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Wang R, Zheng X, Feng Z, Feng Y, Ying Z, Wang B, Dou B. Hydrothermal carbonization of Chinese medicine residues: Formation of humic acids and combustion performance of extracted hydrochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171792. [PMID: 38508251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Aiming at the sustainable management of high-moisture Chinese medicine residues (CMR), an alternative way integrating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), humic acids (HAs) extraction and combustion of remained hydrochar has been proposed in this study. Effect of HTC temperature, HTC duration, and feedwater pH on the mass yield and properties of HAs was examined. The associated formation mechanism of HAs during HTC was proposed. The combustion performance of remained hydrochar after HAs extraction was evaluated. Results show that the positive correlation between hydrochar yield and HAs yield is observed. According to three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3D EEM) fluorescence intensity, the best quality of HAs is achieved with a yield of 8.17 % at feedwater pH of 13 and HTC temperature of 200 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses show abundant aromatic and aliphatic structure as well as oxygenated functional groups in HAs, which is like commercial HAs (HA-C). Besides, in terms of comprehensive combustion index (CCI), HTC can improve the combustion performance of CMR, while it becomes a bit worse after HAs extraction. Higher weighted mean apparent activation energy (Em) of hydrochar indicating its highly thermal stability. HAs extraction reduces Em and CCI of remained hydrochar. However, it can be regarded a potential renewable energy. This work confirms a more sustainable alternative way for CMR comprehensive utilization in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zheng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China.
| | - Zhenyang Feng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Yuheng Feng
- Thermal and Environment Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhi Ying
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Binlin Dou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
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Qaramaleki SV, Mohedano ÁF, Coronella CJ. Phosphorus recovery from aqueous product of hydrothermal carbonization of cow manure. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 168:301-310. [PMID: 37331265 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The work studies the recovery of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) from the process water of acid-assisted hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of cow manure. Three organic acids (formic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid) and sulfuric acid were evaluated as additives in HTC. Using 0.3 M sulfuric acid, more than 99% of phosphorus and 15.6% of nitrogen from manure are extracted and dissolved during HTC at 170 °C with 10 min reaction time in a batch reactor. Nutrients (mainly phosphorus) were recovered through precipitation from process water by raising the ionic strength of the solution by addition of salts of magnesium and ammonia, and by raising the pH to 9.5. Subsequently, phosphorus-rich solids were recovered containing almost all (greater than 95%) of the dissolved phosphorus in the sulfuric and formic acid assisted runs. Morphology and qualitative chemical analysis of the precipitates were determined. It is shown by XRD that the precipitate formed from process water generated by HTC with oxalic acid is crystalline, although the diffraction pattern could not be matched with any expected substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed V Qaramaleki
- 1664 N. Virginia St, Chemical and Materials Engineering Dept, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Ángel F Mohedano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charles J Coronella
- 1664 N. Virginia St, Chemical and Materials Engineering Dept, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States.
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Zhang Z, Xuan X, Wang J, Zhao X, Yang J, Zhao Y, Qian J. Evolution of elemental nitrogen involved in the carbonization mechanism and product features from wet biowaste. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163826. [PMID: 37121324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) represents elegant thermochemical conversion technology suitable for energy and resource recovery from wet biowaste, while the elemental nitrogen is bound to affect the HTC process and the properties of the products. In this review, the nitrogen fate during HTC of typical N-containing-biowaste were presented. The relationship between critical factors involved in HTC like N/O, N/C, N/H, solid ratio, initial N in feedstock, hydrothermal temperature and residence time and N content in hydrochar were systematic analyzed. The distribution and conversion of N species along with hydrothermal severity in hydrochar and liquid phase was discussed. Additionally, the chemical forms of nitrogen in hydrochar were elaborated coupled with the role of N element during hydrochar formation mechanism and the morphology features. Finally, the future challenges of nitrogen in biowaste involved in HTC about the formation and regulation mechanism of hydrochar were given, and perspectives of more accurate regulation of the physicochemical characteristics of hydrochar from biowaste based on the N evolution is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuan Xuan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junyao Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuelei Zhao
- Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiantao Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Qian
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Silva NA, Hiibel SR. Nutrient recovery of the hydrothermal carbonization aqueous product from dairy manure using membrane distillation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1135-1144. [PMID: 34704545 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1995785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is a crucial resource for the agricultural industry, but its limited supply requires recovery from waste materials before it is lost and leads to eutrophication. Dairy manure is rich with phosphorus, and the growth and consolidation within the dairy industry has led to dairy manure management becoming a significant concern. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and membrane distillation (MD) were investigated as an alternative to treat dairy manure and recover nutrients, specifically phosphorus and nitrogen. HTC is a thermal treatment process that converts organic matter into a hydrochar analogous to a low-grade coal, and MD is a thermally-driven separation process that can utilize low-grade waste heat from HTC, thus the two processes are synergetic. A byproduct of the HTC process is the aqueous product (HAP) that contains the water-soluble nutrients and organic components of dairy manure. In this work, the efficacy of MD to concentrate the nutrients in the presence of dissolved organic carbon was assessed. Samples included synthetic nutrient-rich streams as well as HAP produced at HTC temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 260 °C. In each case, the nutrients were successfully concentrated in the feed loop with rejections >99%. Dissolved carbon was found to foul the MD membrane at levels proportional to its hydrophobicity, with little fouling observed for glucose and substantial fouling observed for HAP solutions created at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Silva
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Sage R Hiibel
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Persson T, Rueda-Ayala V. Phosphorus retention and agronomic efficiency of refined manure-based digestate—A review. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.993043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestate, a by-product from anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as animal manure, is considered a suitable plant fertilizer. However, due to its bulkiness and low economic value, it is costly to transport over long distances and store for long periods. Refinement processes to valorize digestate and facilitate its handling as a fertilizer include precipitation of phosphorus-rich mineral compounds, such as struvite and calcium phosphates, membrane filtration methods that concentrate plant nutrients in organic products, and carbonization processes. However, phosphorus retention efficiency in output products from these processes can vary considerably depending on technological settings and characteristics of the digestate feedstock. The effects of phosphorus in plant fertilizers (including those analogous or comparable to refined digestate products) on agronomic productivity have been evaluated in multiple experiments. In this review, we synthesized knowledge about different refinement methods for manure-based digestate as a means to produce phosphorus fertilizers, thereby providing the potential to increase phosphorus retention in the food production chain, by combining information about phosphorus flows in digestate refinement studies and agronomic fertilizer studies. It was also sought to identify the range, uncertainty, and potential retention efficiency by agricultural crops of the original phosphorus amount in manure-based digestate. Refinement chains with solid/wet phase separation followed by struvite or calcium phosphate precipitation or membrane filtration of the wet phase and carbonization treatments of the solid phase were included. Several methods with high potential to extract phosphorus from manure-based wet phase digestate in such a way that it could be used as an efficient plant fertilizer were identified, with struvite precipitation being the most promising method. Synthesis of results from digestate refinement studies and agronomic fertilizer experiments did not support the hypothesis that solid/wet separation followed by struvite precipitation, or any other refinement combination, results in higher phosphorus retention than found for unrefined digestate. Further studies are needed on the use of the phosphorus in the solid phase digestate, primarily on phosphorus-rich soils representative of animal-dense regions, to increase understanding of the role of digestate refinement (particularly struvite precipitation) in phosphorus recycling in agricultural systems.
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Xu Q, Liu T, Liu B, Cheng H, Yang C, Wang B, Zimmerman AR, Gao B. Characterization and nutritional value of hydrothermal liquid products from distillers grains. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 316:115275. [PMID: 35658253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquid products (HLPs) produced by hydrothermal treatment (HTT) contain a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and other substances, while the environmental problems caused by arbitrary discharge. This work explored the effects of temperature, reaction time and solid-liquid ratio on the chemistry of HLPs of two different distillers grains, with a focus on nutrient composition. Increased HTT temperature was related to increased HLPs pH, dissolved organic carbon content, and aromaticity, and decreased electrical conductivity. Maximum nutrient extraction efficiencies observed for NH4+-N, NO3--N and PO43- were 92.0, 89.9, and 94.3%, respectively. Response surface methodology showed that the release of nutrient extraction efficiency was the greatest at the hydrothermal treatment of 200 °C for 1 h, and using a solid/liquid ratio of 10%. Comparative studies, the nutritional value of HLPs are appropriate for use as an agricultural fertilizer, and its use as a substitute for synthetic fertilizers could increase the sustainability and profitability of farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingya Xu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, Guizhou, China
| | - Taoze Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Bangyu Liu
- College of Architectural Engineering, Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, Guizhou, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Bona D, Scrinzi D, Tonon G, Ventura M, Nardin T, Zottele F, Andreis D, Andreottola G, Fiori L, Silvestri S. Hydrochar and hydrochar co-compost from OFMSW digestate for soil application: 2. agro-environmental properties. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 312:114894. [PMID: 35334400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The work concerns the study of the hydrochar from digestate and hydrochar co-compost characterization as amendments. The processes for hydrochar and co-compost production were described in Part 1 of this work (Scrinzi et al., 2022). The amendment properties of hydrochar (produced at 180-200-220 °C for 3 h) and co-composts (25%, 50%, and 75% hydrochar percentage of digestate substitution) were assessed by phytotoxicity, plant growth bioassay, and soil effect. Different seeds species (Lepidium sativum, Cucumis sativus, and Sorghum bicolor sp.) were dosed at increased concentrations using both wet raw amendments and their water extracts. The chemical characterization showed phytotoxic compounds content depending on both the initial feedstock (digestate) and the HTC process; at the same time, the analysis highlighted the reduction of these compounds by composting (organic acid, polyphenols, salt concentration). The dose-response was analyzed by the Cedergreen-Streibig-Ritz model and the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) was calculated based on this equation. The soil properties and GHG emissions measurements (CH4, CO2, N2O, and NH3) highlighted the effect on N dynamics and on soil respiration induced by substrates. The HC200 soil application determined a significant impact on CO2 and N2O emission and NH3 volatilization (10.82 mol CO2/m2; 51.45 mmol N2O/m2; 112 mol NH3/m2) and a significant reduction of total N and TOC (46% of TKN and 49% of TOC). The co-compost (75%) showed specific effects after soil application compared to other samples an increase of available P (48%), a greater content of nitrogen (1626 mg/kg dry basis), and a reduction of organic carbon (17%). Our results demonstrate the good quality of co-compost and at the same time the validity of this post-treatment for addressing many issues related to hydrochar use in the soil as an amendment, confirming the suitability of HTC process integration for digestate treatment in anaerobic digestion plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bona
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, San Michele a/A, Italy
| | - Donato Scrinzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Giustino Tonon
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università, 5, 39100, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ventura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università, 5, 39100, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Nardin
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, San Michele a/A, Italy
| | - Fabio Zottele
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, San Michele a/A, Italy
| | - Daniele Andreis
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, San Michele a/A, Italy
| | - Gianni Andreottola
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Fiori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Silvia Silvestri
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, San Michele a/A, Italy
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Abstract
The presence of inorganic salts either as part of the substrate or added to the reaction medium are known to significantly affect the reaction pathways during hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) of biomass. This work aims to understand the influence of salts on hydrothermal carbonisation by processing cellulose in the presence of one or more inorganic salts with different valency. Batch experiments and Differential Scanning Calorimetry were used to investigate the change in reaction pathways during hydrothermal conversion. The effect of salts on the rate of HTC of cellulose can be correlated with the Lewis acidity of the cation and the basicity of the anion. The effect of the anion was more pH-dependent than the cation because it can protonate during the HTC process as organic acids are produced. The introduction of salts with Lewis acidity increases the concentration of low molecular weight compounds in the process water. The addition of a second salt can influence the catalytic effect of the first salt resulting in greater levulinic acid yields at the expense of hydrochar formation. Salts also play an important role in cellulose dissolution and can be used to modify the yield and composition of the hydrochars.
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Speciation of Main Nutrients (N/P/K) in Hydrochars Produced from the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Swine Manure under Different Reaction Temperatures. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154114. [PMID: 34361308 PMCID: PMC8347720 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been proved to be a promising technology for swine manure (SM) treatment. Currently, there is a lack of systematic understanding of the transformation characteristics of nutrient speciation in the HTC of SM. In this study, the speciation of the main nutrients (N/P/K) in SM-derived hydrochar produced at different reaction temperatures (200-280 °C) was investigated. The recovery of P (61.0-67.1%) in hydrochars was significantly higher than that of N (23.0-39.8%) and K (25.5-30.0%), and the increase in reaction temperature promoted the recovery of P and reduced the recovery of N. After the HTC treatment, the percentage of soluble/available P was reduced from 61.6% in raw SM to 4.0-23.9% in hydrochars, while that of moderately labile/slow-release P was improved from 29.2% in raw SM feedstock to 65.5-82.7%. An obvious reduction was also found in the amounts of available N (from 51.3% in raw SM feedstock to 33.0-40.5% in hydrochars). The percentages of slow-release N and residual N in hydrochars produced at 240 °C reached the maximum and minimum values (46.4% and 18.9%), respectively. A total of 49.5-58.3% of K retained in hydrochars was residual (invalid) potassium. From the perspective of the mobility and availability of N, P and K only, it was suggested that the HTC of SM should be carried out at 220-240 °C. Compared with the original SM, it is safer and more effective to use the SM-derived hydrochar as an organic fertilizer.
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Wang T, Si B, Gong Z, Zhai Y, Cao M, Peng C. Co-hydrothermal carbonization of food waste-woody sawdust blend: Interaction effects on the hydrochar properties and nutrients characteristics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 316:123900. [PMID: 32739578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) on the hydrochar properties and nutrients distribution derived from food waste (FW) and woody sawdust (WS) blend was assessed. The carbon retention, surface functional groups and morphology features involved in hydrochar were evaluated to study the interaction effects. Results suggested that hydrochar yield consistently decreased with increase of both FW ratio and HTC temperature. C retention from 260 °C hydrochar was low (approximately 65%), but more microsphere structures was formed due to the enhanced carbonization degree of hydrochar. Hydrochar obtained at high FW blend ratio and temperature resulted in weaken oxygen-containing groups like OH and CO with enhanced CC and C(O, N). 10.43-60.45% of N and 82-94% of P were retained in hydrochar. NH4+-N (6.63%-15.63%) and organic nitrogen (70.4%-87.7%) were identified as main N-containing species in liquid phase, while total P content (14-166 mg/L) depended more on FW ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Buchun Si
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of High-Speed Rail Safety, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Yunbo Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Chuan Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Bernardo M, Correa CR, Ringelspacher Y, Becker GC, Lapa N, Fonseca I, Esteves IAAC, Kruse A. Porous carbons derived from hydrothermally treated biogas digestate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 105:170-179. [PMID: 32070820 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Porous carbons from digestate-derived hydrochar were produced, characterized and their performance to reclaim phosphate from water was evaluated as a preliminary approach to demonstrate their practical application. In a first step, the digestate was converted into hydrochars through hydrothermal carbonization by using two different pH conditions: 8.3 (native conditions) and 3.0 (addition of H2SO4). The resulting hydrochars did not present significant differences. Consecutively, the hydrochars were activated with KOH to produce activated carbons with enhanced textural properties. The resulting porous carbons presented marked differences: the AC native presented a lower ash content (20.3 wt%) and a higher surface area (SBET = 1106 m2/g) when compared with the AC-H2SO4 (ash content = 43.7 wt% SBET = 503 m2/g). Phosphorus, as phosphate, is a resource present in significative amount in wastewater, causing serious problems of eutrophication. Therefore, the performance of the porous carbons samples to recover phosphate - P(PO43-) - from water was evaluated through exploitation assays that included kinetic studies. The lumped model presented a good fitting to the kinetic data and the obtained uptake capacities were the same for both carbons, 12 mg P(PO43-)/g carbon. Despite the poorer textural properties of AC-H2SO4, this carbon was richer in Ca, Al, Fe, K, and Mg cations which promoted the formation of mineral complexes with phosphate anions. The results obtained in this work are promising for the future development of P(PO43-) enriched carbons that can be used thereafter as biofertilizers in soil amendment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bernardo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Catalina Rodriguez Correa
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ringelspacher
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gero C Becker
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nuno Lapa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fonseca
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel A A C Esteves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Andrea Kruse
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Becker GC, Wüst D, Köhler H, Lautenbach A, Kruse A. Novel approach of phosphate-reclamation as struvite from sewage sludge by utilising hydrothermal carbonization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 238:119-125. [PMID: 30849596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) showed promising performance as an alternative sewage sludge treatment already, as the draining ability of sludge is improved while fuel properties of the yielded hydrochar are superior to native sludge. On the other hand, the sole combustion of sewage sludge and its corresponding hydrochars are a waste in terms of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. Therefore, a combination of HTC and a nutrient recycling strategy via the precipitation of phosphate and nitrogen as struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) are introduced in this research. We used an anaerobically digested sewage sludge with high loads of aluminium- and ironsalts. Phosphate release cannot be reached by HTC alone, as phosphate is heavily bound in stable iron- and aluminium-associations. An acid leaching step removes it from the hydrochar (58.5-94.8% P), while the process liquid arising from HTC is used as ammonium source (107-291 mmol l-1NH4). After adjusting pH and addition of a magnesium source, struvite is rapidly precipitated in high purity. Nitric acid is used as a "catalyst" in HTC to improve the degree of carbonization on one hand but also improve the phosphate recovery on the other hand by increasing the amount of ammonium available for struvite formation in the process liquid. The highest total recovery rate of phosphate from sludge was 82.5 wt.% and therefore this approach showed to be a serious alternative to other P-recovery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Becker
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technology of Biobased Resources, Garbenstr. 9, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - D Wüst
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technology of Biobased Resources, Garbenstr. 9, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Köhler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Lautenbach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Kruse
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Conversion Technology of Biobased Resources, Garbenstr. 9, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wu K, Zhang X, Yuan Q. Effects of process parameters on the distribution characteristics of inorganic nutrients from hydrothermal carbonization of cattle manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 209:328-335. [PMID: 29306842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, dairy manure was converted into solid and liquid products via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to determine optimal reaction conditions to retain the greatest amounts of inorganic nutrients. The influence of three parameters, reaction temperature (150-270 °C), residence time (0.5-6 h) and manure/water ratio (5/200-25/200 g/mL), on the total nutrient content (TNC) in the solid and liquid products were investigated using a 5-level, 3-factor orthogonal test and principal components analysis (PCA). Also, the distribution characteristics of inorganic nutrients were determined using single factor tests. The maximum TNC of the solid product was 22.92 mg/g, obtained at manure/water ratio of 20/200 g/mL and performed at 240 °C for 6 h. For obtaining the maximum TNC of liquid product, the most optimal conditions were 150 °C, 1 h and 20/200 g/mL which produced TNC of 1619.55 mg/L. The proportion of ammonium (NH4+-N) and orthophosphate (PO43-) were also analyzed in the liquid product. The amount of NH4+-N increased with reaction temperature increasing and manure/water ratio decreasing, the main form of phosphorus (P) was PO43- in the liquid product, and most of the potassium (K) were also dissolved in the liquid product. These results indicate that the HTC could be a promising approach for the utilization of dairy manure as inorganic fertilizer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiaoxia Yuan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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14
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Towards Biochar and Hydrochar Engineering—Influence of Process Conditions on Surface Physical and Chemical Properties, Thermal Stability, Nutrient Availability, Toxicity and Wettability. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Idowu I, Li L, Flora JRV, Pellechia PJ, Darko SA, Ro KS, Berge ND. Hydrothermal carbonization of food waste for nutrient recovery and reuse. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 69:480-491. [PMID: 28888805 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Food waste represents a rather large and currently underutilized source of potentially available and reusable nutrients. Laboratory-scale experiments evaluating the hydrothermal carbonization of food wastes collected from restaurants were conducted to understand how changes in feedstock composition and carbonization process conditions influence primary and secondary nutrient fate. Results from this work indicate that at all evaluated reaction times and temperatures, the majority of nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium remain integrated within the solid-phase, while the majority of potassium and sodium reside in the liquid-phase. The fate of phosphorus is dependent on reaction times and temperatures, with solid-phase integration increasing with higher reaction temperature and longer time. A series of leaching experiments to determine potential solid-phase nutrient availability were also conducted and indicate that, at least in the short term, nitrogen release from the solids is small, while almost all of the phosphorus present in the solids produced from carbonizing at 225 and 250°C is released. At a reaction temperature of 275°C, smaller fractions of the solid-phase total phosphorus are released as reaction times increase, likely due to increased solids incorporation. Using these data, it is estimated that up to 0.96% and 2.30% of nitrogen and phosphorus-based fertilizers, respectively, in the US can be replaced by the nutrients integrated within hydrochar and liquid-phases generated from the carbonization of currently landfilled food wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeolu Idowu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Joseph R V Flora
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Perry J Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Samuel A Darko
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Benedict College, 1600 Harden Street, Columbia, SC 29204, United States
| | - Kyoung S Ro
- Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501, United States
| | - Nicole D Berge
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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