1
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Bücker A, Wölper C, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multiple ethylene activation by heteroleptic L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:640-646. [PMID: 38073505 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene insertion into the Ga-Ge bond of the L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylene LGa(μ-Cl)GeDMP 1 (L = HC(C(Me)NAr)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; DMP = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) at ambient temperature is followed by dimerization of the as-formed germylene to give the digermene 3, which further reacted with ethylene in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition to give the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 4. In marked contrast, the amino-substituted germylene L(Cl)GaGeN(SiMe3)Ar 2 reacted directly to the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 5. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed the assumed reaction mechanism, hence demonstrating the crucial role of the substituent on the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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2
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Sabater E, Solà M, Salvador P, Andrada DM. Cage-size effects on the encapsulation of P 2 by fullerenes. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:268-277. [PMID: 35546081 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The classic pnictogen dichotomy stands for the great contrast between triply bonding very stable N2 molecules and its heavier congeners, which appear as dimers or oligomers. A banner example involves phosphorus as it occurs in nature as P4 instead of P2 , given its weak π-bonds or strong σ-bonds. The P2 synthetic value has brought Lewis bases and metal coordination stabilization strategies. Herein, we discuss the unrealized encapsulation alternative using the well-known fullerenes' capability to form endohedral and stabilize otherwise unstable molecules. We chose the most stable fullerene structures from Cn (n = 50, 60, 70, 80) and experimentally relevant from Cn (n = 90 and 100) to computationally study the thermodynamics and the geometrical consequences of encapsulating P2 inside the fullerene cages. Given the size differences between P2 and P4 , we show that the fullerenes C70 -C100 are suitable cages to side exclude P4 and host only one molecule of P2 with an intact triple bond. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that the process is favorable, overcoming the dimerization energy. Additionally, we have evaluated the host-guest interaction to explain the origins of their stability using energy decomposition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Sabater
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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3
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Ding Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Cui C. Disilicon Dicarbonyl Complex: Synthesis and Protonation of CO with O–H Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20566-20570. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Schoening J, Gehlhaar A, Wölper C, Schulz S. Selective [2+1+1] Fragmentation of P 4 by heteroleptic Metallasilylenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201031. [PMID: 35638137 PMCID: PMC9400957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule activation by low-valent main-group element compounds is of general interest. We here report the synthesis and characterization (1 H, 13 C, 29 Si NMR, IR, sc-XRD) of heteroleptic metallasilylenes L1 (Cl)MSiL2 (M=Al 1, Ga 2, L1 =HC[C(Me)NDipp]2 , Dipp=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ; L2 =PhC(Nt Bu)2 ). Their electronic nature was analyzed by quantum chemical computations, while their promising potential in small-molecule activation was demonstrated in reactions with P4 , which occurred with unprecedented [2+1+1] fragmentation of the P4 tetrahedron and formation of L1 (Cl)MPSi(L2 )PPSi(L2 )PM(Cl)L1 (M=Al 3, Ga 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schoening
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center forNanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Alexander Gehlhaar
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center forNanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center forNanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center forNanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745117EssenGermany
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5
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Haider W, Calvin-Brown MD, Bischoff IA, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Müller C, Sergeieva T, Andrada DM, Schäfer A. Diarylpnictogenyldialkylalanes─Synthesis, Structures, Bonding Analysis, and CO 2 Capture. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1672-1684. [PMID: 34985262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several new diphenylamino- and diphenylphosphanyldialkylalanes are reported, which were characterized in solution and in the solid state, assisted by in-depth bonding analysis within the DFT framework. In the case of bulky alkyl substituents on the aluminum atom, the species are stable in their monomeric form and were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, expanding the relatively small field of monomeric pnictogenylalanes. In the case of oligomeric diphenylpnictogenyldimethylalanes, their reactivity toward different σ-donor ligands was studied, and several examples of monomeric adducts could be structurally characterized, including the first cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene complexes. The reactivity of these CAAC complexes, their oligomeric precursors, and an unstabilized monomeric aminoalane toward CO2 was probed, leading to different insertion products that could be characterized. Additionally, the mechanism was elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Haider
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marces Devonne Calvin-Brown
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Inga-Alexandra Bischoff
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
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6
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Li D, Xu J, Xu X, Yang W, Jian J. Matrix Infrared Spectra of 1-Ethynyl-1H-Silole Species from Reaction of Silicon Atoms with Benzene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4978-4986. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of silicon atoms with benzene molecule in solid neon are studied by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. Aided by carbon-13 and deuterium isotopic shifts as well as quantum-chemical predictions,...
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7
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Schoening J, Ganesamoorthy C, Wölper C, Solel E, Schreiner PR, Schulz S. Synthesis, electronic nature, and reactivity of selected silylene carbonyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8249-8257. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Room-temperature stable main group element carbonyl complexes are rare. Here we report on the synthesis of two such complexes, namely gallium-substituted silylene-carbonyl complexes [L(X)Ga]2SiCO (X = I 2, Me 3;...
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8
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Gimferrer M, Danés S, Andrada DM, Salvador P. Unveiling the Electronic Structure of the Bi(+1)/Bi(+3) Redox Couple on NCN and NNN Pincer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17657-17668. [PMID: 34766771 PMCID: PMC8653152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Low-valent group
15 compounds stabilized by pincer ligands have
gained particular interest, given their direct access to fine-tune
their reactivity by the coordination pattern. Recently, bismuth has
been employed in a variety of catalytic transformations by taking
advantage of the (+1/+3) redox couple. In this work, we present a
detailed quantum–chemical study on the electronic structure
of bismuth pincer complexes from two different families, namely, bis(ketimine)phenyl
(NCN) and triamide bismuthinidene (NNN). The use of the so-called
effective oxidation state analysis allows the unambiguous assignation
of the bismuth oxidation state. In contrast to previous studies, our
calculations suggest a Bi(+1) assignation for NCN pincer ligands,
while Bi(+3) character is found for NNN pincer complexes. Notably,
regardless of its oxidation state, the central bismuth atom disposes
of up to two lone pairs for coordinating Lewis acids, as indicated
by very high first and second proton affinity values. Besides, the
Bi–NNN systems can also accommodate two Lewis base ligands,
indicating also ambiphilic behavior. The effective fragment orbital
analysis of Bi and the ligand allows monitoring of the intricate electron
flow of these processes, revealing the noninnocent nature of the NNN
ligand, in contrast with the NCN one. By the dissection of the electron
density into effective fragment orbitals, we are able to quantify
and rationalize the Lewis base/acid character. Effective oxidation state analysis sheds
light on the electronic
structure of chemical systems. The oxidation state of bismuthinidene
pincer complexes can be assigned as Bi(+1) or Bi(+3) depending on
the nature of the ligands. Despite this assignation, the reactivity
pattern as Lewis base or acid is similar. The occupation of the effective
fragment orbitals gives a straightforward method to quantify the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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9
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Abstract
Although silylene-carbonyl complexes are known for decades, only recently isolable examples have been accomplished. In this work, the bonding situation is re-evaluated to explain the origins of their remarkable stability within the Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory framework. It is shown that the chemical bond can be understood as CO interaction with the silylene via a donor-acceptor interaction: a σ-donation from the σCO into the empty p-orbital of silicon, and a π-back donation from the sp2 lone pair of silicon into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Notably, it was established that the driving force behind the surprisingly stable Si-CO compounds, however, is another π-back donation from a perpendicular bonding R-Si σ-orbital into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Consequently, the pyramidalization of the central silicon atom cannot be associated with the strength of the π-back donation, in sharp contrast to the established chemical bonding model. Considering this additional bonding interaction not only shed light on the bonding situation, but is also an indispensable key for broadening the scope of silylene-carbonyl chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Sergeieva
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Debdeep Mandal
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
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