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Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhi X, Xu L, Tao J, Cui D, Liu TF. Tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway regulates infection and inflammation: from mechanisms to biomarkers and therapies. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:979-996. [PMID: 38592457 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-Tryptophan (L-Trp), an essential amino acid, is the only amino acid whose level is regulated specifically by immune signals. Most proportions of Trp are catabolized via the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (KP) which has evolved to align the food availability and environmental stimulation with the host pathophysiology and behavior. Especially, the KP plays an indispensable role in balancing the immune activation and tolerance in response to pathogens. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we elucidate the underlying immunological regulatory network of Trp and its KP-dependent catabolites in the pathophysiological conditions by participating in multiple signaling pathways. Furthermore, the KP-based regulatory roles, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies in pathologically immune disorders are summarized covering from acute to chronic infection and inflammation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The immunosuppressive effects dominate the functions of KP induced-Trp depletion and KP-produced metabolites during infection and inflammation. However, the extending minor branches from the KP are not confined to the immune tolerance, instead they go forward to various functions according to the specific condition. Nevertheless, persistent efforts should be made before the clinical use of KP-based strategies to monitor and cure infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpu Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Highway, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanlei Liu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhi
- Shanghai Institute of Virology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Highway, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tao
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Highway, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Fu Liu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Highway, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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3
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Gallego I, Ramos‐Soriano J, Méndez‐Ardoy A, Cabrera‐González J, Lostalé‐Seijo I, Illescas BM, Reina JJ, Martín N, Montenegro J. A 3D Peptide/[60]Fullerene Hybrid for Multivalent Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210043. [PMID: 35989251 PMCID: PMC9826239 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fully substituted peptide/[60]fullerene hexakis-adducts offer an excellent opportunity for multivalent protein recognition. In contrast to monofunctionalized fullerene hybrids, peptide/[60]fullerene hexakis-adducts display multiple copies of a peptide in close spatial proximity and in the three dimensions of space. High affinity peptide binders for almost any target can be currently identified by in vitro evolution techniques, often providing synthetically simpler alternatives to natural ligands. However, despite the potential of peptide/[60]fullerene hexakis-adducts, these promising conjugates have not been reported to date. Here we present a synthetic strategy for the construction of 3D multivalent hybrids that are able to bind with high affinity the E-selectin. The here synthesized fully substituted peptide/[60]fullerene hybrids and their multivalent recognition of natural receptors constitute a proof of principle for their future application as functional biocompatible materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Gallego
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15705Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Javier Ramos‐Soriano
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de QuímicaUniversidad Complutense28040MadridSpain,Present address: Glycosystems LaboratoryInstituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSICUniversidad de SevillaAv.Américo Vespucio, 4941092SevilleSpain
| | - Alejandro Méndez‐Ardoy
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15705Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Justo Cabrera‐González
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de QuímicaUniversidad Complutense28040MadridSpain
| | - Irene Lostalé‐Seijo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15705Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Beatriz M. Illescas
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de QuímicaUniversidad Complutense28040MadridSpain
| | - Jose J. Reina
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15705Santiago de CompostelaSpain,Present address: Universidad de Málaga, IBIMADpto. de Química OrgánicaCampus de Teatinos, s/n.29071MálagaSpain,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de AndalucíaC/Severo Ochoa, 3529590Campanillas (Málaga)Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de QuímicaUniversidad Complutense28040MadridSpain,IMDEA-NanoscienceC/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15705Santiago de CompostelaSpain
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4
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Gallego I, Ramos-Soriano J, Méndez-Ardoy A, Cabrera-González J, Lostalé-Seijo I, Reina JJ, Illescas BM, Martin N, Montenegro J. A 3D Peptide/[60]Fullerene Hybrid for Multivalent Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gallego
- University of Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela CIQUS SPAIN
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Complutense University of Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid Organic Chemistry SPAIN
| | | | - Justo Cabrera-González
- Complutense University of Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid Organic Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Irene Lostalé-Seijo
- University of Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela CIQUS SPAIN
| | - Jose J. Reina
- University of Malaga: Universidad de Malaga Organic Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Beatriz M. Illescas
- Complutense University of Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid organic chemistry SPAIN
| | - Nazario Martin
- Complutense University of Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid organic chemistry SPAIN
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Departamento de Química Orgánica c/ Jenaro de la Fuente s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela SPAIN
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5
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Ramos-Soriano J, Illescas BM, Pérez-Sánchez A, Sánchez-Bento R, Lasala F, Rojo J, Delgado R, Martín N. Topological and Multivalent Effects in Glycofullerene Oligomers as EBOLA Virus Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095083. [PMID: 35563489 PMCID: PMC9131134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new biocompatible antiviral materials to fight against the development of multidrug resistance is being widely explored. Due to their unique globular structure and excellent properties, [60]fullerene-based antivirals are very promising bioconjugates. In this work, fullerene derivatives with different topologies and number of glycofullerene units were synthesized by using a SPAAC copper free strategy. This procedure allowed the synthesis of compounds 1–3, containing from 20 to 40 mannose units, in a very efficient manner and in short reaction times under MW irradiation. The glycoderivatives were studied in an infection assay by a pseudotyped viral particle with Ebola virus GP1. The results obtained show that these glycofullerene oligomers are efficient inhibitors of EBOV infection with IC50s in the nanomolar range. In particular, compound 3, with four glycofullerene moieties, presents an outstanding relative inhibitory potency (RIP). We propose that this high RIP value stems from the appropriate topological features that efficiently interact with DC-SIGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.-S.); (A.P.-S.); (R.S.-B.); (N.M.)
| | - Beatriz M. Illescas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.-S.); (A.P.-S.); (R.S.-B.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.I.); (R.D.)
| | - Alfonso Pérez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.-S.); (A.P.-S.); (R.S.-B.); (N.M.)
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Bento
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.-S.); (A.P.-S.); (R.S.-B.); (N.M.)
| | - Fátima Lasala
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC–Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain;
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (B.M.I.); (R.D.)
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.-S.); (A.P.-S.); (R.S.-B.); (N.M.)
- IMDEA-Nanoscience, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Tanzi L, Terreni M, Zhang Y. Synthesis and biological application of glyco- and peptide derivatives of fullerene C60. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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7
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Gulumkar V, Tähtinen V, Ali A, Rahkila J, Valle-Delgado JJ, Äärelä A, Österberg M, Yliperttula M, Virta P. Synthesis of an Azide- and Tetrazine-Functionalized [60]Fullerene and Its Controlled Decoration with Biomolecules. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1329-1336. [PMID: 35036794 PMCID: PMC8757328 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bingel cyclopropanation between Buckminster fullerene and a heteroarmed malonate was utilized to produce a hexakis-functionalized C60 core, with azide and tetrazine units. This orthogonally bifunctional C60 scaffold can be selectively one-pot functionalized by two pericyclic click reactions, that is, inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder and azide-alkyne cycloaddition, which with appropriate ligands (monosaccharides, a peptide and oligonucleotides tested) allows one to control the assembly of heteroantennary bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Gulumkar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Tähtinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Aliaa Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Rahkila
- Instrument
Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
| | | | - Antti Äärelä
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
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8
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Real-Hohn A, Blaas D. Rhinovirus Inhibitors: Including a New Target, the Viral RNA. Viruses 2021; 13:1784. [PMID: 34578365 PMCID: PMC8473194 DOI: 10.3390/v13091784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the main cause of recurrent infections with rather mild symptoms characteristic of the common cold. Nevertheless, RVs give rise to enormous numbers of absences from work and school and may become life-threatening in particular settings. Vaccination is jeopardised by the large number of serotypes eliciting only poorly cross-neutralising antibodies. Conversely, antivirals developed over the years failed FDA approval because of a low efficacy and/or side effects. RV species A, B, and C are now included in the fifteen species of the genus Enteroviruses based upon the high similarity of their genome sequences. As a result of their comparably low pathogenicity, RVs have become a handy model for other, more dangerous members of this genus, e.g., poliovirus and enterovirus 71. We provide a short overview of viral proteins that are considered potential drug targets and their corresponding drug candidates. We briefly mention more recently identified cellular enzymes whose inhibition impacts on RVs and comment novel approaches to interfere with infection via aggregation, virus trapping, or preventing viral access to the cell receptor. Finally, we devote a large part of this article to adding the viral RNA genome to the list of potential drug targets by dwelling on its structure, folding, and the still debated way of its exit from the capsid. Finally, we discuss the recent finding that G-quadruplex stabilising compounds impact on RNA egress possibly via obfuscating the unravelling of stable secondary structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Ruiz-Santaquiteria M, Illescas BM, Abdelnabi R, Boonen A, Mills A, Martí-Marí O, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Gago F, San-Félix A, Camarasa MJ, Martín N. Multivalent Tryptophan- and Tyrosine-Containing [60]Fullerene Hexa-Adducts as Dual HIV and Enterovirus A71 Entry Inhibitors. Chemistry 2021; 27:10700-10710. [PMID: 33851758 PMCID: PMC8361981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented 3D hexa‐adducts of [60]fullerene peripherally decorated with twelve tryptophan (Trp) or tyrosine (Tyr) residues have been synthesized. Studies on the antiviral activity of these novel compounds against HIV and EV71 reveal that they are much more potent against HIV and equally active against EV71 than the previously described dendrimer prototypes AL‐385 and AL‐463, which possess the same number of Trp/Tyr residues on the periphery but attached to a smaller and more flexible pentaerythritol core. These results demonstrate the relevance of the globular 3D presentation of the peripheral groups (Trp/Tyr) as well as the length of the spacer connecting them to the central core to interact with the viral envelopes, particularly in the case of HIV, and support the hypothesis that [60]fullerene can be an alternative and attractive biocompatible carbon‐based scaffold for this type of highly symmetrical dendrimers. In addition, the functionalized fullerenes here described, which display twelve peripheral negatively charged indole moieties on their globular surface, define a new and versatile class of compounds with a promising potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Santaquiteria
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz M Illescas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boonen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Mills
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sam Noppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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