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Alberoni C, Pavan G, Scattolin T, Aliprandi A. Critical Aspects and Challenges in the Design of Small Molecules for Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Application. Chempluschem 2024:e202400142. [PMID: 38687095 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has gained renewed interest due to the strong parallel development of luminophores in the field of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with which this technique shares several aspects. In this perspective review we discuss the most relevant advances of the past 15 years in the study of organic and organometallic compounds as ECL emitters, by dividing them in three different classes: i) fluorescent emitters, ii) phosphorescent emitters and iii) Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) emitters; then, water-soluble organic luminophores will be also discussed. We focus on how their design, their photo- and electrochemical properties and, in particular, the nature of the emitter, affect their efficiency in ECL. Regardless of the type of luminophore or the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), the literature converges on the fact that the most determining aspect is the stability of the oxidized/reduced form of the emitter. Even if phosphorescent emitters can show outstanding efficiency, this often requires the absence of oxygen. In the case of TADFs, there is also a strong dependence of photoluminescence both in terms of PLQY and emission energy on the polarity of the media, so compounds, that appear promising in organic solvents, may be very inefficient in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Song J, Lv X, Gu J, Yam C, Meng L. Designing thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters with through-space charge transfer: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6420-6428. [PMID: 38317611 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05495k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules with through-space charge transfer (TSCT) features have been widely applied in developing organic light-emitting diodes with high luminescence efficiencies. The performance of TSCT-TADF molecules depends highly on their molecular structures. Therefore, theoretical investigation plays a significant role in designing novel highly efficient TSCT-TADF molecules. Herein, we theoretically investigate two recently reported TSCT-TADF molecules, 1'-(2,12-di-t-butyl[1,4]benzoxaborinino[2,3,4-kl]phenoxaborinin-7-yl)-10-phenyl-10H-spiro[acridine-9,9'-fluorene] (AC-BO) and 1-(2,12-di-t-butyl[1,4]benzoxaborinino[2,3,4-kl]phenoxaborinin-7-yl)-9',9'-dimethyl-9'H-spiro [fluorene-9,5'-quinolino[3,2,1-de]acridine](QAC-BO). The calculated photophysical properties (e.g. excited state energy levels and luminescence properties) for these two compounds are in good agreement with experimental data. Based on the systematic analysis of structure-performance relationships, we design three novel TSCT-TADF molecules with high molecular rigidity and evident TSCT features, i.e., DQAC-DBO, DQAC-SBO, and DQAC-NBO. They exhibit deep-blue light emissions and fast reverse intersystem crossing rates (KRISCs). Our calculations demonstrate that the nearly coplanar orientation of the donor and acceptor is critical to achieve remarkable KRISCs and fluorescence efficiencies in TSCT-TADF molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Junjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - ChiYung Yam
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Lingyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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Xiao H, Shi QX, Li Q, Cai HW, Sun XL, Wan WM, Qian QR. Barbier Polymerization-Induced Emission towards Fully Substituted Polyethylene Analogues with Non-Traditional Intrinsic Luminescence. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303292. [PMID: 38014866 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The properties of polyethylene are highly dependent on the variety and quantity of substitutions. Generally, polyethylene can only be fully substituted with fluorine atoms, mainly e. g., polytetrafluoroethylene and nafion, because atomic radius of fluorine atom is small enough. The preparation of fully substituted polyethylene analogues (FSPEA) and their non-traditional intrinsic luminescence (NTIL) are attractive, especially for substitutions with relatively larger atomic radii than a fluorine atom. Here, Barbier polymerization-induced emission (PIE) is demonstrated as a universal method for the molecular design of NTIL type FSPEAs with intriguing aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behaviors. Through Barbier polymerization of diphenyldichloromethane and different peroxyesters in the presence of Mg in one pot, a series of FSPEAs, including polytriphenylethanol (PTPE), polydiphenylfurylethanol (PDPFE), polydiphenylthiophenylethanol (PDPTE) and polydiphenylnaphthylethanol (PDPNE) have been successfully prepared. Further potential applications for explosive detection, artificial light-harvesting system and white phosphor-converted light-emitting diode are investigated. Therefore, this work opens up a new approach for the molecular design of FSPEA with non-conjugated luminescence, which may cause inspirations to different research fields like polyolefin and luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xiao
- College of Environment and Resources Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control &Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Quan-Xi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hua-Wen Cai
- College of Environment and Resources Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control &Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xiao-Li Sun
- College of Environment and Resources Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control &Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wan
- College of Environment and Resources Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control &Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qing-Rong Qian
- College of Environment and Resources Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control &Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
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Morgan L, Pavan G, Demitri N, Alberoni C, Scattolin T, Roverso M, Bogialli S, Aliprandi A. Tailoring thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for efficient electrochemiluminescence with tripropylamine as coreactant. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34520-34523. [PMID: 38024983 PMCID: PMC10668078 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06863c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a unified metal-free procedure, a selection of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) emitters has been synthesized and characterized. Different acceptor and donor moieties have been explored in order to develop red emitting dyes with reduction potentials suitable for the application in ECL using tri-propylamine as coreactant. The most promising compound shows terephthalonitrile as the acceptor and diphenylamines as donors, and it displayed an ECL efficiency that is double the one of the standard [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2. Based on such findings, a novel water-soluble TADF emitter (Na4[4DPASO3TPN]) has been synthesized and characterized to enable electrochemiluminescence in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morgan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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