosphoryltriacetates in moderate to good yields. This one-step approach features mild reaction conditions and simple operational process without chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinlei Huangfu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiangxi Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Metal-Organic Compounds, Key Laboratory of Organometallic New Materials (Hengyang Normal University), College of Hunan Province, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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3
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Liu W, Hou H, Jing H, Huang S, Ou W, Su C. Photoinduced Phosphination of Arenes Enabled by an Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex Using Thianthrenium Salts. Org Lett 2023; 25:8350-8355. [PMID: 37943664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a metal-free approach for the cross-coupling of arenes or styryl-thianthrenium salts (TTs) with diarylphosphines via an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex. Various tertiary phosphines were obtained with high site selectivity and good functional group tolerance. This method enables straightforward construction of C-P bonds via C-H activation of arenes and allows the late-stage functionalization of natural products or pharmaceutical molecules. Mechanistic studies support the approach involving a photoinduced EDA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Haochuan Jing
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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4
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Liu Y, Chen X, Yu B. Sustainable Photo- and Electrochemical Transformation of White Phosphorous (P 4 ) into P 1 Organo-Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302142. [PMID: 37671623 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Elemental white phosphorous (P4 ) is a crucial feedstock for the entire phosphorus-derived chemical industry, serving as a common precursor for the ultimate preparation of high-grade monophosphorus (P1 ) fine chemicals. However, the corresponding manufacturing processes generally suffer from a deep reliance on hazardous reagents, inputs of immense energy, emissions of toxic pollutants, and the generation of substantial waste, which have negative impacts on the environment. In this context, sustainability and safety concerns provide a consistent impetus for the urgent overall improvement of phosphorus cycles. In this Concept, we present an overview of the most recent growth in photo- and electrochemical synthesis of P1 organo-compounds from P4 , with special emphasis on sustainable features. The key aspects of innovations regarding activation mode and mechanism have been comprehensively analyzed. A preliminary look at the possible future direction of development is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Rare Earth Composite Material, College of Materials Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, 451191, P. R. China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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5
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Arkhypchuk AI, Tran TT, Charaf R, Hammarström L, Ott S. Mechanistic Insights and Synthetic Explorations of the Photoredox-Catalyzed Activation of Halophosphines. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18391-18398. [PMID: 37853683 PMCID: PMC10647117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The light-driven activation of halophosphines R2PX (R = alkyl- or aryl, X = Cl, Br) by an IrIII-based photocatalyst is described. It is shown that initially formed secondary phosphines R2PH react readily with the remaining R2PX in a parent-child reaction to form diphosphines R2P-PR2. Aryl-containing diphosphines can be further reduced to secondary phosphines RAr2PH under identical photoredox conditions. Dihalophosphines RPX2 are also activated by the photoredox protocol, giving rise to unusual 3-, 4-, and 5-membered cyclophosphines. Transient absorption studies show that the excited state of the Ir photocatalyst is reductively quenched by the DIPEA (N,N-di-iso-propylethylamine) electron donor. Electron transfer to R2PX is however unexpectedly slow and cannot compete with recombination with the oxidized donor DIPEA•+. As DIPEA is not a perfectly reversible donor, a small proportion of the total IrII population escapes recombination, providing the reductant for the observed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I. Arkhypchuk
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström, Laboratory Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thuan T. Tran
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström, Laboratory Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rima Charaf
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström, Laboratory Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström, Laboratory Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström, Laboratory Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Tu YL, Zhang BB, Qiu BS, Wang ZX, Chen XY. Cross-Electrophile C-P III Coupling of Chlorophosphines with Organic Halides: Photoinduced P III and Aminoalkyl Radical Generation Enabled by Pnictogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310764. [PMID: 37668107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Pnictogen bonding (PnB) has gained recognition as an appealing strategy for constructing novel architectures and unlocking new properties. Within the synthetic community, the development of a straightforward and much simpler protocol for cross-electrophile C-PIII coupling remains an ongoing challenge with organic halides. In this study, we present a simple strategy for photoinduced PnB-enabled cross-electrophile C-PIII couplings using readily available chlorophosphines and organic halides via merging single electron transfer (SET) and halogen atom transfer (XAT) processes. In this photomediated transformation, the PnB formed between chlorophosphines and alkyl amines facilitates the photogeneration of PIII radicals and α-aminoalkyl radicals through SET. Subsequently, the resulting α-aminoalkyl radicals activate C-X bonds via XAT, leading to the formation of carbon radicals. This methodology offers operational simplicity and compatibility with both aliphatic and aromatic chlorophosphines and organic halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Tu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing-Sheng Qiu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China
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7
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Huangfu X, Liu W, Xu H, Wang Z, Wei J, Zhang WX. Photochemical Benzylation of White Phosphorus. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12009-12017. [PMID: 37458455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) have wide application in organic synthesis, material sciences, and drug discovery. Generally, the vast majority of phosphorus atoms in OPCs are derived from white phosphorus (P4). However, the large-scale preparation of OPCs mainly proceeds through the multistep and environmentally toxic chlorine route from P4. Herein, we report the direct benzylation of P4 promoted by visible light. The cheap and readily available benzyl bromide was used as a benzylation reagent, and tetrabenzylphosphonium bromide was directly synthesized from P4. In addition, the metallaphotoredox catalysis strategy was applied to functionalize P4 for the first time, which significantly improved the application range of the substituted benzyl bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Huangfu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hanhua Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhongzhen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Wang C, Ge Q, Xu C, Xing Z, Xiong J, Zheng Y, Duan WL. Photoinduced Copper-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-P Bond Formation by Coupling of Secondary Phosphines with N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides and N-Fluorocarboxamides. Org Lett 2023; 25:1583-1588. [PMID: 36826372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
A photoinduced copper-catalyzed C(sp3)-P bond formation has been developed by using N-(acyloxy)phthalimides as radical precursors and secondary phosphine boranes as coupling partners. A variety of alkyl carboxylic acid derivatives can be readily transformed into the corresponding phosphines with high reaction efficiency and structural diversity. Besides, utilizing the 1,5-HAT of the N-centered radical process, the δ C(sp3)-H bond can be coupled with secondary phosphines, which provides a novel method for the regioselective formation of C(sp3)-P bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Qiangqiang Ge
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Zhongqiu Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jianqi Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei-Liang Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 Xi Changan Street, Xi'an 710119, China
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9
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Till M, Cammarata J, Wolf R, Scott DJ. Photocatalytic stannylation of white phosphorus. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8986-8989. [PMID: 35861572 PMCID: PMC9362875 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are highly important chemicals, finding numerous applications in both academia and industry. Herein we describe a simple photocatalytic method for the stannylation of white phosphorus (P4) using a cheap, commercially-available distannane, (Bu3Sn)2, and anthraquinone as a simple photocatalyst. Subsequent ‘one pot’ transformation of the resulting stannylated monophosphine intermediate (Bu3Sn)3P provides direct, convenient and versatile access to valuable OPCs such as acylated phosphines and tetraalkylphosphonium salts. A simple, mechanistically unique photochemical procedure is reported for the efficient, direct, catalytic stannylation of P4 and ‘one pot’ transformation into valuable monophosphorus compounds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Till
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jose Cammarata
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel J Scott
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Scott DJ. Recent Breakthroughs in P 4 Chemistry: Towards Practical, Direct Transformations into P 1 Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205019. [PMID: 35482300 PMCID: PMC9401861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, academic researchers have been intensively studying the chemistry of white phosphorus (P4 ) in the hope of developing direct methods for its transformation into useful P-containing products. This would bypass the hazardous, multistep procedures currently relied on by industry. However, while academically interesting P4 activation reactions have become well established, their elaboration into useful, general synthetic procedures has remained out of reach. Very recently, however, a series of independent reports has begun to change this state of affairs. Each shows how relatively simple and practical synthetic methods can be used to access academically or industrially relevant P1 compounds from P4 directly, in "one pot" or even in a catalytic fashion. These reports mark a step change in the field of P4 chemistry, and suggest its possible transition from an area of largely academic interest to one with the promise of true synthetic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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11
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Roediger S, Leutenegger SU, Morandi B. Nickel-catalysed diversification of phosphine ligands by formal substitution at phosphorus. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7914-7919. [PMID: 35865908 PMCID: PMC9258342 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a diversification strategy that enables the direct substituent exchange of tertiary phosphines. Alkylated phosphonium salts, prepared by standard alkylation of phosphines, are selectively dearylated in a nickel-catalysed process to access alkylphosphine products via a formal substitution at the phosphorus center. The reaction can be used to introduce a wide range of alkyl substituents into both mono- and bisphosphines. We also show that the alkylation and dearylation steps can be conducted in a one-pot sequence, enabling accelerated access to derivatives of the parent ligand. The phosphine products of the reaction are converted in situ to air-stable borane adducts for isolation, and versatile derivatisation reactions of these adducts are demonstrated. Phosphine substituents can be exchanged by standard alkylation of a phosphine and a subsequent dearylation of the resulting phosphonium salt. A wide variety of alkyl groups can be introduced into both mono- and bidentate ligands using this method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Roediger
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sebastian U Leutenegger
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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12
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Catalyst‐Free Visible Light Mediated Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Tertiary Arylphosphines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Scott DJ. Recent Breakthroughs in P4 Chemistry: Towards Practical, Direct Transformations into P1 Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Scott
- University of Oxford Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA OXFORD UNITED KINGDOM
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14
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Ikeshita D, Shimura H, Miyakawa S, Masuda Y, Ishida N, Murakami M. Synthesis of Tetraarylphosphonium Salts from Triarylphosphines and Aryl Bromides Exploiting Light and Palladium. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Ikeshita
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Hiroki Shimura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Sho Miyakawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Yusuke Masuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
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15
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Cui P, Li S, Wang X, Li M, Wang C, Wu L. Visible-Light-Promoted Unsymmetrical Phosphine Synthesis from Benzylamines. Org Lett 2022; 24:1566-1570. [PMID: 35157457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, by applying visible-light photoredox catalysis, we have achieved the catalytic deaminative alkylation of diphenylphosphine and phenyl phosphine with benzylamine-derived Katritzky salts at room temperature. The use of Eosin Y as photoredox catalyst and visible light can largely promote the reaction. A series of unsymmetrical tertiary phosphines were successfully synthesized, including phosphines with three different substituents that are otherwise difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Cui
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Sida Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xianjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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16
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Till M, Streitferdt V, Scott DJ, Mende M, Gschwind RM, Wolf R. Photochemical transformation of chlorobenzenes and white phosphorus into arylphosphines and phosphonium salts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1100-1103. [PMID: 34889916 PMCID: PMC8788315 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chlorobenzenes are important starting materials for the preparation of commercially valuable triarylphosphines and tetraarylphosphonium salts, but their use for the direct arylation of elemental phosphorus has been elusive. Here we describe a simple photochemical route toward such products. UV-LED irradiation (365 nm) of chlorobenzenes, white phosphorus (P4) and the organic superphotoreductant tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) affords the desired arylphosphorus compounds in a single reaction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Till
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
| | - Verena Streitferdt
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
| | - Michael Mende
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
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17
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Zagidullin A, Grigoreva E, Burganov T, Katsyuba S, Li Y, Leung PH, Miluykov V. A rational synthetic approach to 2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-monophosphole and its derivatives. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Zagidullin A, Khrizanforov M, Bezkishko I, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E, Miluykov V. One-pot synthesis of sodium 3,4,5-triphenyl-1,2-diphospholide through direct functionalization of white phosphorus. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Primary Phosphines and Phosphine Oxides with a Stereogenic Carbon Center Adjacent to the Phosphorus Atom: Synthesis and Anti-Markovnikov Radical Addition to Alkenes. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds with stereogenic phosphorus and carbon atoms have received increasing attention. In this regards, primary phosphines with a stereogenic carbon atom adjacent to the phosphorus atom were synthesized by the reduction in phosphonates and phosphonoselenoates with a binaphthyl group. Their oxidized products, i.e., phosphine oxides with a stereogenic tetrasubstituted carbon atom, were found to undergo BEt3-mediated radical addition to cyclohexene to give P-stereogenic secondary phosphine oxides with a diastereoselectivity of 91:9. The products were characterized by ordinary analytical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopies; and mass spectroscopy. Computational studies on the phosphorus-centered radical species and the obtained product implied that the thermodynamically stable radical and the adduct may be formed as a major diastereomer. The radical addition to a range of alkenes took place in an anti-Markovnikov fashion to give P-stereogenic secondary phosphine oxides. A variety of functional groups in the alkenes were tolerated under the reaction conditions to afford secondary phosphine oxides in moderate yields. Primary phosphines with an alkenyl group, which were generated in situ, underwent intramolecular cyclization to give five- and six-membered cyclic phosphines in high yields after protection by BH3.
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20
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Rothfelder R, Streitferdt V, Lennert U, Cammarata J, Scott DJ, Zeitler K, Gschwind RM, Wolf R. Photocatalytic Arylation of P 4 and PH 3 : Reaction Development Through Mechanistic Insight. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24650-24658. [PMID: 34473879 PMCID: PMC8596700 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Detailed 31 P{1 H} NMR spectroscopic investigations provide deeper insight into the complex, multi-step mechanisms involved in the recently reported photocatalytic arylation of white phosphorus (P4 ). Specifically, these studies have identified a number of previously unrecognized side products, which arise from an unexpected non-innocent behavior of the commonly employed terminal reductant Et3 N. The different rate of formation of these products explains discrepancies in the performance of the two most effective catalysts, [Ir(dtbbpy)(ppy)2 ][PF6 ] (dtbbpy=4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine) and 3DPAFIPN. Inspired by the observation of PH3 as a minor intermediate, we have developed the first catalytic procedure for the arylation of this key industrial compound. Similar to P4 arylation, this method affords valuable triarylphosphines or tetraarylphosphonium salts depending on the steric profile of the aryl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Rothfelder
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Verena Streitferdt
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Ulrich Lennert
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Jose Cammarata
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Leipzig04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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21
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Rothfelder R, Streitferdt V, Lennert U, Cammarata J, Scott DJ, Zeitler K, Gschwind RM, Wolf R. Photocatalytic Arylation of P
4
and PH
3
: Reaction Development Through Mechanistic Insight. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Rothfelder
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Verena Streitferdt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ulrich Lennert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jose Cammarata
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
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22
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Reichl S, Mädl E, Riedlberger F, Piesch M, Balázs G, Seidl M, Scheer M. Pentaphosphaferrocene-mediated synthesis of asymmetric organo-phosphines starting from white phosphorus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5774. [PMID: 34599185 PMCID: PMC8486752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of phosphines is based on white phosphorus, which is usually converted to PCl3, to be afterwards substituted step by step in a non-atomic efficient manner. Herein, we describe an alternative efficient transition metal-mediated process to form asymmetrically substituted phosphines directly from white phosphorus (P4). Thereby, P4 is converted to [Cp*Fe(η5-P5)] (1) (Cp* = η5-C5(CH3)5) in which one of the phosphorus atoms is selectively functionalized to the 1,1-diorgano-substituted complex [Cp*Fe(η4-P5R'R″)] (3). In a subsequent step, the phosphine PR'R″R‴ (R' ≠ R″ ≠ R‴ = alky, aryl) (4) is released by reacting it with a nucleophile R‴M (M = alkali metal) as racemates. The starting material 1 can be regenerated with P4 and can be reused in multiple reaction cycles without isolation of the intermediates, and only the phosphine is distilled off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Reichl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eric Mädl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Riedlberger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Piesch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Masuda Y, Ikeshita D, Murakami M. Photocatalytic Cycloaddition Reaction of Triarylphosphines with Alkynes Forming Cyclic Phosphonium Salts. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Masuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daichi Ikeshita
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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24
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Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CNRS CPE-Lyon INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée LHFA UMR 5069 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
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25
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Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19526-19549. [PMID: 33881207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic photocatalysts has revolutionized the field of photoredox catalysis, as it allows access to reactivities that were traditionally restricted to transition-metal photocatalysts. This Minireview reports recent developments in the use of acridinium ions and cyanoarene derivatives in organic synthesis. The activation of inert chemical bonds as well as the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules are discussed, with a special focus on their mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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26
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Alkali metal polyphosphides as intermediates in the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds from elemental phosphorus. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Giusti L, Landaeta VR, Vanni M, Kelly JA, Wolf R, Caporali M. Coordination chemistry of elemental phosphorus. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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29
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Synthesis of monophosphines directly from white phosphorus. Nat Chem 2021; 13:458-464. [PMID: 33820964 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monophosphorus compounds are of enormous industrial importance due to the crucial roles they play in applications such as pharmaceuticals, photoinitiators and ligands for catalysis, among many others. White phosphorus (P4) is the key starting material for the preparation of all such chemicals. However, current production depends on indirect and inefficient, multi-step procedures. Here, we report a simple, effective 'one-pot' synthesis of a wide range of organic and inorganic monophosphorus species directly from P4. Reduction of P4 using tri-n-butyltin hydride and subsequent treatment with various electrophiles affords compounds that are of key importance for the chemical industry, and it requires only mild conditions and inexpensive, easily handled reagents. Crucially, we also demonstrate facile and efficient recycling and ultimately catalytic use of the tributyltin reagent, thereby avoiding the formation of substantial Sn-containing waste. Accessible, industrially relevant products include the fumigant PH3, the reducing agent hypophosphorous acid and the flame-retardant precursor tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride.
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30
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Fontana N, Espinosa‐Jalapa NA, Seidl M, Bauer JO. Easy Access to Enantiomerically Pure Heterocyclic Silicon-Chiral Phosphonium Cations and the Matched/Mismatched Case of Dihydrogen Release. Chemistry 2021; 27:2649-2653. [PMID: 33264430 PMCID: PMC7898527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonium ions are widely used in preparative organic synthesis and catalysis. The provision of new types of cations that contain both functional and chiral information is a major synthetic challenge and can open up new horizons in asymmetric cation-directed and Lewis acid catalysis. We discovered an efficient methodology towards new Si-chiral four-membered CPSSi* heterocyclic cations. Three synthetic approaches are presented. The stereochemical sequence of anchimerically assisted cation formation with B(C6 F5 )3 and subsequent hydride addition was fully elucidated and proceeds with excellent preservation of the chiral information at the stereogenic silicon atom. Also the mechanism of dihydrogen release from a protonated hydrosilane was studied in detail by the help of Si-centered chirality as stereochemical probe. Chemoselectivity switch (dihydrogen release vs. protodesilylation) can easily be achieved through slight modifications of the solvent. A matched/mismatched case was identified and the intermolecularity of this reaction supported by spectroscopic, kinetic, deuterium-labeling experiments, and quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Fontana
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Noel Angel Espinosa‐Jalapa
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
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31
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Arockiam PB, Lennert U, Graf C, Rothfelder R, Scott DJ, Fischer TG, Zeitler K, Wolf R. Versatile Visible-Light-Driven Synthesis of Asymmetrical Phosphines and Phosphonium Salts. Chemistry 2020; 26:16374-16382. [PMID: 32484989 PMCID: PMC7756875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrically substituted tertiary phosphines and quaternary phosphonium salts are used extensively in applications throughout industry and academia. Despite their significance, classical methods to synthesize such compounds often demand either harsh reaction conditions, prefunctionalization of starting materials, highly sensitive organometallic reagents, or expensive transition-metal catalysts. Mild, practical methods thus remain elusive, despite being of great current interest. Herein, we describe a visible-light-driven method to form these products from secondary and primary phosphines. Using an inexpensive organic photocatalyst and blue-light irradiation, arylphosphines can be both alkylated and arylated using commercially available organohalides. In addition, the same organocatalyst can be used to transform white phosphorus (P4 ) directly into symmetrical aryl phosphines and phosphonium salts in a single reaction step, which has previously only been possible using precious metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Lennert
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Christina Graf
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Robin Rothfelder
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Leipzig04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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