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Okura Y, Santis GD, Hirata K, Xantheas SS, Fujii M, Ishiuchi SI. The Gas Phase Protonation Sites of Six Naturally Occurring Nicotinoids. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6966-6973. [PMID: 38940770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The gas phase protonation sites of six naturally occurring nicotinoids, namely nicotine (NIC), nornicotine (NOR), anabasine (ANB), anatabine (ANT), cotinine (COT), and myosmine (MYO), consisting of a common Pyridine and differing non-Pyridine rings, have been determined for the first time at the physiological temperature from cryogenic ion trap infrared spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. The protonation site on either of these two rings is related to the nicotinoid's biological activity. At room temperature, NIC is a mixture of Pyridine and Pyrrolidine (non-Pyridine) protomers, whereas NOR, ANB, ANT, and COT are pure Pyridine protomers and finally MYO is mostly a Pyroline (non-Pyridine) protomer. The nearly planar structure of MYO-H+, induced by the presence of a conjugated π system and confirmed from calculations and the UV absorption spectra, breaks from the trends observed for NIC, NOR, and ANB, since its structure is drastically different from the structures of the other nicotinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuika Okura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 4259 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152855, Japan
| | - Garrett D Santis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Keisuke Hirata
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 4259 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152855, Japan
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovation Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Sotiris S Xantheas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovation Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Advanced Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS J7-10 Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Institute (CTCI), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Masaaki Fujii
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovation Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Ishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 4259 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152855, Japan
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovation Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Solingapuram Sai KK, Rose JE, Mukhin AG. Effect of Electronic Cigarette Liquid pH on Retention of 11C-Nicotine in a Respiratory Tract Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1406-1410. [PMID: 36905343 PMCID: PMC10256878 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on our preliminary 11C-nicotine positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies in humans, we speculated that greater deposition of nicotine in the respiratory tract from electronic cigarettes compared to combustible cigarettes could result from the alkaline pH of typical aerosol-producing electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids). To address this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of e-liquid pH on the retention of nicotine in vitro using 11C-nicotine, PET, and a human respiratory tract model of nicotine deposition. AIMS AND METHODS A single 2-second 35-mL puff was delivered to a human respiratory tract cast from a 2.8-Ohm cartomizer at 4.1 volts. Immediately after the puff, a 2-second 700-mL air wash-in volume was administered. E-liquids (glycerol and propylene glycol 50/50 vol/vol) containing 24 mg/mL nicotine were mixed with 11C-nicotine. Deposition (retention) of nicotine was assessed using a GE Discovery MI DR PET/CT scanner. Eight e-liquids with different pH values (range 5.3-9.6) were investigated. All experiments were performed at room temperature and at a relative humidity of 70%-80%. RESULTS Retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract cast was pH dependent and the pH-sensitive component of the retention was well described by a sigmoid curve. In total, 50% of the maximal pH-dependent effect was observed at pH 8.0, which is close to the pKa2 of nicotine. CONCLUSIONS The retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract conducting airways is dependent on the e-liquid pH. Lowering the e-liquid pH reduces retention of nicotine. Nonetheless, reduction of the pH below 7 has little effect, consistent with the pKa2 of protonated nicotine. IMPLICATIONS Similar to combustible cigarettes, the retention of nicotine in the human respiratory tract from consumption of electronic cigarettes may have some health consequences and affect nicotine dependence. Here we demonstrated that the retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract is dependent on the e-liquid pH, and lowering pH reduces retention of nicotine in conducting airways of the respiratory tract. Therefore, e-cigarettes with low pH values would result in reduced respiratory tract nicotine exposure and faster delivery of nicotine to the central nervous system (CNS). The latter can be associated with e-cigarette abuse liability and the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as substitutes for combustible cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexey G Mukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Tran PT, Beidoun B, Lohan SB, Talbi R, Kleuser B, Seifert M, Jung K, Sandig G, Meinke MC. Establishment of a method to expose and measure pollution in excised porcine skin with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114258. [PMID: 36343452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Health problems associated with the amount of air pollutants are increasing worldwide. Pollution damages not only the lungs; it also has an impact on skin health and is co-responsible for the development of skin diseases. Anti-pollution products are on the rise in the cosmetic market but so far, there is no established method to directly assess the impact of pollution on the skin and to test the efficacy of anti-pollution products. To address this problem, two different chambers were developed for the reproducible exposure to realistic air pollutant concentrations. One chamber for the exclusive use of excised skin and hair samples, the second chamber for ex vivo and in vivo measurements. Measurements of nicotine next to the investigated skin area allow conclusions to be drawn on the particle concentration to which the skin is exposed. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, which enables the detection of free radicals in different systems, was applied to assess the hazard potential of pollution in the skin. A direct proof of the formation of free radicals in the skin by the model pollutant cigarette smoke could be demonstrated. An additional application of UV irradiation even increased the formation of free radicals in the skin seven-fold (sum parameter). Depending on the question of interest, the use of different spin probes allows various assessments of the radical formation in skin: the amount of radicals but also the antioxidant status of the microenvironment can be estimated. Using two exposure chambers, the direct formation of oxidative stress by cigarette smoke on ex vivo skin, with and without additional UV exposure, could be reproducibly examined. This measurement method is promising for the assessment of anti-pollution products and could allow a direct causal connection between pollutant, effect on the skin and the protective function of skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Tran
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Batoul Beidoun
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berliner Hochschule für Technik Berlin, Luxemburger Straße 10 in, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rajae Talbi
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berliner Hochschule für Technik Berlin, Luxemburger Straße 10 in, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Grit Sandig
- Gematria Test Lab GmbH, 13187 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Iresha H, Kobayashi T. Ultrasound-triggered nicotine release from nicotine-loaded cellulose hydrogel. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 78:105710. [PMID: 34411843 PMCID: PMC8379513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-triggered nicotine release system in a cellulose hydrogel drug carrier was developed with three different cellulose concentrations of 0.45 wt%, 0.9 wt%, and 1.8 wt%. The nicotine-loaded cellulose hydrogels were fabricated by the phase inversion method when the nicotine and cellulose mixture in the 6 wt% LiCl/N, N-dimethylacetamide solvent was exposed to water vapor at room temperature. Nicotine was used as the medicine due to its revealed therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The behavior of US-triggered nicotine release from nicotine-cellulose hydrogel was studied at 43 kHz US frequency at the changing US output powers of 0 W, 5 W, 10 W, 20 W, 30 W, and 40 W. The significant US-triggered nicotine release enhancement was noted for the hydrogels made with 0.9 wt% and 1.8 wt% cellulose loading. The matrix made with 0.9 wt% cellulose was exhibited the highest nicotine release at the 40 W US power, and differences in nicotine release at different US powers were noticeable than at 0.45 wt% and 1.8 wt% cellulose loadings. For the three cellulose hydrogel systems, the storage modulus (G') values at the 0.01 wt% strain rate were dropped from their initial values due to the US irradiation. This reduction was proportionately decreased when the US power was increased. The deconvolution of FTIR spectra of nicotine-loaded cellulose films before and after US exposure was suggested breakage of cellulose-nicotine and cellulose-water in the matrix; thus, the stimulated nicotine release from the cellulose matrix was promoted by the US irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshani Iresha
- Department of Energy and Environment Science, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kobayashi
- Department of Energy and Environment Science, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan; Department of Science and Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan.
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Duan W, Ji H, Yang Z, Yao Q, Huo Y, Ren X, Zhao J, Gong S. Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanyl-based boron fluoride complexes: synthesis, crystal structure and photophysical properties. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12963-12969. [PMID: 34581357 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02231h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanyl-based boron fluoride complexes (3a-3d) were designed and facilely synthesized. The X-ray structure study, theoretical calculations and CD spectra reveal the intense emission and planar chiral structures of these complexes. In particular, 3a-3d show moderate quantum yields and large Stokes shifts both in solution and solid state. Furthermore, the blue-shifted mechanochromic properties of 3a and 3b were both investigated in the solid state. This work is the first study on planar chiral boron monofluoride complexes within the boron fluoride complex field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzeng Duan
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Honghan Ji
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zeren Yang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingxia Yao
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanmin Huo
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuerui Ren
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaojiao Zhao
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuwen Gong
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, No. 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
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Miglio F, Ponzini E, Zeri F, Borghesi A, Tavazzi S. In vitro affinity for nicotine of soft contact lenses of different materials. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 45:101490. [PMID: 34294534 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a risk factor for the development of microbial keratitis and corneal infiltrates in contact lens (CL) wearers. It is still unknown if this risk is directly associated with the presence of nicotine in the eye and if adherence of nicotine on the CL can enhance these effects. A better understanding of the interaction between nicotine and CL materials could offer insights to explain this risk associated with smoking. The aim of this work was to compare the affinity of nicotine to different soft CL materials. CLs from FDA groups I, II, IV, and V were incubated in a 2-mM nicotine solution for 24 h and then in a 0.9% saline solution for the next 24 h. The amount of absorbed and released nicotine per CL was deduced as a function of time (t) by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and normalised to the mass of the hydrated CL. The data were described by the equation y = b -a t-1, where a and b are constants, and b represents the mass reached at the plateau after ~ 10 min of exposure. Groups IV and V displayed the highest (0.80 ± 0.09 µg) and lowest (0.27 ± 0.08 µg) nicotine absorption per mg of hydrated CL, respectively. The CL affinity for nicotine could be ascribed to the interaction between the positive charge of nicotine pyrrolidine nitrogen and the negative charges of the CLs, especially for the ionic IV group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Miglio
- University of Milano Bicocca, Materials Science Department, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; University of Milano Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Ponzini
- University of Milano Bicocca, Materials Science Department, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; University of Milano Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Zeri
- University of Milano Bicocca, Materials Science Department, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; University of Milano Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Alessandro Borghesi
- University of Milano Bicocca, Materials Science Department, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; University of Milano Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- University of Milano Bicocca, Materials Science Department, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; University of Milano Bicocca, COMiB Research Center, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
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Kaur N, Rahim JU, Rai R, Chopra HK. Synthesis and Application of (
S
)‐Nicotine‐Based Chiral Ionic Liquids in Enantiomeric Recognition by Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmaljeet Kaur
- Chemistry Department Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal 148106, Distt. Sangrur Punjab India
| | - Junaid Ur Rahim
- Medicinal Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road Jammu India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002- India
| | - Rajkishore Rai
- Medicinal Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road Jammu India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002- India
| | - Harish Kumar Chopra
- Chemistry Department Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal 148106, Distt. Sangrur Punjab India
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8
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CU(II) Complex with Nicotine and Carcinogenicity of Raw Medical Tobacco. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mamun MSA, Tanaka Y, Waizumi H, Takaoka T, Wang Z, Alam MI, Ando A, Fukuyama M, Hibara A, Komeda T. Microfluidic tank assisted nicotine sensing property of field effect transistor composed of an atomically thin MoS 2 channel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27724-27731. [PMID: 33242319 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05710j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the sensor behavior of a field effect transistor, the channel of which is made of atomically thin MoS2 layers, focusing on the interaction of the MoS2 channel with the solution containing target molecules. For this purpose, we made a newly designed device in which the mask covered the electrodes of the source and the drain in order to make the solution contact only with the channel. In addition, a micro-fluid tank was fabricated above the channel as a solution reservoir. We examined the FET properties of this device for the sensing of the nicotine molecule for the development of a detection system for this molecule in the human body under in vivo conditions. We detected the sensor behavior both for the drop-cast process and for the condition where the channel contacts with the solution. The drain-current vs. gate-voltage variation of the MoS2-FET with the attachment of the nicotine molecule was clearly observed for both cases. For the latter case, the threshold voltage shifted in the negative gate-voltage direction with the increase of the concentration of the nicotine in the solution. This can be explained by the electron transfer from the molecule to the MoS2 channel, which was further confirmed by analyzing the X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy together with the DFT calculation. The sensor can detect the variation of the nicotine concentration in the IPA solution by detecting the Vth change of the MoS2-FET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shamim Al Mamun
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 9808578, Japan
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Cunningham A, McAdam K, Thissen J, Digard H. The Evolving E-cigarette: Comparative Chemical Analyses of E-cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2020; 2:586674. [PMID: 35296117 PMCID: PMC8915913 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2020.586674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: E-cigarette designs, materials, and ingredients are continually evolving, with cotton wicks and diverse coil materials emerging as the popular components of atomisers. Another recent development is the use of nicotine salts in e-liquids to replicate the form of nicotine found in cigarette smoke, which may help cigarette smokers to transition to e-cigarettes. However, scientific understanding of the impact of such innovations on e-cigarette aerosol chemistry is limited. Methods: To address these knowledge gaps, we have conducted a comparative study analyzing relevant toxicant emissions from five e-cigarettes varying in wick, atomiser coil, and benzoic acid content and two tobacco cigarettes, quantifying 97 aerosol constituents and 84 smoke compounds, respectively. Our focus was the potential for benzoic acid in e-liquids and cotton wicks to form aerosol toxicants through thermal degradation reactions, and the potential for nickel-iron alloy coils to catalyze degradation of aerosol formers. In addition, we analyzed e-cigarette emissions for 19 flavor compounds, thermal decomposition products, and e-liquid contaminants that the FDA has recently proposed adding to the established list of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products. Results: Analyses for benzene and phenol showed no evidence of the thermal decomposition of benzoic acid in the e-cigarettes tested. Measurements of cotton decomposition products, such as carbonyls, hydrocarbons, aromatics, and PAHs, further indicated that cotton wicks can be used without thermal degradation in suitable e-cigarette designs. No evidence was found for enhanced thermal decomposition of propylene glycol or glycerol by the nickel-iron coil. Sixteen of the 19 FDA-proposed compounds were not detected in the e-cigarettes. Comparing toxicant emissions from e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes showed that levels of the nine WHO TobReg priority cigarette smoke toxicants were more than 99% lower in the aerosols from each of five e-cigarettes as compared with the commercial and reference cigarettes. Conclusions: Despite continuing evolution in design, components and ingredients, e-cigarettes continue to offer significantly lower toxicant exposure alternatives to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cunningham
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin McAdam
- McAdam Scientific Ltd., Eastleigh, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Thissen
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Digard
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Duell AK, Pankow JF, Peyton DH. Nicotine in tobacco product aerosols: 'It's déjà vu all over again'. Tob Control 2020; 29:656-662. [PMID: 31848312 PMCID: PMC7591799 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The distribution of nicotine among its free-base (fb) and protonated forms in aerosolised nicotine affects inhalability. It has been manipulated in tobacco smoke and now in electronic cigarettes by the use of acids to de-freebase nicotine and form 'nicotine salts'. METHODS Measurements on electronic cigarette fluids (e-liquids) were carried out to determine (1) the fraction of nicotine in the free-base form (αfb) and (2) the levels of organic acid(s) and nicotine. Samples included JUUL 'pods', 'look-a-like/knock-off' pods and some bottled 'nicotine salt' and 'non-salt' e-liquids. RESULTS αfb= 0.12 ±0.01 at 40°C (≈ 37°C) for 10 JUUL products, which contain benzoic acid; nicotine protonation is extensive but incomplete. DISCUSSION First-generation e-liquids have αfb ≈ 1. At cigarette-like total nicotine concentration (Nictot) values of ~60 mg/mL, e-liquid aerosol droplets with αfb≈ 1 are harsh upon inhalation. The design evolution for e-liquids has paralleled that for smoked tobacco, giving a 'déjà vu' trajectory for αfb. For 17th-century 'air-cured' tobacco, αfb in the smoke particles was likely ≥ 0.5. The product αfbNictot in the smoke particles was high. 'Flue-curing' retains higher levels of leaf sugars, which are precursors for organic acids in tobacco smoke, resulting in αfb ≈ 0.02 and lowered harshness. Some tobacco cigarette formulations/designs have been adjusted to restore some nicotine sensory 'kick/impact' with αfb≈ 0.1, as for Marlboro. Overall, for tobacco smoke, the de-freebasing trajectory was αfb ≥ 0.5 → ~0 →~0.1, as compared with αfb= ~1 →~0.1 for e-cigarettes. For JUUL, the result has been, perhaps, an optimised, flavoured nicotine delivery system. The design evolution for e-cigarettes has made them more effective as substitutes to get smokers off combustibles. However, this evolution has likely made e-cigarette products vastly more addictive for never-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Duell
- Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James F Pankow
- Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David H Peyton
- Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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12
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Mirani A, Maleknia L, Amirabadi A. Glassy carbon electrode modified with hybrid nanofibers containing carbon nanotubes trapped in chitosan for the voltammetric sensing of nicotine at biological pH. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:435504. [PMID: 32615549 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aba20e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, nicotine (NIC) was detected by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using a modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. To do this, the surface of the GC electrode was modified by hybrid nanofiber obtained from the electrospinning method. Hybrid nanofibers were produced through the dispersion of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT-COOH) as an inorganic component in the chitosan (CS) polymer matrix as an organic component. The nanofibers showed unique morphology and high surface area value. With the increase of functionalized carbon nanotube content in the nanofibers, the mean pore diameter and average nanofiber diameter increased. The electrochemical properties of nanofibers towards the sensing of NIC were investigated by the CV method. NIC was irreversibly reduced with the use of a CS/MWCNT-COOH electrode, a controlled process with two protons and two electrons. An oxidation signal at lower potential with higher current was obtained for NIC with the use of a polymer-modified electrode compared to a GC electrode. This was as a result of the electrocatalytic effect of the hybrid nanofibers due to the ability of carbon nanotubes to increase the rate of electron transfer. Under optimum conditions, the oxidation of NIC occurred at 0.82 eV with a pH of 7.4. The linear calibration curve was in the concentration range of 0.1-100 μM NIC (R 2 = 0.9987) with a detection limit of 30 nM. For 100 parallel 10 μM NIC diagnoses for five replicates, 97.2% with a standard deviation of 4.08 maintained their stability over the first cycle. This indicates that the CS/MWCNT-COOH electrode has excellent reproducibility and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mirani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Pankow JF, Duell AK, Peyton DH. Free-Base Nicotine Fraction α fb in Non-Aqueous versus Aqueous Solutions: Electronic Cigarette Fluids Without versus With Dilution with Water. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1729-1735. [PMID: 32255343 PMCID: PMC9968495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An important design aspect of electronic cigarettes ("e-cigarettes") is the nature of the acid/base chemistry in the e-liquid phase. E-liquids having formulations similar to those of early products are mixes of propylene glycol/glycerol (PG/GL) plus free-base (fb) nicotine and (usually) flavor chemicals that are either rather weak or non-acid/base actors in PG/GL. The fraction of nicotine in the fb form is denoted (αfb)e-liquid, with a possible range of 0 < (αfb)e-liquid < 1. For e-liquids of an early design, (αfb)e-liquid ≈ 1. Because e-cigarette aerosols high in fb nicotine are harsh upon inhalation, many commercial e-liquids now also contain variable levels of an acid additive (e.g., benzoic acid, levulinic acid, etc.) to protonate the nicotine and form dissolved "nicotine salts": (αfb)e-liquid values significantly less than 1 are now common. A framework is developed for predicting αfb values in a given medium based on the following: (1) acid/nicotine ratios and (2) overall acid + nicotine protonation constant (Koa) values. This framework is required for understanding (1) e-liquid design in regard to how acid additives affect (αfb)e-liquid values, and (2) why (αfb)e-liquid values cannot, in general, be measured by any method that involves significant dilution with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry Portland and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Portland, State University Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Anna K. Duell
- Department of Chemistry Portland, State University Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - David H. Peyton
- Department of Chemistry Portland, State University Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
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14
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Marlton SJP, McKinnon BI, Ucur B, Maccarone AT, Donald WA, Blanksby SJ, Trevitt AJ. Selecting and identifying gas-phase protonation isomers of nicotineH+ using combined laser, ion mobility and mass spectrometry techniques. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:453-475. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protonation isomers of gas-phase nicotineH+ are separated and assigned using a combination of FAIMS and UV photodissociation action spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boris Ucur
- School of Chemistry
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | | | | | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- School of Chemistry
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
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15
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McAdam K, Vas C, Kimpton H, Faizi A, Liu C, Porter A, Synnerdahl T, Karlsson P, Rodu B. Ethyl carbamate in Swedish and American smokeless tobacco products and some factors affecting its concentration. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:86. [PMID: 30043180 PMCID: PMC6057859 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are interested in comparing the levels of harmful or potentially harmful constituents in Swedish and American smokeless tobacco products (STPs). We report here the concentrations of the IARC Group 2 A (probable human) carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC) in seventy commercial STPs from the US and Sweden, representing 80-90% of the market share of the major STP categories in these countries. We also examine the effects of various additives, processing and storage conditions on EC concentrations in experimental snus samples. RESULTS EC was determined from aqueous extracts of the STPs using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). EC was undetectable (< 20 ng/g wet weight basis WWB) in 60% of the commercial STPs, including all the chewing tobacco (CT), dry snuff (DS), hard pellet (HP), soft pellet (SP), and plug products. Measurable levels of EC were found in 11/16 (69%) of the moist snuff (MS) samples (average 154 ng/g in those samples containing EC) and 19/32 (59%) of the Swedish snus samples (average 35 ng/g). For the experimental snus samples, EC was only observed in ethanol treated samples. EC concentrations increased significantly with ethanol concentrations (0-4%) and with storage time (up to 24 weeks) and temperature (8 °C vs 20 °C). EC concentrations were lower at lower pHs but were unaffected by adding nitrogenous precursors identified from food studies (citrulline and urea), increasing water content or by pasteurisation. Added EC was stable in the STP matrix, but evaporative losses were significant when samples were stored for several weeks in open containers at 8 °C. CONCLUSIONS EC was found in measurable amounts only in some moist STPs i.e. pasteurised Swedish snus and unpasteurised US MS; it is not a ubiquitous contaminant of STPs. The presence of ethanol contributed significantly to the presence of EC in experimental snus samples, more significantly at higher pH levels. Sample age also was a key determinant of EC content. In contrast, pasteurisation and fermentation do not appear to directly influence EC levels. Using published consumption rates and mouth level exposures, on average STP consumers are exposed to lower EC levels from STP use than from food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. McAdam
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - C. Vas
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - H. Kimpton
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - A. Faizi
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - C. Liu
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - A. Porter
- 3810 St. Antoine W, Montreal, QC H4C 1B4 Canada
| | - T. Synnerdahl
- Eurofins Food & Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, 531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - P. Karlsson
- Eurofins Food & Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, 531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - B. Rodu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Room 208, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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16
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Hellinghausen G, Lee JT, Weatherly CA, Lopez DA, Armstrong DW. Evaluation of nicotine in tobacco-free-nicotine commercial products. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:944-948. [PMID: 27943582 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a variety of new tobacco-free-nicotine, TFN, products have been commercialized as e-liquids. Tobacco-derived nicotine contains predominantly (S)-(-)-nicotine, whereas TFN products may not. The TFN products are said to be cleaner, purer substances, devoid of toxic components that come from the tobacco extraction process. A variety of commercial tobacco and TFN products were analyzed to identify the presence and composition of each nicotine enantiomer. A rapid and effective enantiomeric separation of nicotine has been developed using a modified macrocyclic glycopeptide bonded to superficially porous particles. The enantiomeric assay can be completed in <2 min with high resolution and accuracy using high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The results of this study suggest the need for pharmacological studies of (R)-(+)-nicotine, which is present in much greater quantities in commercial TFN products compared to commercial tobacco-derived products. Such studies are required by the FDA for new enantiomeric pharmacological products. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Hellinghausen
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Jauh T Lee
- AZYP, LLC. 611 Loch Chalet Ct, Arlington, TX, 76012, USA
| | - Choyce A Weatherly
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Diego A Lopez
- AZYP, LLC. 611 Loch Chalet Ct, Arlington, TX, 76012, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
- AZYP, LLC. 611 Loch Chalet Ct, Arlington, TX, 76012, USA
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17
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Pagliai M, Mancini G, Carnimeo I, De Mitri N, Barone V. Electronic absorption spectra of pyridine and nicotine in aqueous solution with a combined molecular dynamics and polarizable QM/MM approach. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:319-335. [PMID: 27910109 PMCID: PMC6680224 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The electronic absorption spectra of pyridine and nicotine in aqueous solution have been computed using a multistep approach. The computational protocol consists in studying the solute solvation with accurate molecular dynamics simulations, characterizing the hydrogen bond interactions, and calculating electronic transitions for a series of configurations extracted from the molecular dynamics trajectories with a polarizable QM/MM scheme based on the fluctuating charge model. Molecular dynamics simulations and electronic transition calculations have been performed on both pyridine and nicotine. Furthermore, the contributions of solute vibrational effect on electronic absorption spectra have been taken into account in the so called vertical gradient approximation. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Computational Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pagliai
- Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza dei Cavalieri 7PisaI‐56126Italy
| | | | - Ivan Carnimeo
- Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza dei Cavalieri 7PisaI‐56126Italy
- Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)via Morego 30GenovaI‐16163Italy
| | - Nicola De Mitri
- Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza dei Cavalieri 7PisaI‐56126Italy
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWU.K.
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza dei Cavalieri 7PisaI‐56126Italy
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18
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Bharadwaj S, Mitchell RJ, Qureshi A, Niazi JH. Toxicity evaluation of e-juice and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria responsive to specific cellular damages. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 90:53-60. [PMID: 27875752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarette) are widely used as an alternative to traditional cigarettes but their safety is not well established. Herein, we demonstrate and validate an analytical method to discriminate the deleterious effects of e-cigarette refills (e-juice) and soluble e-juice aerosol (SEA) by employing stress-specific bioluminescent recombinant bacterial cells (RBCs) as whole-cell biosensors. These RBCs carry luxCDABE-operon tightly controlled by promoters that specifically induced to DNA damage (recA), superoxide radicals (sodA), heavy metals (copA) and membrane damage (oprF). The responses of the RBCs following exposure to various concentrations of e-juice/SEA was recorded in real-time that showed dose-dependent stress specific-responses against both the e-juice and vaporized e-juice aerosols produced by the e-cigarette. We also established that high doses of e-juice (4-folds diluted) lead to cell death by repressing the cellular machinery responsible for repairing DNA-damage, superoxide toxicity, ion homeostasis and membrane damage. SEA also caused the cellular damages but the cells showed enhanced bioluminescence expression without significant growth inhibition, indicating that the cells activated their global defense system to repair these damages. DNA fragmentation assay also revealed the disintegration of total cellular DNA at sub-toxic doses of e-juice. Despite their state of matter, the e-juice and its aerosols induce cytotoxicity and alter normal cellular functions, respectively that raises concerns on use of e-cigarettes as alternative to traditional cigarette. The ability of RBCs in detecting both harmful effects and toxicity mechanisms provided a fundamental understanding of biological response to e-juice and aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mahalle 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Robert J Mitchell
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mahalle 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mahalle 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
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19
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Higham A, Rattray NJW, Dewhurst JA, Trivedi DK, Fowler SJ, Goodacre R, Singh D. Electronic cigarette exposure triggers neutrophil inflammatory responses. Respir Res 2016; 17:56. [PMID: 27184092 PMCID: PMC4869345 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is increasing and there is widespread perception that e-cigs are safe. E-cigs contain harmful chemicals; more research is needed to evaluate the safety of e-cig use. Our aim was to investigate the effects of e-cigs on the inflammatory response of human neutrophils. Methods Neutrophils were exposed to e-cig vapour extract (ECVE) and the expression of CD11b and CD66b was measured by flow cytometry and MMP-9 and CXCL8 by ELISA. We also measured the activity of neutrophil elastase (NE) and MMP-9, along with the activation of inflammatory signalling pathways. Finally we analysed the biochemical composition of ECVE by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Results ECVE caused an increase in the expression of CD11b and CD66b, and increased the release of MMP-9 and CXCL8. Furthermore, there was an increase in NE and MMP-9 activity and an increase in p38 MAPK activation. We also identified several harmful chemicals in ECVE, including known carcinogens. Conclusions ECVE causes a pro-inflammatory response from human neutrophils. This raises concerns over the safety of e-cig use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0368-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Higham
- Manchester Academic Health and Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Centre for Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer A Dewhurst
- Manchester Academic Health and Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Centre for Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Drupad K Trivedi
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Manchester Academic Health and Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Centre for Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- Manchester Academic Health and Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Centre for Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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20
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Jing Y, Lin E, Su X, Liu Y, Li H, Yuan X, Ping L, Fan Y. Electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles on poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) functionalized reduced graphene oxide sheets for voltammetric determination of nicotine in tobacco products and anti-smoking pharmaceuticals. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03399g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for nicotine detection based on a novel PDDA-RGO/Au nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Jing
- College of Tobacco Science
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Erge Lin
- College of Tobacco Science
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Xinhong Su
- Research Institute of Henan Tobacco Corporation
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Zhengzhou Branch of Henan Tobacco Corporation
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Huaiqi Li
- Technology Center of Chinese Tobacco Industrial Company of Henan
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Xiuxiu Yuan
- College of Tobacco Science
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Lu Ping
- Technology Center of Chinese Tobacco Industrial Company of Henan
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Yikuan Fan
- Research Institute of Henan Tobacco Corporation
- Zhengzhou
- China
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21
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Tassew Z, Chandravanshi BS. Levels of nicotine in Ethiopian tobacco leaves. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:649. [PMID: 26543783 PMCID: PMC4628019 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco is a valuable cash crop. It is the most widely grown non-food crop in the world. Tobacco use is widespread due to its addictive nature of its main constituent nicotine. Therefore, the knowledge of nicotine level in tobacco is important to tobacco industry and in the area of toxicology to control its harmful effect on health. There is no report in the literature on nicotine level of Ethiopian raw (unprocessed) tobacco leaves. Hence, the objective of this study is to determine the levels of nicotine in the Ethiopian tobacco leaves. Samples were collected based on their leaves positions, species and place of cultivation from different regions of Ethiopia. These were Virginia type tobacco from Shewa Robit and Billate, Burley and Oriental types of tobacco from Awassa and native tobacco used as pipe smoking (Gaya) from Wollayita. The level of nicotine in four different varieties of Ethiopian tobacco leaves was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The level of nicotine in the four different varieties of Ethiopian tobacco were Virginia tobacco (3.26 %), the native tobacco ‘Gaya’ (1.10 %), Burley tobacco (0.650 %), and Oriental tobacco leaves (≤0.0500 %). It was found that the nicotine level of Ethiopian Virginia tobacco leaves increases from bottom to top leaf (stalk) positions of the tobacco plant. It was also found that the nicotine level of Ethiopian tobacco leaves varies in different species and the nicotine level of the same tobacco species differ in different area of cultivation. In general, the level of nicotine in Ethiopian tobacco is comparable with that in the rest of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebasil Tassew
- Quality Control Department, Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Sh. Co. (Epharm), P.O. Box 2457, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bhagwan Singh Chandravanshi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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22
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Egidi F, Segado M, Koch H, Cappelli C, Barone V. A benchmark study of electronic excitation energies, transition moments, and excited-state energy gradients on the nicotine molecule. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:224114. [PMID: 25494739 DOI: 10.1063/1.4903307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report a comparative study of computed excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and excited-state energy gradients of (S)-nicotine, chosen as a test case, using multireference methods, coupled cluster singles and doubles, and methods based on time-dependent density functional theory. This system was chosen because its apparent simplicity hides a complex electronic structure, as several different types of valence excitations are possible, including n-π(*), π-π(*), and charge-transfer states, and in order to simulate its spectrum it is necessary to describe all of them consistently well by the chosen method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Egidi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7 I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mireia Segado
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7 I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Chiara Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi, 3 I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7 I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Oliveira OM, Brunetti IL, Khalil NM. Nicotine-enhanced oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and its components by myeloperoxidase/H2O2/Cl- system. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:183-92. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of nicotine on the LDL oxidation by the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system and the effect of HOCl on LDL and some of its components, such as methyl linoleate, vitamin E and the amino acid tryptophan were explored. Nicotine, in micromolar concentrations, enhanced the tryptophan oxidation, either present in LDL or free, in solution. Nicotine also decreased the formation of conjugated dienes and oxygen consumption in a methyl linoleate / HOCl system, and there was evidence to suggest an increase in chlorohydrin formation. Acceleration of the vitamin E oxidation by HOCl was also observed in the presence of nicotine. These data show that the interaction of nicotine and HOCl can promote significant biochemical modifications in LDL particle and some of its components involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and other diseases.
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24
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Egidi F, Russo R, Carnimeo I, D'Urso A, Mancini G, Cappelli C. The electronic circular dichroism of nicotine in aqueous solution: a test case for continuum and mixed explicit-continuum solvation approaches. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5396-404. [PMID: 25568940 DOI: 10.1021/jp510542x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we extend an integrated QM/MM/polarizable continuum model (PCM) method, which combines a fluctuating charge (FQ) approach to the MM polarization with the PCM, to describe electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of systems in aqueous solution. The main features of the approach are presented, and then applications to the UV and ECD spectra of neutral (S)-nicotine in aqueous solution are reported. The performance of the QM/FQ/PCM is compared with that of the PCM against newly measured UV ECD spectra, which are in agreement with previous findings. The inclusion of specific solvation effects via the QM/FQ/PCM method leads to an improvement in the calculated spectra compared to the experimental findings, though the pure PCM results are still qualitatively correct and are a useful tool for the characterization of the states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Egidi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.,Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Russo
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.,Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ivan Carnimeo
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.,Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Urso
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.,Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giordano Mancini
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.,Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.,Compunet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Gees M, Alpizar YA, Luyten T, Parys JB, Nilius B, Bultynck G, Voets T, Talavera K. Differential Effects of Bitter Compounds on the Taste Transduction Channels TRPM5 and IP3 Receptor Type 3. Chem Senses 2014; 39:295-311. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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