1
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Liu SY, Li S, Ukai S, Nozawa R, Fukui N, Sugimori R, Kishi R, Shinokubo H. Homochiral and Heterochiral Self-Sorting Assemblies of Antiaromatic Ni(II) Norcorrole Dimers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400292. [PMID: 38769938 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, π-π stacked antiaromatic π-systems have received considerable attention because they can exhibit stacked-ring aromaticity due to substantial intermolecular orbital interactions. Here, we report three antiaromatic norcorrole dimers that self-assemble to form supramolecular architectures through chiral self-sorting. A 2,2'-linked norcorrole dimer with 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl groups forms a π-stacked dimer both in solid and solution states via homochiral self-sorting. Its association constant in solution is (3.6±1.7)×105 M-1 at 20 °C. In the solid state, 3,3'-linked norcorrole dimers with 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl and phenyl groups afford macrocyclic and helical supramolecular assemblies via heterochiral and homochiral self-sorting, respectively. Notably, the subtle modification in the substituent resulted in a complete change in the structure of the aggregates and the chiral self-sorting mode. The present findings demonstrate that structural manipulation in antiaromatic monomer units leads to the formation of various supramolecular assemblies on the basis of the attractive interactions between antiaromatic π-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Sugimori
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, 560-8531, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, 560-8531, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Nguyen DD, Labella J, Laforga-Martín J, Folcia CL, Ortega J, Torres T, Sierra T, Sessler JL. Columnar liquid crystals based on antiaromatic expanded porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3401-3404. [PMID: 38440812 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05414d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Three naphthorosarins, antiaromatic expanded porphyrins bearing different meso substituents (NRos 1-3), designed to self-assemble into columnar liquid crystalline (LC) structures, were synthesized and characterized using polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as supporting computational calculations. The substituents were found to play a crucial role in modulating the LC behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th Street, A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Juan Laforga-Martín
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - César L Folcia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Josu Ortega
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Teresa Sierra
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th Street, A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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3
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Pan ML, Hsu CH, Lin YD, Chen WS, Chen BH, Lu CH, Yang SD, Cheng MJ, Chou PT, Wu YT. A New Series of Sandwich-Type 5,5'-Biterphenylenes: Synthetic Challenge, Structural Uniqueness and Photodynamics. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303523. [PMID: 37997021 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
A new series of biaryls, bi-linear-terphenylenes (BLTPs), were prepared using the tert-butyllithium-mediated cyclization as the key synthetic step. The three-dimensional structures of the studied compounds were verified using X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations. Tetraaryl(ethynyl)-substituted BLTPs are highly crowded molecules, and the internal rotation around the central C-C bond is restricted due to a high barrier (>50 kcal/mol). These structures contain several aryl/terphenylenyl/aryl sandwiches, where the through-space π-π (TSPP) interactions are strongly reflected in the shielding of 1 H NMR chemical shifts, reduction of oxidation potentials, increasing aromaticity of the central six-membered ring and decreasing antiaromaticity of the four-membered rings in a terphenylenyl moiety based on NICS(0) and iso-chemical shielding surfaces. Despite the restricted C-C bond associated intramolecular TSPP interactions for BLTPs in the ground state, to our surprise, the electronic coupling between two linear terphenylenes (LTPs) in BLTPs in the excited state is weak, so that the excited-state behavior is dominated by the corresponding monomeric LTPs. In other words, all BLTPs undergo ultrafast relaxation dynamics via strong exciton-vibration coupling, acting as a blue-light absorber with essentially no emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ding Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, 30013, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, 30013, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, 30013, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
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4
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Lee S, Wang Y, Dutta R, Lee CH, Sessler JL, Kim D. Xanthene-Separated 24 π-Electron Antiaromatic Rosarin Dimer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301501. [PMID: 37205632 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Antiaromatic molecules have recently received attention because of their intrinsic properties, such as high reactivity and their narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps. Stacking of antiaromatic molecules has been predicted to induce three-dimensional aromaticity via frontier orbital interactions. Here, we report a covalently linked π-π stacked rosarin dimer that has been examined experimentally by steady-state absorption and transient absorption measurements and theoretically by quantum chemical calculations, including time-dependent density functional theory, anisotropy of induced current density, and nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations. Relative to the corresponding monomer, the dimer exhibits diminished antiaromaticity upon lowering the temperature to 77 K, a finding ascribed to intramolecular interactions between the macrocyclic rosarin subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, 721657, India
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun Cheon, 200-701, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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5
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Shetti VS. Conformationally rigid, π-extended annulated porphyrinoids derived from the naphthobipyrrole motif. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4452-4470. [PMID: 35579080 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00566b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
π-Extension in porphyrinoids can be achieved by fusing additional aromatic rings onto the macrocycle's periphery and such porphyrinoids are referred to as annulated porphyrinoids. Annulated porphyrinoids display contrasting properties in comparison with their non-annulated congeners. While an annulation strategy can create π-extended systems, the simultaneous incorporation of conformational rigidity in such porphyrinoids can ensure that they adopt a planar structure, and the advantages associated with the extended π-network can be leveraged. Hence, while synthesizing such porphyrinoids, judicial selection of the precursor becomes important. The ease of synthesis and the presence of a β-β'-linked o-phenylene bridge qualify 3,8-1,10-dihydrobenzo[e]pyrrolo[3,2-g]indole, commonly known as naphthobipyrrole, to be one such precursor suitable for the synthesis of conformationally rigid annulated porphyrinoids. This field of study has started to bloom only in the last decade and the examples reported so far are confined to the naphtho-versions of porphycenes (isomeric porphyrin), a few members of the aromatic/antiaromatic expanded porphyrinoids, and calix[n]bipyrroles. In view of this, the current review article aims to summarize the up-to-date developments in this area and discusses the synthesis, structure, and properties of the reported naphthobipyrrole-derived annulated porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra S Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, India.
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6
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El Bakouri O, Szczepanik DW, Jorner K, Ayub R, Bultinck P, Solà M, Ottosson H. Three-Dimensional Fully π-Conjugated Macrocycles: When 3D-Aromatic and When 2D-Aromatic-in-3D? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8560-8575. [PMID: 35523019 PMCID: PMC9121391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Several fully π-conjugated
macrocycles with puckered or cage-type
structures were recently found to exhibit aromatic character according
to both experiments and computations. We examine their electronic
structures and put them in relation to 3D-aromatic molecules (e.g., closo-boranes) and to 2D-aromatic
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Using qualitative theory combined
with quantum chemical calculations, we find that the macrocycles explored
hitherto should be described as 2D-aromatic with three-dimensional
molecular structures (abbr. 2D-aromatic-in-3D) and not as truly 3D-aromatic.
3D-aromatic molecules have highly symmetric structures (or nearly
so), leading to (at least) triply degenerate molecular orbitals, and
for tetrahedral or octahedral molecules, an aromatic closed-shell
electronic structure with 6n + 2 electrons. Conversely,
2D-aromatic-in-3D structures exhibit aromaticity that results from
the fulfillment of Hückel’s 4n + 2
rule for each macrocyclic path, yet their π-electron counts
are coincidentally 6n + 2 numbers for macrocycles
with three tethers of equal lengths. It is notable that 2D-aromatic-in-3D
macrocyclic cages can be aromatic with tethers of different lengths, i.e., with π-electron counts different from 6n + 2, and they are related to naphthalene. Finally, we
identify tetrahedral and cubic π-conjugated molecules that fulfill
the 6n + 2 rule and exhibit significant electron
delocalization. Yet, their properties resemble those of analogous
compounds with electron counts that differ from 6n + 2. Thus, despite the fact that these molecules show substantial
π-electron delocalization, they cannot be classified as true
3D-aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
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7
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Kawashima H, Ukai S, Nozawa R, Fukui N, Fitzsimmons G, Kowalczyk T, Fliegl H, Shinokubo H. Determinant Factors of Three-Dimensional Aromaticity in Antiaromatic Cyclophanes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10676-10685. [PMID: 34170675 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional aromaticity arising from the close stacking of two antiaromatic π-conjugated macrocycles has recently received considerable attention. Here, a cyclophane consisting of two antiaromatic Ni(II) norcorrole units tethered with two flexible alkyl chains was synthesized. The norcorrole cyclophane showed crystal polymorphism providing three different solid-state structures. Surprisingly, one of them adopted an aligned face-to-face stacking arrangement with negligible displacement along the slipping axis. Although the exchange repulsion between two π-clouds should be maximized in this orientation, the π-π distance is remarkably close (3.258 Å). Three-dimensional aromaticity in this conformation has been supported experimentally and theoretically as evidenced by small bond length alternations as well as the presence of a diatropic ring current. An analogous cyclophane with two aromatic Ni(II) porphyrin units was prepared for comparison. The porphyrin cyclophane exhibited a slipped-stacking conformation with a larger displacement (2.9 Å) and a larger interplanar distance (3.402 Å) without noticeable change of the aromaticity of each porphyrin unit. In solution, the norcorrole cyclophane forms a twist stacking arrangement with effective interplanar orbital overlap and exists in an equilibrium between stacked and nonstacked structures. Thermodynamic parameters of the stacking process were estimated, revealing an inherently large attractive interaction operating between two norcorrole units, which has been further supported by energy decomposition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Garrett Fitzsimmons
- Department of Chemistry, Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Center and Institute for Energy Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98229, United States
| | - Tim Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Center and Institute for Energy Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98229, United States
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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9
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Dutta R, Chandra B, Hong SJ, Park Y, Jung YM, Lee CH. Post Synthetic Modification of Planar Antiaromatic Hexaphyrin (1.0.1.0.1.0) by Regio-Selective, Sequential S NAr. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041025. [PMID: 33672044 PMCID: PMC7919474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of unique structural, spectroscopic and redox properties, the synthetic variants of the planar, antiaromatic hexaphyrin (1.0.1.0.1.0) derivatives 2, has been limited due to the low yields and difficulty in access to the starting material. A chemical modification of the meso-substituents could be good alternative overcoming the synthetic barrier. Herein, we report a regio-selective nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of meso-pentafluorophenyl group in rosarrin 2 with catechol. The reaction afforded benzodioxane fused rosarrin 3 as single product with high yield. The intrinsic antiaromatic character of the starting rosarrin 2 retained throughout the reactions. Clean, two electron reduction was achieved by treatment of 3 with SnCl2•2H2O affording 26π-electron aromatic rosarrin 4. The synthesized compounds exhibited noticeable changes in photophysical and redox properties compared with starting rosarrin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.D.); (B.C.); (S.-J.H.); (Y.M.J.)
| | - Brijesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.D.); (B.C.); (S.-J.H.); (Y.M.J.)
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.D.); (B.C.); (S.-J.H.); (Y.M.J.)
| | - Yeonju Park
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.D.); (B.C.); (S.-J.H.); (Y.M.J.)
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.D.); (B.C.); (S.-J.H.); (Y.M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8490
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