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Hong T, Park J, Park H, An G, Lee H, Song G, Lim W. Exposure to acifluorfen induces developmental toxicity in the early life stage of zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109909. [PMID: 38570177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Acifluorfen, a selective herbicide from the diphenyl ether family, targets broad leaf weeds. Diphenyl ether inhibits chlorophyll production in green plants by inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), causing cellular damage. Despite its known impacts on plants, the influence of acifluorfen on zebrafish embryo development remains unclear. In this study, we explored the LC50 of acifluorfen in early-stage wild-type zebrafish, determining it to be 54.99 mg/L. Subsequent examinations revealed morphological changes in zebrafish, including reduced body length. Using the cmlc2:dsRED transgenic model, we observed heart dysfunction in acifluorfen-exposed zebrafish, marked by an enlarged heart area, edema, and decreased heart rate. In response to dose-dependent acifluorfen exposure, the inhibition of angiogenesis in the brain was observed in transgenic zebrafish models (fli1a:eGFP). Organ malformations, specifically in the liver and pancreas, were noted, in lfabp:dsRED;elastase:eGFP transgenic models, indicating reduced organ size in acifluorfen-exposed zebrafish. Furthermore, acifluorfen heightened the expression of apoptosis-related genes (casp8, casp9, and tp53) in zebrafish embryos. We then determined whether acifluorfen affected the viability of zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells based on its effects on liver development in vivo. The results indicated that the proliferation of ZFL cells decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, acifluorfen-treated ZFL cells exhibited a slight increase in apoptotic cells stained with annexin V and propidium iodide. In summary, these findings establish a baseline concentration for acifluorfen's effects on aquatic ecosystems and non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wang F, Gao J, Chen L, Zhou Z, Liu D, Wang P. Enantioselective bioaccumulation and metabolism of lactofen in zebrafish Danio rerio and combined effects with its metabolites. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:443-452. [PMID: 30245221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residue in agricultural land might led to contamination of fresh waters, creating potential risks to organisms. The environmental behavior of herbicide lactofen may be enantioselective and the metabolites may have high toxic effects in individual or in combination. In this work, the enantioselective bioaccumulation, metabolism and toxic effects of lactofen and three metabolites (desethyl lactofen, acifluorfene, and amino acifluorfene) in zebrafish were investigated. The antioxidase activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase), lipid peroxidation content were measured after exposure, and genetic toxicity was evaluated by a micronucleus test. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) method was used to determine the effects of the lactofen and its metabolites as well as their combinations. The metabolites were found to have higher toxic effects, and enantioselective toxic effects of lactofen and desethyl lactofen were observed, with the S-enantiomer more toxic. Based on IBR values, synergistic effects existed in combination of lactofen and desethyl lactofen, while antagonistic effects of lactofen with acifluorfene or amino acifluorfene were observed. Zebrafish were exposed to 0.5 mg L-1 lactofen and the bioaccumulation were measured during a 15 d period followed by a 7 d elimination. The half-lives of the metabolites varied between 0.66 and 5.21 d, with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in the range of 39-120. The metabolic pathways of R- and S-lactofen were found to be significantly different. The results supported our hypothesis. Therefore, the assessment of enantiomers and metabolites in individual or in combination should be taken into consideration in evaluating chiral pesticide risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jing Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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3
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Xu C, Lin X, Yin S, Zhao L, Liu Y, Liu K, Li F, Yang F, Liu W. Enantioselectivity in biotransformation and bioaccumulation processes of typical chiral contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1274-1286. [PMID: 30268979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a critical topic in the medicinal and agrochemical fields. One quarter of all agrochemicals was chiral in 1996, and this proportion has increased remarkably with the introduction of new compounds over time. Despite scientists have made great efforts to probe the enantiomeric selectivity of chiral chemicals in the environment since early 1990s, the different behaviours of individual enantiomers in biologically mediated processes are still unclear. In the present review, we highlight state-of-the-knowledge on the stereoselective biotransformation and accumulation of chiral contaminants in organisms ranging from invertebrates to humans. Chiral insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pharmaceuticals, flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are all included in the target compounds. Key findings included: a) Changes in the enantiomeric fractions in vitro and in vivo models revealed that enantioselectivity commonly occurs in biotransformation and bioaccumulation. b) Emerging contaminants have become more important in the field of enantioselectivity together with their metabolites in biological transformation process. c) Chiral signatures have also been regarded as powerful tools for tracking pollution sources when the contribution of precursor is unknown. Future studies are needed in order to understand not only preliminary enrichment results but also detailed molecular mechanisms in diverse models to comprehensively understand the behaviours of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xinmeng Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingxue Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Fang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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4
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Xie J, Zhao L, Liu K, Guo F, Chen Z, Liu W. Enantiomeric characterization of herbicide lactofen: Enantioseparation, absolute configuration assignment and enantioselective activity and toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:351-357. [PMID: 29149711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chiral herbicides consist of two or more enantiomers, which usually differ in their biological properties and behave enantioselectively in biochemical process. Scant studies have been published in the past decades to characterize the enantiomers of herbicide lactofen. In this study, a laboratory method was developed to prepare the lactofen enantiomers using normal phase high performance liquid chromatography with an AD-H column, and μg level production yield was achieved in a single run. The two separated enantiomers had purity of ≫99%, with their absolute configurations assigned by experimental and calculated electronic and vibrational circular dichroism. Spectral analyses including semi-empirical rules as well as comparisons with the results of quantum chemical calculations confirmed the molecular configurations of R-lactofen and S-lactofen, in this elution order. The enantioselective bioactivity toward weed (Echinochloa crusgalli) and toxicity toward aquatic algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) was assessed by measuring their growth rates after the treatments with lactofen enantiomers and racemate. The results showed that R-lactofen affected E. crusgalli more severely, while S-lactofen was more toxic to algae. Using active enantiomer instead of racemate may be more efficient and safe. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of the behaviors of chiral enantiomers is a need to improve activity and risk assessment and regulations of chiral compounds. Our work will be helpful to easily prepare single enantiomers from racemic mixtures and to establish effective absolute configurations of the enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
| | - Fangjie Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zunwei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Veterinary Integrative Bioscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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5
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Zhang J, Lu L, Chen F, Chen L, Yin J, Huang X. Detoxification of diphenyl ether herbicide lactofen by Bacillus sp. Za and enantioselective characteristics of an esterase gene lacE. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 341:336-345. [PMID: 28802244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial strain Za capable of degrading diphenyl ether herbicide lactofen was isolated and identified as Bacillus sp. This strain could degrade 94.8% of 50mgL-1 lactofen after 4days of inoculation in flasks. It was revealed that lactofen was initially hydrolyzed to desethyl lactofen, which was further transformed to acifluorfen, followed by the reduction of the nitro group to yield aminoacifluorfen. The phytotoxicity of the transformed product aminoacifluorfen to maize was decreased significantly compared with the lactofen. A gene lacE, encoding an esterase responsible for lactofen hydrolysis to desethyl lactofen and acifluorfen continuously, was cloned from Bacillus sp. Za. The deduced amino acid belonging to the esterase family VII contained a typical Ser-His-Asp/Glu catalytic triad and the conserved motifs GXSXG. The purified recombinant protein LacE displayed maximal esterase activity at 40°C and pH 7.0. Additionally, LacE had broad substrate specificity and was capable of hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl esters. The enantioselectivity of LacE during lactofen degradation was further studied, and the results indicated that the (S)-(+)-lactofen was degraded faster than the (R)-(-)-lactofen, which could illustrate the reported phenomenon that (S)-(+)-lactofen was preferentially degraded in soil and sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Luyao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingang Yin
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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6
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Metabolism studies of chiral pesticides: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:89-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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Wang F, Yi X, Qu H, Chen L, Liu D, Wang P, Zhou Z. Enantioselective accumulation, metabolism and phytoremediation of lactofen by aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:186-192. [PMID: 28550805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are frequently detected in water bodies due to the agricultural application, which may pose impacts on aquatic organisms. The enantioselective bioaccumulation and metabolism of the herbicide lactofen in aquatic floating macrophyte Lemna minor (L. minor) were studied and the potential L. minor phytoremediation was investigated. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-MS) analysis for lactofen and its two known metabolites in L. minor was performed. The initial concentrations of racemic lactofen, R-lactofen and S-lactofen were all 30μgL-1 in the growth solution. The distribution of lactofen and its metabolites in growth solution and L. minor was determined throughout a 5-d laboratory trial. It was observed that S-lactofen was preferentially taken up and metabolized in L. minor. After rac-lactofen exposure, the accumulation amount of S-lactofen was approximately 3-fold more than that of R-lactofen in L. minor and the metabolism rate of S-lactofen (T1/2=0.92 d) was significantly faster than R-lactofen (T1/2=1.55 d). L. minor could only slightly accelerate the metabolism and removal of lactofen in the growth solution. As for the metabolites, desethyl lactofen was found to be the major metabolite in L. minor and the growth solution, whereas the metabolite acifluorfene was undetectable. No interconversion of the two enantiomers was observed after individual enantiomer exposure, indicating they were configurationally stable. The findings of this work represented that the accumulation and metabolism of lactofen in L. minor were enantioselective, and L. minor had limited capacity for the removal of lactofen and its metabolite in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Yi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Han Qu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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8
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Wang F, Liu D, Qu H, Chen L, Zhou Z, Wang P. A full evaluation for the enantiomeric impacts of lactofen and its metabolites on aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:55-63. [PMID: 27258616 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide pollution of surface water represents a considerable danger for the aquatic plants which play very crucial roles in aquatic system such as oxygen production, nutrient cycling, water quality controlling and sediment stabilization. In this work, the toxic effects of the chiral herbicide lactofen and its three metabolites (desethyl lactofen, acifluorfene and amino acifluorfene) to the aquatic plant Lemna minor (L. minor) on enantiomeric level were evaluated. The influences on growth rate, fresh weight, content of photosynthetic pigment, protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of antioxidant defense enzymes (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were measured after 7 days of exposure. L. minor growth was inhibited in the order of (S)-desethyl lactofen > racemic-desethyl lactofen > (R)-desethyl lactofen > racemic-lactofen > (S)-lactofen > (R)-lactofen > acifluorfene > amino acifluorfene, and the IC50 (7d) values showed desethyl lactofen was the most powerful compound which was about twice as toxic as lactofen. The contents of chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) were significantly reduced by the chemicals, while, the levels of protein, MDA and the activity of CAT and SOD enzymes increased in most cases. The obtained results revealed that lactofen and its metabolites had an undesirable effect on L. minor, in terms of physiological and biochemical aspects. Besides, enantioselective toxicity of lactofen and desethyl lactofen to L. minor was observed. The S-enantiomer of desethyl lactofen was more toxic than the corresponding R-enantiomer. Furthermore, racemic lactofen was more toxic than the individual enantiomers. The side effects of pesticide metabolites and the enantioselectivity should be considered in developing optically pure products and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Han Qu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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9
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Wang X, Zhu W, Qiu J, Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Enantioselective metabolism and toxic effects of metalaxyl on primary hepatocytes from rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18649-18656. [PMID: 27306210 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomers of chiral compounds often exhibit enantioselective adverse effects and biochemical processes in non-target organisms. In this study, enantioselective metabolism and toxic effects of metalaxyl enantiomers on primary rat hepatocytes were investigated. Stereoselectivity was observed on both degradation of metalaxyl and formation of metabolites. (-)-R-metalaxyl eliminated faster than (+)-S-metalaxyl, while the hydroxylmetalaxyl, demethylmetalaxyl, and didemethylmetalaxyl metabolites derived from 50-μM (+)-S-metalaxyl after 24 h of incubation were approximately 1.57, 1.43, and 1.86 times more than that of (-)-R-metalaxyl, respectively. According to the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, the EC50 values (24 h) for rac-, (+)-S-, and (-)-R-metalaxyl were 1788.22, 2066.73, and 2263.71 μM, respectively. An accordant enantioselective effect on oxidative stress suggested that the enantioselective cytotoxicity induced by metalaxyl enantiomers may partly contribute to enantioselective oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Such results could be of great importance for credible environmental and toxicological risk assessment of metalaxyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and SafetyBeijing, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Zhu W, Qiu J, Wang X, Zhang P, Yan J, Zhou Z. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism after exposure to hexaconazole and the enantioselective metabolism of hexaconazole in rat hepatocytes in vitro. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 295:9-16. [PMID: 25863579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the enantioselective metabolism, cytotoxicity of hexaconazole and its influence on tryptophan metabolism in rat hepatocytes in vitro were investigated. Following the exposure of primary rat hepatocytes to rac-hexaconazole, the concentrations of its enantiomers in the media were determined by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The half-lives (t1/2) of (+)-hexaconazole and (-)-hexaconazole were 5.17 h and 19.80 h, respectively, indicating that the metabolic process was enantioselective with (-)-hexaconazole enrichment. Using the MTT method, the EC50 values of rac-hexaconazole, (+)-hexaconazole and (-)-hexaconazole after 12h of exposure were determined to be 71.62, 62.71 and 67.94 μM, respectively. Tryptophan metabolism was monitored using metabolomics profiling techniques. Hexaconazole and its enantiomers caused the down-regulation of tryptophan levels and the up-regulation of kynurenine (KYN) levels, suggesting a role for hexaconazole in the activation of the KYN pathway and providing information for the mechanism of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Cheng C, Huang L, Ma R, Zhou Z, Diao J. Enantioselective toxicity of lactofen and its metabolites in Scenedesmus obliquus. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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