1
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Scholz AS, Massoth JG, Stoess L, Bolte M, Braun M, Lerner HW, Mewes JM, Wagner M, Froitzheim T. NBN- and BNB-Phenalenyls: the Yin and Yang of Heteroatom-doped π Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400320. [PMID: 38426580 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
NBN- and BNB-doped phenalenyls are isoelectronic to phenalenyl anions and cations, respectively. They represent a pair of complementary molecules that have essentially identical structures but opposite properties as electron donors and acceptors. The NBN-phenalenyls 1-4 considered here were prepared from N,N'-dimethyl-1,8-diaminonaphthalene and readily available boron-containing building blocks (i. e., BH3⋅SMe2 (1), p-CF3-C6H4B(OH)2 (2), C6H5B(OH)2 (3), or MesBCl2/iPr2NEt (4)). Treatment of 1 with 4-Me2N-2,6-Me2-C6H2Li gave the corresponding NBN derivative 5. The BNB-phenalenyl 6 was synthesized from 1,8-naphthalenediyl-bridged diborane(6), PhNH2, and MesMgBr. A computational study reveals that the photoemission of 1, 4, and 5 originates from locally excited (LE) states at the NBN-phenalenyl fragments, while that of 2 is dominated by charge transfer (CT) from the NBN-phenalenyl to the p-CF3-C6H4 fragment. Depending on the dihedral angle θ between its Ph and NBN planes, compound 3 emits mainly from a less polar LE (θ >55°) or more polar CT state (θ <55°). In turn, the energetic preference for either state is governed by the polarity of the solvent used. An equimolar aggregate of the NBN- and BNB-phenalenyls 3 and 6 (in THF/H2O) shows a distinct red-shifted emission compared to that of the individual components, which originates from an intermolecular CT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Scholz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julian G Massoth
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lennart Stoess
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Braun
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan-M Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Froitzheim
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Yang CC, Ye J, Quan Tian W, Li WQ, Yang L. Butterfly-Shaped Nanographenes with Excellent Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties: The Synergy of B/N and Azulene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203110. [PMID: 36305483 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Azulene, a simple polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with connected electron donor and acceptor (DA), ignites the hope of designing second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) molecular materials from pure nonpolar carbon nanomaterials. In this work, a butterfly-shaped nanographene (π-DA-π) was designed by incorporating azulene between two coronenes. One more electron in a N atom or one electron fewer in a B atom with respect to a C atom can polarize charge distribution in carbon nanomaterials, and further doping of B and N in the designed butterfly-shaped nanographene changes the system from π-DA-π to D-π-A, leading to strong NLO responses. For example, the largest static first hyperpolarizability even reaches 173.89×10-30 esu per heavy atom. The synergetic role of B, N and azulene in the nanographene is scrutinized, and such a doping strategy is found to provide an effective means for the design of carbon-based functional materials. The strong second-order NLO responses of these butterfly-shaped carbon-based nanographenes under external fields, for example, sum frequency generation and difference frequency generation, could inspire future experimental exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ye
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Quan Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Qi Li
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P. R. China.,Technology Innovation Center of Materials and, Devices at Extreme Environment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, 325001, Wenzhou, P. R. China
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3
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Franceschini M, Crosta M, Ferreira RR, Poletto D, Demitri N, Zobel JP, González L, Bonifazi D. peri-Acenoacene Ribbons with Zigzag BN-Doped Peripheries. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21470-21484. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Franceschini
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Crosta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rúben R. Ferreira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Poletto
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra − Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Li W, Du C, Chen X, Fu L, Gao R, Yao Z, Wang J, Hu W, Pei J, Wang X. BN‐Anthracene for High‐Mobility Organic Optoelectronic Materials through Periphery Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201464. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Cheng‐Zhuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xing‐Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Lin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Rong‐Rong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Ze‐Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao‐Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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5
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Ahmed J, Mandal SK. Phenalenyl Radical: Smallest Polycyclic Odd Alternant Hydrocarbon Present in the Graphene Sheet. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11369-11431. [PMID: 35561295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyl, a zigzag-edged odd alternant hydrocarbon unit can be found in the graphene nanosheet. Hückel molecular orbital calculations indicate the presence of a nonbonding molecular orbital (NBMO), which originates from the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) arising from 13 carbon atoms of the phenalenyl molecule. Three redox states (cationic, neutral radical, and anionic) of the phenalenyl-based molecules were attributed to the presence of this NBMO. The cationic state can undergo two consecutive reductions to result in neutral radical and anionic states, stepwise, respectively. The phenalenyl-based radicals were found as crucial building blocks and attracted the attention of various research fields such as organic synthesis, material science, computation, and device physics. From 2012 onward, a strategy was devised using the cationic state of phenalenyl-based molecules and in situ generated phenalenyl radicals, which created a new domain of catalysis. The in situ generated phenalenyl radicals were utilized for the single electron transfer (SET) process resulting in redox catalysis. This emerging range of applications rejuvenates the more than six decades-old phenalenyl chemistry. This review captures such developments ranging from fundamental understanding to multidirectional applications of phenalenyl-based radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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6
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Li W, Du CZ, Chen XY, Fu L, Gao RR, Yao ZF, Wang JY, Hu W, Pei J, Wang XY. BN‐Anthracene for High‐Mobility Organic Optoelectronic Materials through Periphery Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanhui Li
- Nankai University College of Chemistry Weijin Road 94 300071 Tianjin CHINA
| | - Cheng-Zhuo Du
- Nankai University College of Chemistry Weijin Road 94 300071 Tianjin CHINA
| | - Xing-Yu Chen
- Nankai University College of Chemistry Weijin Road 94 300071 Tianjin CHINA
| | - Lin Fu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry Weijin Road 94 300071 Tianjin CHINA
| | - Rong-Rong Gao
- Nankai University College of Chemistry Weijin Road 94 300071 Tianjin CHINA
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Peking University College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering 100871 Beijing CHINA
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Peking University College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering 100871 Beijing CHINA
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin University Department of Chemistry 300071 Tianjin CHINA
| | - Jian Pei
- Peking University College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering 100871 Beijing CHINA
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry Weijin Road 94 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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7
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Zhou HP, Wu SX, Duan YC, Gao FW, Pan QQ, Kan YH, Su ZM. The combination of skeleton-engineering and periphery-engineering: a design strategy for organic doublet emitters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26853-26862. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of radicals based on tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) were theoretically designed and evaluated by combining skeleton-engineering and periphery-engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shui-Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ying-Chen Duan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng-Wei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing-Qing Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu-He Kan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Guo Y, Ye J, Zhen B, Chen Y, Liu X. Pyrrolic Type N Directed Borylation Route to BN-PAHs: Tuning the Photophysical Properties by Varying the Conjugation Shape and Size. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6322-6330. [PMID: 33851830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two series of BN-cyclopenta[a]phenalenes have been synthesized through an indole/pyrrole oriented borylation reaction. A total of five compounds are obtained and fully characterized; one of them is unambiguously confirmed by single X-ray crystal structure. Their photophysical properties could be finely tuned through varying the conjugation size and shape of the bottom PAHs applied. Moreover, their response toward fluoride anions was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuguang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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