1
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Lennon G, Dingwall P. Enabling High Throughput Kinetic Experimentation by Using Flow as a Differential Kinetic Technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318146. [PMID: 38078481 PMCID: PMC10952970 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic data is most commonly collected through the generation of time-series data under either batch or flow conditions. Existing methods to generate kinetic data in flow collect integral data (concentration over time) only. Here, we report a method for the rapid and direct collection of differential kinetic data (direct measurement of rate) in flow by performing a series of instantaneous rate measurements on sequential small-scale reactions. This technique decouples the time required to generate a full kinetic profile from the time required for a reaction to reach completion, enabling high throughput kinetic experimentation. In addition, comparison of kinetic profiles constructed at different residence times allows the robustness, or stability, of homogeneously catalysed reactions to be interrogated. This approach makes use of a segmented flow platform which was shown to quantitatively reproduce batch kinetic data. The proline mediated aldol reaction was chosen as a model reaction to perform a high throughput kinetic screen of 216 kinetic profiles in 90 hours, one every 25 minutes, which would have taken an estimated continuous 3500 hours in batch, an almost 40-fold increase in experimental throughput matched by a corresponding reduction in material consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Lennon
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University BelfastDavid Keir Building, Stranmillis RoadBelfastBT9 5AGUK
| | - Paul Dingwall
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University BelfastDavid Keir Building, Stranmillis RoadBelfastBT9 5AGUK
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2
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Matsumoto A, Tateishi D, Nakajima T, Kurosaki S, Ogawa T, Kawasaki T, Soai K. Achiral 2-pyridone and 4-aminopyridine act as chiral inducers of asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of enantiomeric excess via the formation of chiral crystals. Chirality 2024; 36:e23617. [PMID: 37621025 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomorphous crystals of achiral 2-pyridone and 4-aminopyridine served as sources of chirality, to induce the asymmetric autocatalysis of 5-pyrimidyl alkanol during the asymmetric addition of diisopropylzinc to the corresponding pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde, that is, the Soai reaction. Following a significant amplification of enantiomeric excess through asymmetric autocatalysis, highly enantioenriched 5-pyrimidyl alkanol could be synthesized with their corresponding absolute configurations to those of chiral crystals of 2-pyridone and 4-aminopyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tateishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Kurosaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ogawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Cruz E, Montoya A, Ágreda J. Linear stability analysis of chemical mechanism, Listanalchem: A tool for the search of spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking. MethodsX 2023; 11:102307. [PMID: 37663005 PMCID: PMC10470257 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Homochirality, the phenomenon by which one of two virtually identical (non-superimposable mirror images) compounds is favored over the other in the chemistry of life, has been regarded as a requisite for the emergence of all living things on earth. Spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking has been proposed to produce the imbalance. Under this framework, Frank presented, in his foundational article "On spontaneous asymmetric synthesis", a simple chemical reaction network that displays spontaneous symmetry breaking for a specific set of reaction rates. Research has since focused on finding more complex and plausible models, each one with its advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, finding reaction rate values that make a model exhibit spontaneous symmetry breaking is a complex task, even for specially crafted models. LInear STability ANALysis of CHEmical Mechanism, Listanalchem, is a method and software for the search for appropriate reaction rates. It includes four different algorithms inspired by the analysis of Frank's network. Two classical algorithms are also included in Listanalchem: the Trace-Determinant plane and the Stoichiometric Network Analysis by Bruce Clarke. Listanalchem reads a chemical reaction network from plain text and runs one or more of the available algorithms according to the user selection. Listanalchem is tested and verified by studying classical, modified, and recent models proposed to explain the origin of biological homochirality.•Listanalchem allows a fast and reliable search for instability behavior in chemical mechanisms that pretend to explain spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking.•Listanalchem contains several model examples, including the most cited in the related literature.•Listanalchem is a tool that tests models that pretend to explain the origin of biological homochirality, helps find errors, and aids in designing new models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin Cruz
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Montoya
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jesús Ágreda
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, Colombia
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4
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Lantos E, Mótyán G, Frank É, Eelkema R, van Esch J, Horváth D, Tóth Á. Dynamics of hydroxide-ion-driven reversible autocatalytic networks. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20243-20247. [PMID: 37416909 PMCID: PMC10321365 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04215d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In living systems adaptive regulation requires the presence of nonlinear responses in the underlying chemical networks. Positive feedbacks, for example, can lead to autocatalytic bursts that provide switches between two stable states or to oscillatory dynamics. The stereostructure stabilized by hydrogen bonds provides an enzyme its selectivity, rendering pH regulation essential for its functioning. For effective control, triggers by small concentration changes play roles where the strength of feedback is important. Here we show that the interaction of acid-base equilibria with simple reactions with pH-dependent rate can lead to the emergence of a positive feedback in hydroxide ion concentration during the hydrolysis of some Schiff bases in the physiological pH range. The underlying reaction network can also support bistability in an open system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Lantos
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H-6720 Hungary
| | - Gergő Mótyán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged Dóm tér 8. Szeged H-6720 Hungary
| | - Éva Frank
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged Dóm tér 8. Szeged H-6720 Hungary
| | - Rienk Eelkema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Netherlands
| | - Jan van Esch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Netherlands
| | - Dezső Horváth
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H-6720 Hungary
| | - Ágota Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H-6720 Hungary
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5
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Dašková V, Padín D, Feringa BL. Turning Enantiomeric Relationships into Diastereomeric Ones: Self-Resolving α-Ureidophosphonates and Their Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23603-23613. [PMID: 36516975 PMCID: PMC9801384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Controlling chiral recognition and chiral information transfer has major implications in areas ranging from drug design and asymmetric catalysis to supra- and macromolecular chemistry. Especially intriguing are phenomena associated with chiral self-recognition. The design of systems that show self-induced recognition of enantiomers, i.e., involving homochiral versus heterochiral dimers, is particularly challenging. Here, we report the chiral self-recognition of α-ureidophosphonates and its application as both a powerful analytical tool for enantiomeric ratio determination by NMR and as a convenient way to increase their enantiomeric purity by simple achiral column chromatography or fractional precipitation. A combination of NMR, X-ray, and DFT studies indicates that the formation of homo- and heterochiral dimers involving self-complementary intermolecular hydrogen bonds is responsible for their self-resolving properties. It is also shown that these often unnoticed chiral recognition phenomena can facilitate the stereochemical analysis during the development of new asymmetric transformations. As a proof of concept, the enantioselective organocatalytic hydrophosphonylation of alkylidene ureas toward self-resolving α-ureidophosphonates is presented, which also led us to the discovery of the largest family of self-resolving compounds reported to date.
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6
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Mayer LC, Heitsch S, Trapp O. Nonlinear Effects in Asymmetric Catalysis by Design: Concept, Synthesis, and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3345-3361. [PMID: 36351215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis constitutes a key technology for the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds as well as for the selective control of individual stereocenters in the synthesis of complex compounds. It is thus of extraordinary importance for the synthesis of chiral drugs, dietary supplements, flavors, and fragrances, as well as novel materials with tunable and reconfigurable chiroptical properties or the assembly of complex natural products. Typically, enantiomerically pure catalysts are used for this purpose. To prepare enantiomerically pure ligands or organocatalysts, one can make use of the natural chiral pool. Ligands and organocatalysts with an atropisomeric biphenyl and binaphthyl system have become popular, as they are configurationally stable and contain a C2-symmetric skeleton, which has been found to be particularly privileged. For catalysts with opposite configurations, both product enantiomers can be obtained. Configurationally flexible biphenyl systems initially appeared to be unsuitable for this purpose, as they racemize after successful enantiomer separation and thus are neither storable nor afford a reproducible enantioselectivity. However, there are strategies that exploit the dynamics of such ligands to stereoconvergently enrich one of the catalyst enantiomers. This can be achieved, for example, by coordinating an enantiomerically pure additive to a ligand-metal complex, which results in deracemization of the configurationally flexible biphenyl system, thereby enriching the thermodynamically preferred diastereomer. In this Account, we present our strategy to design stereochemically flexible catalysts that combine the properties of supramolecular recognition, stereoconvergent alignment, and catalysis. Such systems are capable to recognize the chirality of the target product, leading to an increase in enantioselectivity during asymmetric catalysis. We have systematically developed and investigated these smart catalyst systems and have found ways to specifically design and synthesize them for various applications. In addition to (i) reaction product-induced chiral amplification, we have developed systems with (ii) intermolecular and (iii) intramolecular recognition, and successfully applied them in asymmetric catalysis. Our results pave the way for new applications such as temperature-controlled enantioselectivity, controlled inversion of enantioselectivity with the same chirality of the recognition unit, generation of positive nonlinear effects, and targeted design of autocatalytic systems through dynamic formation of transient catalysts. Understanding such systems is of enormous importance for catalytic processes leading to symmetry breaking and amplification of small imbalances of enantiomers and offer a possible explanation of homochirality of biological systems. In addition, we are learning how to target supramolecular interactions to enhance enantioselectivities in asymmetric catalysis through secondary double stereocontrol. Configurationally flexible catalysts will enable future resource-efficient development of asymmetric syntheses, as enantioselectivities can be fully switched by stereoselective alignment of the stereochemically flexible ligand core on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Simone Heitsch
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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7
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Huber L, Trapp O. Symmetry Breaking by Consecutive Amplification: Efficient Paths to Homochirality. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2022; 52:75-91. [PMID: 35984585 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-022-09627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To understand chiral symmetry breaking on the molecular level, we developed a method to efficiently investigate reaction kinetics of single molecules. The model systems include autocatalysis as well as a reaction cascade to gain further insight into the prebiotic origin of homochirality. The simulated reactions start with a substrate and only a single catalyst molecule, and the occurrence of symmetry breaking was examined for its degree of dependence on randomness. The results demonstrate that interlocking processes, which e.g., form catalysts, autocatalytic systems, or reaction cascades that build on each other and lead to a kinetic acceleration, can very well amplify a statistically occurring symmetry breaking. These results suggest a promising direction for the experimental implementation and identification of such processes, which could have led to a shift out of thermodynamic equilibrium in the emergence of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Soai K, Kawasaki T, Matsumoto A. Asymmetric Autocatalysis as an Efficient Link Between the Origin of Homochirality and Highly Enantioenriched Compounds. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2022; 52:57-74. [PMID: 35960427 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-022-09626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biological homochirality of essential components such as L-amino acids and D-sugars is prerequisite for the emergence, evolution and the maintenance of life. Implication of biological homochirality is described. Considerable interest has been focused on the origin and the process leading to the homochirality. Asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of enantiomeric excess (ee), i.e., the Soai reaction, is capable to link the low ee induced by the proposed origins of chirality such as circularly polarized light and high ee of the organic compound. Absolute asymmetric synthesis without the intervention of any chiral factor was achieved in the Soai reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
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9
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Menke JM, Trapp O. Controlling the Enantioselectivity in an Adaptable Ligand by Biomimetic Intramolecular Interlocking. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11165-11171. [PMID: 35939525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For the preparation of chiral drugs, both stereochemically stable and flexible catalysts in combination with chiral auxiliaries can be used. Here, chiral induction plays an important role in generating an enantiomerically pure catalyst. We demonstrate a successful approach to the spontaneous deracemization of tropos ligands for asymmetric catalysis. Three different constitutional isomers of a bisphosphinite ligand decorated with l-valine moieties (interaction units) linked to the flexible biphenyl system by a phenylene bridge for inducing a chiral switch were prepared. The substitution pattern's influence on the attached intermolecular recognition sites was systematically investigated. We can show that biomimetic intramolecular hydrogen bonding leads to a pronounced diastereoselective enrichment of one of the ligand stereoisomers. As a result, in the asymmetric Rh-catalyzed hydrogenation of prochiral olefins using these ligands, enantiomeric ratios of up to 95.8:4.2 (S) were obtained. Of particular note is the inversion of enantioselectivity relative to the previously reported BIBIPHOS-Rh catalyst due to the altered orientation of the biphenyl moiety from (Rax) to (Sax). The enantioselectivities achieved by appropriate intramolecular interlocking are remarkable for a tropos ligand/catalyst. The strategy presented here represents a powerful approach for the spontaneous alignment of tropos ligands, yielding high enantioselectivities in asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Menke
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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10
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Peng Z, Paschek K, Xavier JC. What Wilhelm Ostwald meant by "Autokatalyse" and its significance to origins-of-life research: Facilitating the search for chemical pathways underlying abiogenesis by reviving Ostwald's thought that reactants may also be autocatalysts: Facilitating the search for chemical pathways underlying abiogenesis by reviving Ostwald's thought that reactants may also be autocatalysts. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200098. [PMID: 35832007 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A closer look at Wilhelm Ostwald's articles that originally proposed the concept of autocatalysis reveals that he accepted reactants, not just products, as potential autocatalysts. Therefore, that a process is catalyzed by some of its products, which is the common definition of autocatalysis, is only a proper subset of what Ostwald meant by "Autokatalyse." As a result, it is necessary to reconsider the definition of autocatalysis, which is especially important for origins-of-life research because autocatalysis provides an abiotic mechanism that yields reproduction-like dynamics. Here, we translate and briefly review the two key publications on autocatalysis by Ostwald to revive his understanding of autocatalysis, and we introduce the concepts of recessive and expansive autocatalysis. Then we discuss the twofold significance of such a revival: first, facilitating the search for candidate processes underlying the origins of life, and second, updating our view of autocatalysis in complex reaction networks and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Peng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Klaus Paschek
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Joana C Xavier
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
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11
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Ágreda Bastidas JA, Montoya Arguello JA, Mejía C. Biological homochirality and stoichiometric network analysis: Variations on Frank’s model. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v50n3.96921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological homochirality is modelled using chemical reaction mechanisms that include autocatalytic and inhibition reactions as well as input and output flows. From the mathematical point of view, the differential equations associated with those mechanisms have to exhibit bistability. The search for those bifurcations can be carried out using stoichiometric network analysis. This algorithm simplifies the mathematical analysis and can be implemented in a computer programme, which can help us to analyse chemical networks. However, regardless of the reduction to linear polynomials, which is made possible by this algorithm, in some cases, the complexity and length of the polynomials involved make the analysis unfeasible. This problem has been partially solved by extending the stoichiometric matrix with rows that code the duality relations between the different reactions occurring in the network given as input. All these facts allow us to analyse 28 different network models, highlighting the basic requirements needed by a chemical mechanism to have spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking.
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12
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Buhse T, Micheau JC. Spontaneous Emergence of Transient Chirality in Closed, Reversible Frank-like Deterministic Models. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2022; 52:3-20. [PMID: 35680768 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-022-09621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To explore abiotic theories related to the origin of biomolecular homochirality, we analyze two entirely reversible kinetic models composed of an enantioselective autocatalysis with limited stereoselectivity that is coupled to an enantiomeric mutual inhibition (Frank-like models). The two models differ in their autocatalytic steps in respect to the formation of monomer species in one model and of dimer species in the other. While fully reversible and running in a closed system, spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB) gives rise to transient chiral excursions, even when starting from a strictly achiral situation. Before the SMSB, the two models differ in the main dissipative processes. At the SMSB, the entropy production rate reaches its maximum in both models. Here it is the enantioselective autocatalysis with retention of the winner enantiomer that dominates. During the terminal phase, the enantioselective autocatalysis with inversion prevails, while the entropy production rate vanishes, thus fulfilling the conditions of microscopic reversibility. SMSB does not occur if the autocatalytic rate constant is too strong or too weak. However, when the autocatalysis is relatively weak, the temporary chiral excursions last for long periods of time and could be the starting point of a cascade of asymmetric reactions. The realism of such Frank-like models is discussed from the viewpoint of their relevance to prebiotic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas - IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex, France.
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13
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Sallembien Q, Bouteiller L, Crassous J, Raynal M. Possible chemical and physical scenarios towards biological homochirality. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3436-3476. [PMID: 35377372 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01179k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The single chirality of biological molecules in terrestrial biology raises more questions than certitudes about its origin. The emergence of biological homochirality (BH) and its connection with the appearance of life have elicited a large number of theories related to the generation, amplification and preservation of a chiral bias in molecules of life under prebiotically relevant conditions. However, a global scenario is still lacking. Here, the possibility of inducing a significant chiral bias "from scratch", i.e. in the absence of pre-existing enantiomerically-enriched chemical species, will be considered first. It includes phenomena that are inherent to the nature of matter itself, such as the infinitesimal energy difference between enantiomers as a result of violation of parity in certain fundamental interactions, and physicochemical processes related to interactions between chiral organic molecules and physical fields, polarized particles, polarized spins and chiral surfaces. The spontaneous emergence of chirality in the absence of detectable chiral physical and chemical sources has recently undergone significant advances thanks to the deracemization of conglomerates through Viedma ripening and asymmetric auto-catalysis with the Soai reaction. All these phenomena are commonly discussed as plausible sources of asymmetry under prebiotic conditions and are potentially accountable for the primeval chiral bias in molecules of life. Then, several scenarios will be discussed that are aimed to reflect the different debates about the emergence of BH: extra-terrestrial or terrestrial origin (where?), nature of the mechanisms leading to the propagation and enhancement of the primeval chiral bias (how?) and temporal sequence between chemical homochirality, BH and life emergence (when?). Intense and ongoing theories regarding the emergence of optically pure molecules at different moments of the evolution process towards life, i.e. at the levels of building blocks of Life, of the instructed or functional polymers, or even later at the stage of more elaborated chemical systems, will be critically discussed. The underlying principles and the experimental evidence will be commented for each scenario with particular attention on those leading to the induction and enhancement of enantiomeric excesses in proteinogenic amino acids, natural sugars, and their intermediates or derivatives. The aim of this review is to propose an updated and timely synopsis in order to stimulate new efforts in this interdisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Sallembien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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14
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Betzenbichler G, Huber L, Kräh S, Morkos MLK, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Chiral stationary phases and applications in gas chromatography. Chirality 2022; 34:732-759. [PMID: 35315953 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chiral compounds are ubiquitous in nature and play a pivotal role in biochemical processes, in chiroptical materials and applications, and as chiral drugs. The analysis and determination of the enantiomeric ratio (er) of chiral compounds is of enormous scientific, industrial, and economic importance. Chiral separation techniques and methods have become indispensable tools to separate chiral compounds into their enantiomers on an analytical as well on a preparative level to obtain enantiopure compounds. Chiral gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have paved the way and fostered several research areas, that is, asymmetric synthesis and catalysis in organic, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and supramolecular chemistry. The development of highly enantioselective chiral stationary phases was essential. In particular, the elucidation and understanding of the underlying enantioselective supramolecular separation mechanisms led to the design of new chiral stationary phases. This review article focuses on the development of chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography. The fundamental mechanisms of the recognition and separation of enantiomers and the selectors and chiral stationary phases used in chiral gas chromatography are presented. An overview over syntheses and applications of these chiral stationary phases is presented as a practical guidance for enantioselective separation of chiral compound classes and substances by gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kräh
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexander F Siegle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Abstract
For over 25 years the chemistry community has puzzled over the mechanism of the Soai reaction, a fascinating chemical process which achieves chiral symmetry breaking by combining autocatalysis with asymmetric amplification. In 2020, the groups of Denmark and Trapp each made a proposal, based on extensive experimental work, on what is the catalytic species there: either a tetrameric product alkoxide aggregate ("SMS tetramer") or a product-substrate dimer ("hemiacetal"). These models seemingly oppose and exclude each other; however, they might also be both valid since the studies were conducted on different substrates which are not necessarily equivalent. This is shown in this Viewpoint by an in-depth comparison of the two studies and of data from earlier reports, which opens up to a discussion on this scenario's far-reaching implications on the fundamental understanding of asymmetry-amplifying autocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Geiger
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Kenny RT, Liu F. Robust and Scalable Synthesis of Soai Aldehydes via Improved Barbier‐type Halogen–lithium Exchange. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Liu
- Macquarie University Dept. of Molecular Sciences F7B 330 2109 Sydney AUSTRALIA
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17
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Matsumoto A, Tanaka A, Kaimori Y, Hara N, Mikata Y, Soai K. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of catalyst preequilibrium in asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11209-11212. [PMID: 34622895 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of the asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol is a highly attractive and challenging topic due to its unique feature of amplification of enantiomeric excess. Circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis of this reaction allows monitoring of the structual changes of possible catalyst precursors in the solution state and shows characteristic temperature and solvent dependence. TD-DFT calculations suggest that these spectral changes are induced by a dimer-tetramer equilibrium of zinc alkoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Ayame Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyasu Kaimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Natsuki Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuji Mikata
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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18
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Rotunno G, Kaur G, Lazzarini A, Buono C, Amedjkouh M. Symmetry Breaking and Autocatalytic Amplification in Soai Reaction Confined within UiO-MOFs under Heterogenous Conditions. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2361-2369. [PMID: 34250741 PMCID: PMC8456963 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Symmetry breaking is observed in the Soai reaction in a confinement environment provided by zirconium‐based UiO‐MOFs used as crystalline sponges. Subsequent reaction of encapsulated Soai aldehyde with Zn(i‐Pr)2 vapour promoted absolute asymmetric synthesis of the corresponding alkanol. ATR‐IR and NMR confirm integration of aldehyde into the porous material, and a similar localization of newly formed chiral alkanol after reaction. Despite the confinement, the Soai reaction exhibits significant activity and autocatalytic amplification. Comparative catalytic studies with various UiO‐MOFs indicate different outcomes in terms of enantiomeric excess, handedness distribution of the product and reaction rate, when compared to pristine solid Soai aldehyde, while the crystalline MOF remains highly stable to action of Zn(iPr)2 vapour. This is an unprecedented example of absolute asymmetric synthesis using MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rotunno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlo Buono
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohamed Amedjkouh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Soai K, Matsumoto A, Kawasaki T. Asymmetric Autocatalysis as a Link Between Crystal Chirality and Highly Enantioenriched Organic Compounds. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation Waseda University Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162 0041 Japan
| | - Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Environmental Science Nara Women's University Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi Nara 630-8506 Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
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20
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Kawasaki T, Kaimori Y, Shimada S, Hara N, Sato S, Suzuki K, Asahi T, Matsumoto A, Soai K. Asymmetric autocatalysis triggered by triglycine sulfate with switchable chirality by altering the direction of the applied electric field. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5999-6002. [PMID: 34023863 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triglycine sulfate (TGS) acts as a chiral trigger for asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of enantiomeric excess, i.e., the Soai reaction. Therefore, molecular chirality of highly enantioenriched organic compounds is controlled by a ferroelectric crystal TGS, whose polarization is altered by an electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyasu Kaimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Seiya Shimada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Natsuki Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Susumu Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Toru Asahi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University (TWIns), Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan. and Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan
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21
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Dašková V, Buter J, Schoonen AK, Lutz M, de Vries F, Feringa BL. Chiral Amplification of Phosphoramidates of Amines and Amino Acids in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11120-11126. [PMID: 33605523 PMCID: PMC8252365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The origin of biomolecular homochirality continues to be one of the most fascinating aspects of prebiotic chemistry. Various amplification strategies for chiral compounds to enhance a small chiral preference have been reported, but none of these involves phosphorylation, one of nature's essential chemical reactions. Here we present a simple and robust concept of phosphorylation-based chiral amplification of amines and amino acids in water. By exploiting the difference in solubility of a racemic phosphoramidate and its enantiopure form, we achieved enantioenrichment in solution. Starting with near racemic, phenylethylamine-based phosphoramidates, ee's of up to 95 % are reached in a single amplification step. Particularly noteworthy is the enantioenrichment of phosphorylated amino acids and their derivatives, which might point to a potential role of phosphorus en-route to prebiotic homochirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Dašková
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Anne K. Schoonen
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural ChemistryBijvoet Centre for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Folkert de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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22
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Dašková V, Buter J, Schoonen AK, Lutz M, Vries F, Feringa BL. Chiral Amplification of Phosphoramidates of Amines and Amino Acids in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Dašková
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anne K. Schoonen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Vries
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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23
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Mąkolski Ł, Szejko V, Zelga K, Tulewicz A, Bernatowicz P, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Unravelling Structural Mysteries of Simple Organozinc Alkoxides. Chemistry 2021; 27:5666-5674. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Mąkolski
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Vadim Szejko
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karolina Zelga
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Adam Tulewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Bernatowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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24
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Buhse T, Cruz JM, Noble-Terán ME, Hochberg D, Ribó JM, Crusats J, Micheau JC. Spontaneous Deracemizations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2147-2229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - José-Manuel Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - María E. Noble-Terán
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - David Hochberg
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera Ajalvir, Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid Spain
| | - Josep M. Ribó
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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25
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Trapp O. Efficient Amplification in Soai's Asymmetric Autocatalysis by a Transient Stereodynamic Catalyst. Front Chem 2020; 8:615800. [PMID: 33363117 PMCID: PMC7755983 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.615800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms leading to a molecular evolution and the formation of homochirality in nature are interconnected and a key to the underlying principles that led to the emergence of life. So far proposed mechanisms leading to a non-linear reaction behavior are based mainly on the formation of homochiral and heterochiral dimers. Since homochiral and heterochiral dimers are diastereomers of each other, the minor enantiomer is shifted out of equilibrium with the major enantiomer by dimer formation and thus a reaction or catalysis can be dominated by the remaining molecules of the major enantiomer. In this article a mechanism is shown that leads to homochirality by the formation of a highly catalytically active transient intermediate in a stereodynamically controlled reaction. This is demonstrated by Soai's asymmetric autocatalysis, in which aldehydes are transformed into the corresponding alcohols by addition of dialkylzinc reagents. The mechanism of chirogenesis proposed here shows that an apparently inefficient reaction is the best prerequisite for a selection mechanism. In addition, stereodynamic control offers the advantage that the minor diastereomeric intermediate can be interconverted into the major diastereomer and thus be stereoeconomically efficient. This is supported by computer simulation of reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Trapp O, Lamour S, Maier F, Siegle AF, Zawatzky K, Straub BF. In Situ Mass Spectrometric and Kinetic Investigations of Soai's Asymmetric Autocatalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:15871-15880. [PMID: 32822103 PMCID: PMC7756584 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions that lead to a spontaneous symmetry breaking or amplification of the enantiomeric excess are of fundamental interest in explaining the formation of a homochiral world. An outstanding example is Soai's asymmetric autocatalysis, in which small enantiomeric excesses of the added product alcohol are amplified in the reaction of diisopropylzinc and pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes. The exact mechanism is still in dispute due to complex reaction equilibria and elusive intermediates. In situ high-resolution mass spectrometric measurements, detailed kinetic analyses and doping with in situ reacting reaction mixtures show the transient formation of hemiacetal complexes, which can establish an autocatalytic cycle. We propose a mechanism that explains the autocatalytic amplification involving these hemiacetal complexes. Comprehensive kinetic experiments and modelling of the hemiacetal formation and the Soai reaction allow the precise prediction of the reaction progress, the enantiomeric excess as well as the enantiomeric excess dependent time shift in the induction period. Experimental structural data give insights into the privileged properties of the pyrimidyl units and the formation of diastereomeric structures leading to an efficient amplification of even minimal enantiomeric excesses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Saskia Lamour
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Maier
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
| | - Bernd F. Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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27
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Trapp O, Scholtes JF. Asymmetric Induction and Amplification in Stereodynamic Catalytic Systems by Noncovalent Interactions. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1274-2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe local transmission of chiral information by noncovalent interactions is one of the most fundamental processes broadly found in nature, i.e. in complex biochemical systems. This review summarizes our accomplishments in investigating chiral induction in stereodynamic ligands and catalysts by weak intermolecular interactions. It includes our efforts to characterize numerous stereodynamic compounds in detail with respect to their thermodynamic and kinetic properties. Furthermore, many stereolabile ligands for enantioselective catalysis are described, where directed stereoinduction afforded highly enantio- or diastereoenriched catalysts for subsequent selective asymmetric transformations. Various approaches for the dynamic enrichment of one of the catalyst’s conformers are presented, such as noncovalent interaction of the ligand with a chiral environment or a chiral solute. Finally, successful chemical systems are presented in which a process of chiral induction can be coupled with an autoinductive mechanism triggered by the chirality of its own reaction product, realizing Nature-inspired feedback loops resulting in self-amplifying, enantioselective catalytic reactions.1 Introduction2 Mapping the Stereodynamic Landscape3 Chiral Induction by Noncovalent Interactions4 Autoinduction and Chiral Amplification5 Self-Alignment and Emergence of Chirality6 Conclusion
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