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Ibuprofen: Toxicology and Biodegradation of an Emerging Contaminant. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052097. [PMID: 36903343 PMCID: PMC10004696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen is considered to be an emerging contaminant because of its presence in different environments (from water bodies to soils) at concentrations with adverse effects on aquatic organisms due to cytotoxic and genotoxic damage, high oxidative cell stress, and detrimental effects on growth, reproduction, and behavior. Because of its high human consumption rate and low environmental degradation rate, ibuprofen represents an emerging environmental problem. Ibuprofen enters the environment from different sources and accumulates in natural environmental matrices. The problem of drugs, particularly ibuprofen, as contaminants is complicated because few strategies consider them or apply successful technologies to remove them in a controlled and efficient manner. In several countries, ibuprofen's entry into the environment is an unattended contamination problem. It is a concern for our environmental health system that requires more attention. Due to its physicochemical characteristics, ibuprofen degradation is difficult in the environment or by microorganisms. There are experimental studies that are currently focused on the problem of drugs as potential environmental contaminants. However, these studies are insufficient to address this ecological issue worldwide. This review focuses on deepening and updating the information concerning ibuprofen as a potential emerging environmental contaminant and the potential for using bacteria for its biodegradation as an alternative technology.
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Bourgeois ZM, Comfort J, Schultz M, Challis JK, Cantin J, Ji X, Giesy JP, Brinkmann M. Predicting Hepatic Clearance of Psychotropic Drugs in Isolated Perfused Fish Livers Using a Combination of Two In Vitro Assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15839-15847. [PMID: 36268931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation assays with primary trout hepatocytes (RT-HEP) or liver subcellular fractions (RT-S9) have been proposed as valuable tools to help scientists and regulators better understand the toxicokinetics of chemicals. While both assays have been applied successfully to a diversity of neutral organic chemicals, only the RT-S9 assay has been applied to a large number of ionizable organic chemicals. Here, a combination of an in vitro biotransformation assay with RT-HEP with an active transport assay based on the permanent rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1 was used to qualitatively predict the potential hepatic clearance of nine psychotropic drugs with various degrees of ionization. Predictions were compared with rates of clearance measured in isolated perfused rainbow trout livers, and the importance of active transport was verified in the presence of the active transport inhibitor cyclosporin A. For the first time, it was demonstrated that a combination of biotransformation and active transport assays is powerful for the prediction of rates of hepatic clearance of ionizable chemicals. Ultimately, it is expected that this approach will allow for use of fewer animals while at the same time improving our confidence in the use of data from in vitro assays in chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey M Bourgeois
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jordan Comfort
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Matthew Schultz
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Challis
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jenna Cantin
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Pl, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5C8, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 97266 One Bear Place, Waco, Texas76798, United States
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Pl, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 5C8, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 3H5, Canada
- Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, 121 Research Dr, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanS7N 1K2, Canada
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Cui F, Zhu Y, Di S, Wang X, Zhang Y, Chai T. Toxicological Study on Chiral Fluoxetine Exposure to Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio): Enantioselective and Sexual Mechanism on Disruption of the Brain Serotonergic System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7479-7490. [PMID: 34002605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of people with depression worldwide has led to concerns regarding antidepressant contamination in aquatic environments, which could have the risk of negative effects on aquatic organisms. Chirality increases its toxicity potentials. Accordingly, we investigated the negative effects of racemic (rac-), R-, and S-FX at environmental levels (100 ng/L) on the brain serotonergic system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) for 42 days. Additionally, we measured the whole-body concentrations of FX and norfluoxetine (NFX). We found that S-FX exposure disrupted the brain serotonergic system more severely than rac- and R-FX exposure. The mechanism underlying this disruption induced by S-FX was sex-specific, with female zebrafish showing disruption of the serotonin (5-HT) release process but male zebrafish showing disruption of the 5-HT synthesis process. In addition, enantioselective enrichment and biotransformation (R-FX to R-NFX and S-FX to S-NFX) occurred in zebrafish. Sex-specific accumulation was also observed, with higher concentrations in females. Our study provides evidence for enantiomer- and sex-specific effects of FX exposure at biologically relevant concentrations. More broadly, our study demonstrated that SSRI antidepressants, such as FX, can affect aquatic life by causing important shifts in not only their active sites of the serotonin transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Pesticide, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yunlong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Tingting Chai
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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Chai T, Cui F, Di S, Wu S, Zhang Y, Wang X. New insights into cardiotoxicity induced by chiral fluoxetine at environmental-level: Enantioselective arrhythmia in developmental zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116182. [PMID: 33352483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is frequently detected in aquatic environment, and chronic FLX exposure exhibits adverse effects on aquatic communities. Its chirality makes the adverse effects more complicated. This study aimed at the enantioselective cardiotoxicity in developmental zebrafish induced by racemic (rac-)/S-/R-fluoxetine. The accumulation profiles demonstrated that biotransformation of fluoxetine to norfluoxetine occurred during rac-fluoxetine exposure, with a higher enrichment of S-norfluoxetine than R-norfluoxetine. Heart malformations including pericardial edema, circulation abnormalities, and thrombosis were observed, and enantioselective changes also occurred. According to H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining, the loose severity of cardiac structure and cardiac fibrosis in rac-norfluoxetine treated group was worse than that in fluoxetine treated groups. Results of toxicity-associated parameters in our homochiral enantiomers' exposure also indicated that the toxicity induced by S-fluoxetine was more severe than R-fluoxetine. Enantioselective arrhythmia in developmental zebrafish after chiral fluoxetine exposure could be caused by myocardial fibrosis, abnormal developmental processes, and the biotransformation of fluoxetine to norfluoxetine could make that worse. Our findings can be used to assess the environmental risk of the two enantiomers of fluoxetine that induce cardiotoxicity in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products / Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, PR China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products / Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Pesticide, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products / Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Shenggan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products / Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, PR China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products / Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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Yan Z, Zhang X, Bao X, Ling X, Yang H, Liu J, Lu G, Ji Y. Influence of dissolved organic matter on the accumulation, metabolite production and multi-biological effects of environmentally relevant fluoxetine in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105581. [PMID: 32717676 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a widely prescribed antidepressant that has been frequently detected in aquatic environments and is associated with a series of neurological, behavioural and neuroendocrine disruptions in nontarget organisms. However, studies on its effects in fish under realistic environmental conditions are still limited. In this study, we determined the influences of an environmentally relevant concentration of fluoxetine (100 ng/L) on crucian carp (Carassius auratus) in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Endpoints that were assessed included accumulation of fluoxetine and metabolite formation as well as related biological responses involving neurotransmission and metabolic processes. Fluoxetine was significantly bioconcentrated in the fish brain and liver and largely transformed to the active metabolite norfluoxetine. Brain neurotransmission processes related to serotonin and choline and liver metabolic status were simultaneously altered. DOM added at 1 mg/L had no effect on the accumulation of fluoxetine or its metabolites in different tissues of the fish. However, at 10 mg/L DOM facilitated fluoxetine and norfluoxetine accumulation in the liver, brain, kidney, gill and bile tissues of the fish. The neuroendocrine-disrupting effects on fish caused by fluoxetine were also enhanced by the co-addition of DOM at 10 mg/L. Binding with fluoxetine and the inhibition of metabolic functions caused by DOM may be responsible for this increase in effects. These findings imply that at high concentrations DOM can increase the toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiadong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xuhui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xin Ling
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Yong Ji
- School of Hydraulic and Ecological Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China
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Zindler F, Tisler S, Loerracher AK, Zwiener C, Braunbeck T. Norfluoxetine Is the Only Metabolite of Fluoxetine in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos That Accumulates at Environmentally Relevant Exposure Scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4200-4209. [PMID: 32167300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine has been recognized as one of the most toxic pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Since there is growing evidence that the toxic potential of fluoxetine in surface waters is markedly influenced by its own metabolism in aquatic species, this study investigated the biotransformation of fluoxetine in the zebrafish embryo - an aquatic model organism of intermediate complexity. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, and 5000 μg/L of fluoxetine from 48 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf), and the accumulation of fluoxetine and its metabolites was analyzed over time. Additionally, depuration of fluoxetine and its metabolites from 96 to 120 hpf was investigated, and autoinhibitory effects of fluoxetine on phase I biotransformation were analyzed. Exposure to 5000 μg/L fluoxetine resulted in elevated 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes and continuous accumulation of fluoxetine and 11 fluoxetine metabolites. Embryos exposed to 10 and 50 μg/L fluoxetine were able to reduce fluoxetine accumulation from 94 to 120 hpf. During depuration, accumulation of fluoxetine and most metabolites was clearly reduced, and biotransformation shifted in favor of norfluoxetine, the primary fluoxetine metabolite in humans. Findings demonstrated that norfluoxetine is the only metabolite of fluoxetine that accumulates in zebrafish embryos at environmentally relevant exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zindler
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Selina Tisler
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Loerracher
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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7
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Jeon J, Hollender J. In vitro biotransformation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides by trout liver S9 in the presence and absence of carbamazepine. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109513. [PMID: 31421535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop (i) a technique for identifying metabolites of organic contaminants by using an in vitro system of trout S9 and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-based identification method and (ii) to apply this technique to identify the interactive potential of carbamazepine on the formation rate of other metabolites. The pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and propranolol and the pesticides azoxystrobin, diazinon, and fipronil were selected as test contaminants. As a result, a total of ten metabolites were identified for the five parent substances, six of which were confirmed using reference standards. Metabolic reactions included hydroxylation, epoxidation, S-oxidation, and dealkylation. The metabolic transformation rate ranged from 0.2 to 3.5 pmol/mg protein/min/μmol substrate. In the binary exposure experiment with increasing carbamazepine concentration, the formation rates of diazinon and fipronil metabolites (MDI2 and MFP2, respectively) increased, while formation of metabolites of propranolol and azoxystrobin (MPR1, MPR2, MPR3, and MAZ1) slowed down. Meanwhile, S9 pre-exposed to carbamazepine produced diazoxon, a toxic metabolite of diazinon, and pyrimidinol, a less toxic metabolite, more rapidly. These results suggest that carbamazepine, a perennial environmental pollutant, might modulate the toxicity of other substances such as diazinon but further in vivo studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Pan C, Yang M, Xu H, Xu B, Jiang L, Wu M. Tissue bioconcentration and effects of fluoxetine in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and red crucian cap (Carassius auratus) after short-term and long-term exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:8-14. [PMID: 29679789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetion (FLU) is an antidepressant pharmaceutical most commonly detected in the aquatic environment. The present study aims to elucidate the tissue accumulation and effects of FLU using two different fish models. First, the multiple effects and the FLU levels in fish, were examined in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to FLU concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 μg/L) from 4 h post-fertilization (hpf) until 120 hpf. Exposure to FLU accelerated heart rates, postponed hatching time, and increased swimming speed of fish. A dynamic response of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also displayed in the fish. Second, a 30-day exposure experiment using red crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was performed, and it found that the concentration of FLU in fish organs increased with increasing water concentrations, but the highest FLU bioconcentration was present in the lowest FLU exposure group (0.1 μg/L). Finally, 6 days of exposure to 0.1 μg/L of FLU followed by a 6-day clearance experiment was performed with both adult zebrafish and red crucian carp. The FLU levels in different fish organs increased as exposure time increased, but they sharply declined following the 6-day clearance. Correspondingly, the changes in brain AChE activity and in antioxidant parameters in the liver were consistent with the FLU levels in the fish organs. Our study provides fundamental data on the tissue accumulation and concentration-dependent effects in fish exposed to fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China; Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China.
| | - Hai Xu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bentuo Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China.
| | - Lihui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China.
| | - Minghong Wu
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Chen Y, Hermens JLM, Jonker MTO, Arnot JA, Armitage JM, Brown T, Nichols JW, Fay KA, Droge STJ. Which Molecular Features Affect the Intrinsic Hepatic Clearance Rate of Ionizable Organic Chemicals in Fish? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12722-12731. [PMID: 27934284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Greater knowledge of biotransformation rates for ionizable organic compounds (IOCs) in fish is required to properly assess the bioaccumulation potential of many environmentally relevant contaminants. In this study, we measured in vitro hepatic clearance rates for 50 IOCs using a pooled batch of liver S9 fractions isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The IOCs included four types of strongly ionized acids (carboxylates, phenolates, sulfonates, and sulfates), three types of strongly ionized bases (primary, secondary, tertiary amines), and a pair of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Included in this test set were several surfactants and a series of beta-blockers. For linear alkyl chain IOC analogues, biotransformation enzymes appeared to act directly on the charged terminal group, with the highest clearance rates for tertiary amines and sulfates and no clearance of QACs. Clearance rates for C12-IOCs were higher than those for C8-IOC analogues. Several analogue series with multiple alkyl chains, branched alkyl chains, aromatic rings, and nonaromatic rings were evaluated. The likelihood of multiple reaction pathways made it difficult to relate all differences in clearance to specific molecular features the tested IOCs. Future analysis of primary metabolites in the S9 assay is recommended to further elucidate biotransformation pathways for IOCs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht, 3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht, 3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht, 3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - Jon A Arnot
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting , Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
| | - James M Armitage
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting , Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
| | - Trevor Brown
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting , Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
| | - John W Nichols
- US Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - Kellie A Fay
- US Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht, 3508 TD, The Netherlands
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González-Mira A, Varó I, Solé M, Torreblanca A. Drugs of environmental concern modify Solea senegalensis physiology and biochemistry in a temperature-dependent manner. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20937-20951. [PMID: 27488709 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The alerted presence in recent decades of pharmaceuticals has become an issue of environmental concern, and most of the mechanisms of biotransformation and biochemical and physiological responses to them in fish are still unknown, as well as the influence of water temperature in their ability to cope with them. This study aims to detect the main effects of two of the most widespread drugs on a set of physiological and biochemical markers in Solea senegalensis. Sole juveniles acclimatized at 15 and 20 °C were administered an intraperitoneal injection of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IB; 10 mg/kg) and the anti-convulsant drug carbamazepine (CBZ; 1 mg/kg). Two days after the injection, liver, muscle and plasma were sampled. Liver enzymatic activities of 15 °C acclimated fish were more responsive to pharmaceuticals than those acclimated at 20 °C, especially for CYP450-related activities (7-ethoxyresorufin (EROD), 7-methoxyresorufin (MROD), 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin (CECOD) and 7-benzyloxy-4-[trifluoromethyl]-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD)) and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT). Cytosolic anti-oxidant enzyme activities and glutathione S-transferase (GST) did not show a clear effect of temperature. Glucose and transferase activities in plasma were not affected by the treatments, while ammonium, osmolality and lactate were affected by both pharmaceuticals. Plasma triglycerides were affected in a temperature-dependent manner, and creatinine was only responsive to CBZ injection. HSP70 levels in muscle were only affected by CBZ injection. Some of the physiological identified responses to IB and CBZ are proposed as endpoints in further chronic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Mira
- Departamento Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - I Varó
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - M Solé
- Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Torreblanca
- Departamento Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Franzellitti S, Buratti S, Du B, Haddad SP, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW, Fabbri E. A multibiomarker approach to explore interactive effects of propranolol and fluoxetine in marine mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:60-69. [PMID: 26017112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A multi-biomarker approach, including several lysosomal parameters, activity and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, and DNA damage, was employed to investigate the nominal effects of 0.3 ng/L fluoxetine (FX) and 0.3 ng/L propranolol (PROP) alone or in combination (0.3 ng/L FX + 0.3 ng/L PROP) on Mediterranean mussels after a 7 day treatment. FX co-exposure appears to facilitate PROP bioaccumulation because PROP only accumulated in digestive gland of FX + PROP treated mussels. Lysosomal parameters were significantly impaired by FX + PROP treatment, while no clear antioxidant responses at the catalytic and transcriptional levels were observed. Biomarker responses led to a "medium stress level" diagnosis in FX + PROP treated mussels, according to the Expert System, whereas 0.3 ng/L PROP or FX alone did not induce consistent stress conditions. These findings suggest vulnerability of coastal marine mussels to FX and PROP contamination at environmentally relevant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, via Selmi 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Sara Buratti
- University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Bowen Du
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Samuel P Haddad
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Elena Fabbri
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, via Selmi 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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Kristofco LA, Du B, Chambliss CK, Berninger JP, Brooks BW. Comparative pharmacology and toxicology of pharmaceuticals in the environment: diphenhydramine protection of diazinon toxicity in Danio rerio but not Daphnia magna. AAPS J 2015; 17:175-83. [PMID: 25331104 PMCID: PMC4287288 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern present unique challenges to environmental risk assessment and management. Fortunately, mammalian pharmacology and toxicology safety data are more readily available for pharmaceuticals than other environmental contaminants. Identifying approaches to read-across such pharmaceutical safety information to non-target species represents a major research need to assess environmental hazards. Here, we tested a biological read-across hypothesis from emergency medicine with common aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate models. In mammals, the antihistamine diphenhydramine (DPH) confers protection from poisoning by acetylcholinesterase inhibition because DPH blocks the acetylcholine receptor. We employed standardized toxicity methods to examine individual and mixture toxicity of DPH and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor diazinon (DZN) in Daphnia magna (an invertebrate) and Danio rerio (zebrafish, a vertebrate). Though the standardized Fish Embryo Toxicity method evaluates early life stage toxicity of zebrafish (0-3 days post fertilization, dpf), we further evaluated DPH, DZN, and their equipotent mixture during three development stages (0-3, 3-6, 7-10 dpf) in zebrafish embryos. Independent action and concentration addition mixture models and fish plasma modeling were used to assist interpretation of mixture toxicity experiments. Though our primary hypothesis was not confirmed in acute studies with Daphnia magna, DPH conferred a protective effect for acute DZN toxicity to zebrafish when DPH plasma levels were expected to be greater than mammalian therapeutic, but lower than acutely lethal, internal doses. We further observed that timing of developmental exposure influenced the magnitude of DZN and DPH toxicity to zebrafish, which suggests that future zebrafish toxicity studies with pharmaceuticals and pesticides should examine exposure during developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Kristofco
- />Department of Environmental Science, Waco, Texas USA
- />Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas USA
| | - Bowen Du
- />Department of Environmental Science, Waco, Texas USA
- />Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas USA
| | - C. Kevin Chambliss
- />Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas USA
- />Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas USA
| | - Jason P. Berninger
- />Department of Environmental Science, Waco, Texas USA
- />U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota USA
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- />Department of Environmental Science, Waco, Texas USA
- />Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas USA
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Ismail NS, Müller CE, Morgan RR, Luthy RG. Uptake of contaminants of emerging concern by the bivalves Anodonta californiensis and Corbicula fluminea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9211-9. [PMID: 25017714 DOI: 10.1021/es5011576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of seven contaminants regularly detected in surface waters and spanning a range of hydrophobicities (log D(ow) -1 to 5) was studied for two species of freshwater bivalves, the native mussel Anodonta californiensis and the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea. Batch systems were utilized to determine compound partitioning, and flow-through systems, comparable to environmental conditions in effluent dominated surface waters, were used to determine uptake and depuration kinetics. Uptake of compounds was independent of bivalve type. Log bioconcentration factor (BCF) values were correlated with log D(ow) for nonionized compounds with the highest BCF value obtained for triclocarban (TCC). TCC concentrations were reduced in the water column due to bivalve activity. Anionic compounds with low D(ow) values, i.e., clofibric acid and ibuprofen, were not removed from water, while the organic cation propranolol showed biouptake similar to that of TCC. Batch experiments supported compound uptake patterns observed in flow-through experiments. Contaminant removal from water was observed through accumulation in tissue or settling as excreted pseudofeces or feces. The outcomes of this study indicate the potential utility of bivalve augmentation to improve water quality by removing hydrophobic trace organic compounds found in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveen S Ismail
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Connors KA, Voutchkova-Kostal AM, Kostal J, Anastas P, Zimmerman JB, Brooks BW. Reducing aquatic hazards of industrial chemicals: probabilistic assessment of sustainable molecular design guidelines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1894-1902. [PMID: 24839109 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Basic toxicological information is lacking for the majority of industrial chemicals. In addition to increasing empirical toxicity data through additional testing, prospective computational approaches to drug development aim to serve as a rational basis for the design of chemicals with reduced toxicity. Recent work has resulted in the derivation of a "rule of 2," wherein chemicals with an octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) less than 2 and a difference between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and the highest occupied molecular orbital (ΔE) greater than 9 (log P<2 and ΔE >9 eV) are predicted to be 4 to 5 times less likely to elicit acute or chronic toxicity to model aquatic organisms. The present study examines potential reduction of aquatic toxicity hazards from industrial chemicals if these 2 molecular design guidelines were employed. Probabilistic hazard assessment approaches were used to model the likelihood of encountering industrial chemicals exceeding toxicological categories of concern both with and without the rule of 2. Modeling predicted that utilization of these molecular design guidelines for log P and ΔE would appreciably decrease the number of chemicals that would be designated to be of "high" and "very high" concern for acute and chronic toxicity to standard model aquatic organisms and end points as defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency. For example, 14.5% of chemicals were categorized as having high and very high acute toxicity to the fathead minnow model, whereas only 3.3% of chemicals conforming to the design guidelines were predicted to be in these categories. Considerations of specific chemical classes (e.g., aldehydes), chemical attributes (e.g., ionization), and adverse outcome pathways in representative species (e.g., receptor-mediated responses) could be used to derive future property guidelines for broader classes of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Connors
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Brooks BW. Fish on Prozac (and Zoloft): ten years later. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 151:61-7. [PMID: 24503458 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A decade has now passed since our research group initially reported several adverse effects of fluoxetine to aquatic organisms commonly employed for developing environmental quality criteria, evaluating whole effluent toxicity, and monitoring ambient toxicity of surface waters and sediments. Our subsequent observation of fluoxetine, sertraline and their active metabolites (norfluoxetine and desmethylsertraline, respectively) accumulating in muscle, liver and brain tissues of three different fish species from an effluent-dominated stream was termed "Fish on Prozac." Here I briefly review some scientific lessons learned from our study of antidepressants and the environment, including opportunities for research, management, environmental education and public outreach. Intrinsic chemical properties of antidepressants and other pharmaceuticals have afforded research in areas ranging from analytical chemistry and comparative pharmacology, to influences of ionization, chirality and adverse outcome pathways on hazard and risk assessment, and further promises to support sustainable molecular design of less hazardous chemicals. Using probabilistic hazard assessment and fish plasma modeling approaches, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants are predicted to result in therapeutic hazard to fish (internal fish plasma level equaling mammalian therapeutic dose) when exposed to water (inhalational) at or below 1μg/L, a common trigger value for environmental assessments. Though many questions remain unanswered, studies of antidepressants in urbanizing aquatic systems have provided, and will continue to develop, an advanced understanding of environmental hazards and risks from pharmaceuticals and other contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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