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Li C, He T, Yang X, Feng C, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Dong S, Shi Y, Wei Z, Jiao H, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang Z, Cheng X. Enhanced Circular Dichroism for Achiral Sensing Based on a DNA-Origami-Empowered Anapole Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9451-9458. [PMID: 38976602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been extensively utilized for detecting and distinguishing the chirality of diverse substances and structures. However, CD spectroscopy is inherently weak and conventionally associated with chiral sensing, thus constraining its range of applications. Here, we report a DNA-origami-empowered metasurface sensing platform through the collaborative effect of metasurfaces and DNA origami, enabling achiral/slightly chiral sensing with high sensitivity via the enhanced ΔCD. An anapole metasurface, boasting over 60 times the average optical chirality enhancement, was elaborately designed to synergize with reconfigurable DNA origami. We experimentally demonstrated the detection of achiral/slightly chiral DNA linker strands via the enhanced ΔCD of the proposed platform, whose sensitivity was a 10-fold enhancement compared with the platform without metasurfaces. Our work presents a high-sensitivity platform for achiral/slightly chiral sensing through chiral spectroscopy, expanding the capabilities of chiral spectroscopy and inspiring the integration of multifunctional artificial nanostructures across diverse domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Li
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao He
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhanyi Zhang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhu
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Siyu Dong
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zeyong Wei
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongfei Jiao
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huajie Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and Applications, Shanghai 200092, China
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Salido-Fortuna S, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML. Rapid enantiomeric separation of indacaterol by electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464696. [PMID: 38310699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The first chiral methodology enabling the separation of indacaterol enantiomers was developed in this work by cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Indacaterol (IND) is a chiral drug marketed as a pure enantiomer. Then, the separation and quantification of each enantiomer is of great importance for the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations. After selecting the most suitable chiral selector and background electrolyte, two Box-Behnken designs were achieved to optimize the electrophoretic conditions using two different approaches to shorten analysis times: i) decreasing the capillary length, or ii) performing a short-end injection. Indacaterol enantiomers were separated in less than 5 min with a resolution value of 3.6 under the optimal separation conditions: 0.7% (m/v) carboxymethyl-α-cyclodextrin in 50 mM sodium formate buffer (pH 4.0) and using a short-end injection. Then, the analytical characteristics of the method were evaluated and LODs of 0.05 mg/L for S-IND and 0.04 mg/L for R-IND were achieved. Also, the method allowed the detection of a 0.1% enantiomeric impurity (S-IND) in the R-IND-based pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method was applied to the analysis of two pharmaceutical formulations. Percentages of 97 ± 3% and 103 ± 6% of R-IND with respect to the labeled amounts were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Salido-Fortuna
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Ye L, Li J, Richter FU, Jahani Y, Lu R, Lee BR, Tseng ML, Altug H. Dielectric Tetramer Nanoresonators Supporting Strong Superchiral Fields for Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:4377-4384. [PMID: 38533249 PMCID: PMC10961839 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chirality (C) is a fundamental property of objects, in terms of symmetry. It is extremely important to sense and distinguish chiral molecules in the fields of biochemistry, science, and medicine. Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy, obtained from the differential absorption of left- and right- circularly polarized light (CPL) in the infrared range, is a promising technique for enantiomeric detection and separation. However, VCD signals are typically very weak for most small molecules. Dielectric metasurfaces are an emerging platform to enhance the sensitivity of VCD spectroscopy of chiral molecules via superchiral field manipulation. Here, we demonstrate a dielectric metasurface consisting of achiral germanium (Ge) tetramer nanoresonators that provide a proper and accessible high C enhancement (CE). We realize a maximum C enhancement (CE_max) with respect to the incident CPL (CE_max = Cmax/CRCP) of more than 750. The volume-averaged C enhancement (CE_ave = Cave/CRCP) is 148 in the 50 nm thick region above the sample surface and 215 in the central region of the structure. Especially, the corresponding CE_ave values are more than 89 and 183 even when a 50 nm thick chiral lossy molecular layer is coated on the metasurface. The metasurface benefits from geometrically achiral nanostructure design to eliminate intrinsic background chiral-optical signal from the substrate, which is useful in chiral sensing, enantioselectivity, and VCD spectroscopy applications in the mid-infrared range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfang Ye
- Institute
of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, School of Electronic Science and
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Institute
of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, School of Electronic Science and
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Felix Ulrich Richter
- Laboratory
of Bionanophotonic Systems, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yasaman Jahani
- Laboratory
of Bionanophotonic Systems, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Rui Lu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse,
School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Ray Lee
- Institute
of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming Lun Tseng
- Institute
of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hatice Altug
- Laboratory
of Bionanophotonic Systems, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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4
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Aredes RS, Lima IDP, Faillace AP, Madriaga VGC, Lima TDM, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC, Duarte LM. From capillaries to microchips, green electrophoretic features for enantiomeric separations: A decade review (2013-2022). Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1471-1518. [PMID: 37667860 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation by the electromigration-based method is well-established and widely discussed in the literature. Electrophoretic strategies have been used to baseline resolve complex enantiomeric mixtures, typically using a selector substance into the background electrolyte (BGE) from capillaries to microchips. Along with developing new materials/substances for enantioseparations, it is the concern about the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles for method development and application. This review article brings a last decade's update on the publications involving enantioseparation by electrophoresis for capillary and microchip systems. It also brings a critical discussion on GAC principles and new green metrics in the context of developing an enantioseparation method. Chemical and green features of native and modified cyclodextrins are discussed. Still, given the employment of greener substances, ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are highlighted, and some new selectors are proposed. For all the mentioned selectors, green features about their production, application, and disposal are considered. Sample preparation and BGE composition in GAC perspective, as well as greener derivatization possibilities, were also addressed. Therefore, one of the goals of this review is to aid the electrophoretic researchers to look where they have not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella S Aredes
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela de P Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Faillace
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius G C Madriaga
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Vaz
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia F de C Marques
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Duarte
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Recent Advances on Chiral Mobile Phase Additives: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Dal Bosco C, Bonoli F, Gentili A, Fanali C, D’Orazio G. Chiral Nano-Liquid Chromatography and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Applied to the Analysis of Antifungal Drugs in Milk. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237094. [PMID: 34885676 PMCID: PMC8659161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel chromatographic application in chiral separation by using the nano-LC technique is here reported. The chiral recognition of 12 antifungal drugs was obtained through a 75 µm I.D. fused-silica capillary, which was packed with a CSP-cellulose 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate (CDCPC), by means of a lab-made slurry packing procedure. The mobile phase composition and the experimental conditions were optimized in order to find the optimum chiral separation for some selected racemic mixtures of imidazole and triazole derivatives. Some important parameters, such as retention faction, enantioresolution, peak efficiency, and peak shape, were investigated as a function of the mobile phase (pH, water content, type and concentration of both the buffer and the organic modifier, and solvent dilution composition). Within one run lasting 25 min, at a flow rate of approximately 400 nL min-1, eight couples of enantiomers were baseline-resolved and four of them were separated in less than 25 min. The method was then applied to milk samples, which were pretreated using a classical dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique preceded by protein precipitation. Finally, the DLLME-nano-LC-UV method was validated in a matrix following the main FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Flavia Bonoli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni D’Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0690672256
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Application of Experimental Design Methodologies in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154681. [PMID: 34361834 PMCID: PMC8348688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is one of the major issues in pharmaceutical research and industry. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an interesting alternative to the more frequently used chromatographic techniques in the enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals, and is used for the determination of enantiomeric ratio, enantiomeric purity, and in pharmacokinetic studies. Traditionally, optimization of CE methods is performed using a univariate one factor at a time (OFAT) approach; however, this strategy does not allow for the evaluation of interactions between experimental factors, which may result in ineffective method development and optimization. In the last two decades, Design of Experiments (DoE) has been frequently employed to better understand the multidimensional effects and interactions of the input factors on the output responses of analytical CE methods. DoE can be divided into two types: screening and optimization designs. Furthermore, using Quality by Design (QbD) methodology to develop CE-based enantioselective techniques is becoming increasingly popular. The review presents the current use of DoE methodologies in CE-based enantioresolution method development and provides an overview of DoE applications in the optimization and validation of CE enantioselective procedures in the last 25 years. Moreover, a critical perspective on how different DoE strategies can aid in the optimization of enantioseparation procedures is presented.
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9
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Micellar electrokinetic chromatography as a powerful analytical tool for research on prebiotic chemistry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Chen L, Liu M, Yang S, Zhao H, Yao X, Li X, Meng J. Theoretical electronic circular dichroism investigations of chiral amino acids and development of separation and identification methods independent of standards. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462446. [PMID: 34384924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Through an appropriate computational protocol and environmental simulation, a satisfactory fit was observed for the theoretical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of 19 chiral amino acids (AAs), which correspondeds to the forms of the AAs in aqueous solution. Methods for enantioseparation of these chiral AAs by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed. Combining ECD with chromatographic separation methods, enantiomers were identified and quantified independent of a single enantiomer standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Yao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jinghua Meng
- Department of Mathematics, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China
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Li M, Yu C, Wang W, Wu G, Wang L. Interlaboratory method validation of capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) methodology for analysis of mAbs. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1900-1913. [PMID: 34240427 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) is an analytical method to assess the purity of proteins, commonly applied to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the biopharmaceutical industry. To address the need to standardize the CE-SDS method in the pharmaceutical industry and to enhance the confidence in method transfer between laboratories operating different commercial capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument platforms, an interlaboratory CE-SDS method validation was organized involving 13 laboratories in 13 companies on four different types of commercial capillary electrophoresis instruments. In the validation, a commercial mAb therapeutic was used as the sample. The validation process followed the analytical guidelines set by the ICH guidelines (International Conference for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use). The method's precision, accuracy, linearity and range, and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were validated in the study. Variations of all the parameters validated in the study passed the pre-set criteria defined at the beginning of the study. The definition was based on previously published works and the intended application purpose of the CE-SDS method for mAbs. The study proved that the CE-SDS method fits its intended application purpose as a size impurity assay and size heterogeneity characterization assay for mAb therapeutic products. This study is the first time a CE-SDS method is validated by multiple laboratories using different commercial CE instrument platforms and on a commercial mAb therapeutic. Its results will enhance the confidence of the biopharmaceutical industry to develop CE-SDS methods and transfer CE-SDS methods between different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
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12
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El Deeb S, Silva CF, Junior CSN, Hanafi RS, Borges KB. Chiral Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Principle and Applications, Detection and Identification, Design of Experiment, and Exploration of Chiral Recognition Using Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2021; 26:2841. [PMID: 34064769 PMCID: PMC8151978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the literature of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography from January 2016 to March 2021. This is done to explore the state-of-the-art approach and recent developments carried out in this field. The separation principle of the technique is described and supported with simple graphical illustrations, showing migration under normal and reversed polarity modes of the separation voltage. The most relevant applications of the technique for enantioseparation of drugs and other enantiomeric molecules in different fields using chiral selectors in single, dual, or multiple systems are highlighted. Measures to improve the detection sensitivity of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography with UV detector are discussed, and the alternative aspects are explored, besides special emphases to hyphenation compatibility to mass spectrometry. Partial filling and counter migration techniques are described. Indirect identification of the separated enantiomers and the determination of enantiomeric migration order are mentioned. The application of Quality by Design principles to facilitate method development, optimization, and validation is presented. The elucidation and explanation of chiral recognition in molecular bases are discussed with special focus on the role of molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Camilla Fonseca Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Clebio Soares Nascimento Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Rasha Sayed Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
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13
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Krait S, Konjaria ML, Scriba GKE. Advances of capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations in pharmaceutical analysis (2017-2020). Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1709-1725. [PMID: 33433919 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is a powerful technique for the analysis of polar chiral compounds and has been widely accepted for analytical enantioseparations of drug compounds in pharmaceuticals and biological media. In addition, many mechanistic studies have been conducted in an attempt to rationalize enantioseparations in combination with spectroscopic and computational techniques. The present review will focus on recent examples of mechanistic aspects and summarize recent applications of stereoselective pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis published between January 2017 and November 2020. Various separation modes including electrokinetic chromatography in combination with several detection modes including laser-induced fluorescence, mass spectrometry and contactless conductivity detection will be discussed. A general trend also observed in other analytical techniques is the application of quality by design principles in method development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Krait
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mari-Luiza Konjaria
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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14
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Negatively charged cyclodextrins: Synthesis and applications in chiral analysis-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 256:117517. [PMID: 33483038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged cyclodextrins (CDs) play an important role in chiral analysis due to the additional electrostatic effect beyond the host-guest inclusion, especially in enantioanalysis of positively charged and electrically neutral analytes. This review presents recent advances in application of anionic CDs for enantioanalysis during the past five years. Firstly, the synthesis approaches of random substitution and single isomers of anionic CDs are briefly discussed. The main part focuses on the chiral analysis using anionic CDs in various analytical techniques, including capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, counter current chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Particular attention is given to the capillary electrophoresis application since charged CDs could be used as a carrier of enantiomers by virtue of their self-mobility and offer an easy adjustment of the enantiomer migration order. Finally, future opportunities are also discussed in the conclusion of this review.
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15
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Chen Y, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Qiu CW. Integrated Molar Chiral Sensing Based on High- Q Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8696-8703. [PMID: 33215497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is conventionally utilized for the enantiomer-specific analysis of chiral samples, which is of great significance in academia and industry. Recently, metasurfaces have been introduced for enhancing the sensitivity of CD spectroscopy. However, the obtained CD spectrum alone cannot provide the enantiomer composition of a chiral sample. It should be normalized by the molar concentration of chiral molecules, which is usually measured on a different platform. Here, for the first time we demonstrate the integrated acquisition of CD spectrum and molar concentration over an individual metasurface with high sensitivities. High-Q resonances are supported on the metasurface, governed by bound states in the continuum. The generated superchiral field enables a 59-times enhancement of CD signal. Meanwhile, the refractive index-based detection of molar concentration achieves a large figure-of-merit of 80.6. Accordingly, a standard procedure is established for the integrated molar chiral sensing with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhe Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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16
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Aboushady D, Parr MK, Hanafi RS. Quality-by-Design Is a Tool for Quality Assurance in the Assessment of Enantioseparation of a Model Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110364. [PMID: 33158197 PMCID: PMC7694297 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of experiments (DoE) is one of the quality-by-design tools valued in analytical method development, not only for cost reduction and time effectiveness, but also for enabling analytical method control and understanding via a systematic workflow, leading to analytical methods with built-in quality. This work aimed at using DoE to enhance method understanding for a developed UHPLC enantioseparation of terbutaline (TER), a model chiral drug, and to define quality assurance parameters associated with using chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA). Within a response surface methodology workflow, the effect of different factors on both chiral resolution and retention was screened and optimized using Plackett-Burman and central composite designs, respectively, followed by multivariate mathematical modeling. This study was able to delimit method robustness and elucidate enantiorecognition mechanisms involved in interactions of TER with the chiral modifiers. Among many CMPAs, successful TER enantioresolution was achieved using hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) added to the mobile phase as 5.4 mM HP-β-CD in 52.25 mM ammonium acetate. Yet, limited method robustness was observed upon switching between the different tested CMPA, concluding that quality can only be assured with specific minimal pre-run conditioning time with the CMPA, namely 16-column volume (60 min at 0.1 mL/min). For enantiorecognition understanding, computational molecular modeling revealed hydrogen bonding as the main binding interaction, in addition to dipole-dipole inside the CD cavity for the R enantiomer, while the S enantiomer was less interactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Aboushady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; (D.A.); (R.S.H.)
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-30-838-57-686
| | - Rasha S. Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; (D.A.); (R.S.H.)
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17
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Liu M, Chen L, Tian T, Zhang Z, Li X. Identification and Quantitation of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis and Circular Dichroism Independent of Single Enantiomer Standard. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13803-13809. [PMID: 31591882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification and quantitation of enantiomers is a critical and challenging step in the process of chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis, especially when the optically pure enantiomers are expensive or commercially unavailable. Herein, a method of CE in combination with circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy for the identification of enantiomeric peak independent of single enantiomer standard was proposed. By comparing the theoretical CD spectrum of the single enantiomer calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with the experimental CD spectrum of the enantiomeric mixture, the configuration of the dominant enantiomer in the nonracemic mixture was determined. Considering that the dominant enantiomer showed bigger peak area on the CE electrophoretogram, the enantiomeric peak was easily identified. Three kinds of enantiomers including seven chiral compounds (i.e., tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, Boc-valine, Boc-leucine, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were used to evaluate the reliability of the method. The concentration of the single enantiomer in the mixture can be further accurately quantified based on the total concentration of the mixture and the peak area ratio of a couple of enantiomers, and the accuracy was assessed by taking ibuprofen as an example. The developed CE-CD method provides an alternative tool for the analysis of nonracemic mixture with good ECD signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lixia Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tingting Tian
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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18
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Hu S, Zhang M, Li F, Breadmore MC. β-Cyclodextrin-copper (II) complex as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of β-blockers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:233-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends During 2017⁻2018. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061135. [PMID: 30901973 PMCID: PMC6471358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation is an important process in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. From the analytical chemistry perspective, chiral separation is required for assessing the fit-for-purpose and the safety of chemical products. Capillary electrophoresis, in the electrokinetic chromatography mode is an established analytical technique for chiral separations. A water-soluble chiral selector is typically used. This review therefore examines the use of various chiral selectors in electrokinetic chromatography during 2017–2018. The chiral selectors were both low and high (macromolecules) molecular mass molecules as well as molecular aggregates (supramolecules). There were 58 papers found by search in Scopus, indicating continuous and active activity in this research area. The macromolecules were sugar-, amino acid-, and nucleic acid-based polymers. The supramolecules were bile salt micelles. The low molecular mass selectors were mainly ionic liquids and complexes with a central ion. A majority of the papers were on the use or preparation of sugar-based macromolecules, e.g., native or derivatised cyclodextrins. Studies to explain chiral recognition of macromolecular and supramolecular chiral selectors were mainly done by molecular modelling and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Demonstrations were predominantly on drug analysis for the separation of racemates.
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20
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Klein-Júnior LC, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Experimental Design Methodologies for the Optimization of Chiral Separations: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:453-478. [PMID: 31069752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, the application of design of experiments (DoE) for chiral separation optimization using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) methods is reviewed. Both screening and optimization steps are covered, including a discussion of each aspect, such as factor-, level-, and response selection. Different designs are also presented, highlighting their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Group, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Yu F, Zhao Q, Zhang D, Yuan Z, Wang H. Affinity Interactions by Capillary Electrophoresis: Binding, Separation, and Detection. Anal Chem 2018; 91:372-387. [PMID: 30392351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
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22
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Sharaf El-Din MM, Attia KA, Nassar MW, Kaddah MM. Development and validation of a copper ligand-exchange chromatographic method for the estimation of D-lactic acid in Ringer-lactate solution. Talanta 2018; 189:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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