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Sözeri Atik D, Palabiyik I, Tirpanci Sivri G, Uzun S, Koç Y, Çalışır K. Improving Cleaning Efficiency through the Measurement of Food Fouling Adhesive Strength. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22156-22165. [PMID: 38799312 PMCID: PMC11112590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impacts of factors, including textural properties, surface roughness, and contact angle, on the cleaning performance of food soils and develop a preliminary mathematical model to predict the cleaning score, depending on the soil-surface properties. The force required to remove soil from the surface was determined by a texture analyzer equipped with a newly designed probe. Potato puree and egg yolk soils showed high adhesive forces compared to other deposits. Margarine required the lowest force to detach from the surfaces. A soil-surface characteristic number (SSCN) was constructed from the results of contact angle, roughness, and textural analysis to predict the cleaning score depending on the soil-surface properties. The experimental work presented indicates that a higher SSCN was associated with lower cleaning scores for soil-surface combinations. Furthermore, a predictive model was developed to define the relationship between cleaning scores and SSCN. The applicability of the model was validated by measuring the cleaning performance of caramel and pudding soils on glass, porcelain, and stainless-steel household surfaces by using an automatic method. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SSCN approach can be improved in further studies to predict cleaning scores of soil-surface combinations in the experimental rig or automatic dishwasher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Sözeri Atik
- Department
of Food Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık
Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Palabiyik
- Department
of Food Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık
Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Goksel Tirpanci Sivri
- Department
of Food Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık
Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Suzan Uzun
- Department
of Food Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık
Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Koç
- ARÇELİK
A.Ş. R&D Center, İstanbul 34445, Turkey
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2
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Schmid J, Armstrong T, Dickhardt FJ, Iqbal SKR, Schutzius TM. Imparting scalephobicity with rational microtexturing of soft materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj0324. [PMID: 38117897 PMCID: PMC10732533 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization fouling, a process where scale forms on surfaces, is widespread in nature and technology, negatively affecting energy and water industries. Despite the effort, rationally designed surfaces that are intrinsically resistant to it remain elusive, due in part to a lack of understanding of how microfoulants deposit and adhere in dynamic aqueous environments. Here, we show that rational tuning of coating compliance and wettability works synergistically with microtexture to enhance microfoulant repellency, characterized by low adhesion and high removal efficiency of numerous individual microparticles and tenacious crystallites in a flowing water environment. We study the microfoulant interfacial dynamics in situ using a micro-scanning fluid dynamic gauge system, elucidate the removal mechanisms, and rationalize the behavior with a shear adhesive moment model. We then demonstrate a rationally developed coating that can remove 98% of deposits under shear flow conditions, 66% better than rigid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schmid
- Laboratory for Multiphase Thermofluidics and Surface Nanoengineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Armstrong
- Laboratory for Multiphase Thermofluidics and Surface Nanoengineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian J. Dickhardt
- Laboratory for Multiphase Thermofluidics and Surface Nanoengineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - SK Rameez Iqbal
- Laboratory for Multiphase Thermofluidics and Surface Nanoengineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Schutzius
- Laboratory for Multiphase Thermofluidics and Surface Nanoengineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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3
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Arandia K, Karna NK, Mattsson T, Theliander H. Monitoring Membrane Fouling Using Fluid Dynamic Gauging: Influence of Feed Characteristics and Operating Conditions. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:834. [PMID: 37888006 PMCID: PMC10608854 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on membrane fouling have made considerable progress in reducing its adverse effects. However, a lack of comprehensive studies focusing on the underlying fouling mechanisms remains. This work aims to address a part of this gap by investigating the influence of feed suspension chemistry and operating conditions on the fouling characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose. Fluid dynamic gauging (FDG) was employed to monitor the properties of fouling layers under varied conditions. FDG results revealed that the cohesive strength of fouling layers increased in the direction towards the membrane, which can be associated with the higher compressive pressures exerted on foulants deposited near the surface. At lower pHs and higher ionic strengths, reduced electrostatic repulsions between particles likely resulted in particle agglomeration, leading to the formation of thicker cakes. In addition, thicker cake layers were also observed at higher feed concentrations, higher operating transmembrane pressures, and longer filtration times. The cross-flow velocity influenced the resilience of fouling layers significantly, resulting in thinner yet stronger cake layers in the transition and turbulent flow regimes. These findings regarding the influence of feed characteristics and operating conditions on the fouling behavior can be beneficial in developing effective antifouling strategies in membrane separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Arandia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (N.K.K.); (H.T.)
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nabin Kumar Karna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (N.K.K.); (H.T.)
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tuve Mattsson
- Center for Membrane Technology, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Hans Theliander
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (N.K.K.); (H.T.)
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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4
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Arandia K, Karna NK, Mattsson T, Larsson A, Theliander H. Fouling characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose during cross-flow microfiltration: Insights from fluid dynamic gauging and molecular dynamics simulations. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Helbig M, Majschak JP, Köhler H. Direct measurement of the cohesive strength of whey protein gel in contact with NaOH by wire cutting experiments. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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6
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Gottschalk N, Augustin W, Scholl S, Ian Wilson D, Mercadé-Prieto R. Model food soils for investigating cleaning: a review. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Abd-Razak NH, Chew YMJ, Bird MR. Orange juice ultrafiltration: characterisation of deposit layers and membrane surfaces after fouling and cleaning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2021; 17:837-850. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2021-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The influence of feed condition and membrane cleaning during the ultrafiltration (UF) of orange juice for phytosterol separation was investigated. UF was performed using regenerated cellulose acetate (RCA) membranes at different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) values with a 336 cm2 membrane area and a range of temperatures (10–40 °C) and different feed volumes (3–9 L). Fluid dynamic gauging (FDG) was applied to assess the fouling and cleaning behaviours of RCA membranes fouled by orange juice and cleaned using P3-Ultrasil 11 over two complete cycles. During the FDG testing, fouling layers were removed by fluid shear stress caused by suction flow. The cleanability was characterised by using ImageJ software analysis. A Liebermann-Buchard-based method was used to quantify the phytosterol content. The results show that RCA 10 kDa filters exhibited the best separation of phytosterols from protein in orange juice at 20 °C using 3 L feed with a selectivity factor of 17. Membranes that were fouled after two cycles showed higher surface coverage compared to one fouling cycle. The surface coverage decreased with increasing fluid shear stress from 0 to 3.9 Pa. FDG achieved 80–95% removal at 3.9 Pa for all RCA membranes. Chemical cleaning using P3-Ultrasil 11 altered both the membrane surface hydrophobicity and roughness. These results show that the fouling layer on RCA membranes can be removed by fluid shear stress without affecting the membrane surface modification caused by chemical cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hainiza Abd-Razak
- Centre of Advanced Separations Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , UK
- Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Malaysian Rubber Board , PO Box 10150 , 50908 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Y. M. John Chew
- Centre of Advanced Separations Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , UK
| | - Michael R. Bird
- Centre of Advanced Separations Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , UK
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8
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Arandia K, Balyan U, Mattsson T. Development of a fluid dynamic gauging method for the characterization of fouling behavior during cross-flow filtration of a wood extraction liquor. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Tsai JH, Hallmark B, Wilson DI. Integrated Fluid Dynamic Gauge for Measuring the Thickness of Soft Solid Layers Immersed in Opaque, Viscous, and/or Non-Newtonian Liquids in Situ. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Han Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Bart Hallmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - D. Ian Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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10
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Sievers P, Johannsmann D. Environmental-Stress-Induced Increased Softness of Electroactive Biofilms, Determined with a Torsional Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14476-14481. [PMID: 31610643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electroactive biofilms are intensely studied not only for energy conversion and electrosynthesis, but also as sensing systems. The electrical current produced by the layer is largely proportional to the rate of metabolism and therefore decreases when the biofilm experiences adverse environmental conditions. Acoustic measurements may complement this approach. The layer's softness can be inferred from shifts of resonance frequency and resonance bandwidth of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) contacting these layers. The layer's softness responds to the environment. Both negative potentials of the electrode (the equivalent of "suffocation") and lack of nutrient supply (the equivalent of "starvation") were studied. For comprehensive analysis, torsional resonators operating on three different modes of vibration are suited best. Such data can be fitted with a viscoelastic model, leading to a quantitative estimate of the shear modulus. On a more empirical level, one might also use the ratio of the shift in bandwidth to the negative shift in frequency as an indicator of stress. For ease of operation, one might even replace the torsional resonators with thickness-shear resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Sievers
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Clausthal University of Technology , 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Clausthal University of Technology , 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
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11
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Investigation of the cohesive strength of membrane fouling layers formed during cross-flow microfiltration: The effects of pH adjustment on the properties and fouling characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Tsai J, Cuckston GL, Hallmark B, Wilson DI. Fluid‐dynamic gauging for studying the initial swelling of soft solid layers. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jheng‐Han Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge UK
| | - Georgina L. Cuckston
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge UK
| | - Bart Hallmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge UK
| | - D. Ian Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge UK
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13
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Zhou M, Mattsson T. Effect of crossflow regime on the deposit and cohesive strength of membrane surface fouling layers. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Wang S, Xu Zhou K, Christie G, Wilson D. Development of zero discharge net flow fluid dynamic gauging for studying biofilm and spore removal. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Olufade AO, Simonson CJ. Characterization of the Evolution of Crystallization Fouling in Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:17188-17198. [PMID: 31458338 PMCID: PMC6643970 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-to-air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEEs) are promising in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning applications because they are able to use semipermeable membranes to transfer heat and moisture between air and liquid desiccant streams. However, the development of crystallization fouling in membranes may pose a great risk to the long-term performance of LAMEEs. The main aim of this paper is to characterize the evolution of crystallization fouling in membranes through the use of both noninvasive and invasive methods. Noninvasive methods are used to study the development of fouling in the LAMEE by monitoring the changes in moisture flux through the membrane and overall moisture-transfer resistance of the LAMEE. On the other hand, invasive methods are implemented to characterize fouled membranes by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to depict the morphology of crystal deposits and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to identify the composition of the deposits. Experiments are performed by using air to dehydrate MgCl2(aq) at two operating conditions of low and high fouling rates. The results show that the moisture flux decreases and the moisture-transfer resistance increases more considerably during the test at the high fouling rate than in the test at the low fouling rate. SEM micrographs show that cake crystal deposits cover the membrane surface in the test at the high fouling rate, whereas only few crystal particles are observed on the membrane in the test at the low fouling rate. Furthermore, the crystal deposits undergo more structural changes in the tests at the high fouling rate than in the tests at the low fouling rate, possibly because of the higher moisture transfer rate through the membrane in the tests at the high fouling rate. Finally, the SEM-EDX analysis confirms that the crystal deposits primarily consist of Mg, Cl, and O elements.
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16
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Xu Zhou K, Li N, Christie G, Wilson DI. Assessing the Impact of Germination and Sporulation Conditions on the Adhesion of Bacillus Spores to Glass and Stainless Steel by Fluid Dynamic Gauging. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2614-2625. [PMID: 29125641 PMCID: PMC5698761 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of spores of 3 Bacillus species with distinctive morphologies to stainless steel and borosilicate glass was studied using the fluid dynamic gauging technique. Marked differences were observed between different species of spores, and also between spores of the same species prepared under different sporulation conditions. Spores of the food-borne pathogen B. cereus were demonstrated to be capable of withstanding shear stresses greater than 1500 Pa when adhered to stainless steel, in contrast to spores of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, which detached in response to lower shear stress. An extended DLVO model was shown to be capable of predicting the relative differences in spore adhesion between spores of different species and different culture conditions, but did not predict absolute values of force of adhesion well. Applying the model to germinating spores showed a significant reduction in adhesion force shortly after triggering germination, indicating a potential strategy to achieve enhanced removal of spores from surfaces in response to shear stress, such as during cleaning-in-place procedures. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Spore-forming bacteria are a concern to the food industry because they have the potential to cause food-borne illness and product spoilage, while being strongly adhesive to processing surfaces and resistant to cleaning-in-place procedures. This work is of significance to the food processors and manufacturers because it offers insight to the properties of spore adhesion and identifies a potential strategy to facilitate the removal of spores during cleaning procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu Zhou
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniv. of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Nan Li
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniv. of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Graham Christie
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniv. of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0AS, U.K
| | - D. Ian Wilson
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniv. of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0AS, U.K
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17
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Lewis WJ, Mattsson T, Chew YJ, Bird MR. Investigation of cake fouling and pore blocking phenomena using fluid dynamic gauging and critical flux models. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Pérez-Mohedano R, Letzelter N, Bakalis S. Integrated model for the prediction of cleaning profiles inside an automatic dishwasher. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Wang S, Schlüter F, Gottschalk N, Scholl S, Wilson DI, Augustin W. Aseptic Zero Discharge Fluid Dynamic Gauging for Measuring the Thickness of Soft Layers on Surfaces. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Du X, Qu F, Liang H, Li K, Chang H, Li G. Cake properties in ultrafiltration of TiO2 fine particles combined with HA: in situ measurement of cake thickness by fluid dynamic gauging and CFD calculation of imposed shear stress for cake controlling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8806-8818. [PMID: 26810663 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the cake buildup of TiO2 fine particles in the presence of humid acid (HA) and cake layer controlling during ultrafiltration (UF) were investigated. Specifically, we measured the cake thickness using fluid dynamic gauging (FDG) method under various solution conditions, including TiO2 concentration (0.1-0.5 g/L), HA concentration (0-5 mg/L, total organic carbon (TOC)), and pH values (e.g., 4, 6 and 10), and calculated the shear stress distribution induced by stirring using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the cake layer controlling conditions, including the operation flux (50-200 L m(-2) h(-1)) and TiO2 concentration (0.1-0.5 g/L). It was found that lower TiO2/HA concentration ratio could lead to exceedingly severe membrane fouling because of the formation of a relatively denser cake layer by filling the voids of cake layer with HA, and pH was essential for cake layer formation owing to the net repulsion between particles. Additionally, it was observed that shear stress was rewarding for mitigating cake growth under lower operation flux as a result of sufficient back-transport forces, and exhibited an excellent performance on cake layer controlling in lower TiO2 concentrations due to slight interaction forces on the vicinity of membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
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21
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Lemos M, Wang S, Ali A, Simões M, Wilson D. A fluid dynamic gauging device for measuring biofilm thickness on cylindrical surfaces. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Pérez-Mohedano R, Letzelter N, Bakalis S. Swelling and hydration studies on egg yolk samples via scanning fluid dynamic gauge and gravimetric tests. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Using the Scanning Fluid Dynamic Gauging Device to Understand the Cleaning of Baked Lard Soiling Layers. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2015; 18:933-947. [PMID: 26568678 PMCID: PMC4639583 DOI: 10.1007/s11743-015-1737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Extended or repeated heating of food fats promotes polymerisation reactions that produce difficult-to-remove soil layers. Cleaning of these baked-on/burnt-on fat deposits was investigated using model layers generated by baking lard on 316 stainless steel discs. Rigorous characterisation of the layer material was difficult, as it was insoluble in most solvents. Cleaning was studied using the scanning fluid dynamic gauging technique developed by Gordon et al. (Meas Sci Technol 21:85-103, 2010), which provides non-contact in situ measurement of layer thickness at several sites on a sample in real time. Tests at 50 [Formula: see text]C with alkali (sodium hydroxide, pH 10.4-11) and three surfactant solutions indicated two removal mechanisms, related to the (1) roll-up and (2) dispersion mechanisms reported for oily oils, namely (1) penetration of solvent at the soil-liquid interface, resulting in detachment of the soil layer as a coherent film, observed with linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS) and Triton X-100 and aqueous sodium hydroxide at pH 10.4-11; and (2) the breakdown promoted by the agent penetrating through the layer, observed with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), in which CTAB antagonised the cleaning action of LAS.
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24
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Wang S, Wilson DI. Zero-Discharge Fluid-Dynamic Gauging for Studying the Swelling of Soft Solid Layers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
| | - D. Ian Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
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25
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Wang Y, Yuan Z, Liang Y, Xie Y, Chen X, Li X. A review of experimental measurement and prediction models of crude oil fouling rate in crude refinery preheat trains. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Zongming Yuan
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Ying Liang
- SCEI Distributed Energy Systems Co. LTD; Chengdu 610023 Sichuan China
| | - Ying Xie
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Xingyi Chen
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Working district for Fengcheng Oil Field; PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company; Karamay 834000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China
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Khalid NI, Nordin N, Abdul Aziz N, Ab. Aziz N, Taip FS, Anuar MS. Design of a Test Rig for Cleaning Studies and Evaluation of Laboratory-Scale Experiments Using Pink Guava Puree as a Fouling Deposit Model. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Izzah Khalid
- Department of Process and Food Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Norbismi Nordin
- Department of Process and Food Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Nuraini Abdul Aziz
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norashikin Ab. Aziz
- Department of Process and Food Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Farah Saleena Taip
- Department of Process and Food Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Mohd. Shamsul Anuar
- Department of Process and Food Engineering; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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Mattsson T, Lewis WJ, Chew YJ, Bird MR. In situ investigation of soft cake fouling layers using fluid dynamic gauging. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Pérez-Mohedano R, Letzelter N, Bakalis S. Development of a swelling-removal model for the scanning fluid dynamic gauge. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Schoenitz M, Augustin W, Scholl S. Challenges in cleaning microstructured devices. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yang Q, Ali A, Shi L, Wilson D. Zero discharge fluid dynamic gauging for studying the thickness of soft solid layers. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Thickness measurement of soft thin films on periodically patterned magnetic substrates by phase difference magnetic force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 136:96-106. [PMID: 24056281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The need for accurate measurement of the thickness of soft thin films is continuously encouraging the development of techniques suitable for this purpose. We propose a method through which the thickness of the film is deduced from the quantitative measurement of the contrast in the phase images of the sample surface acquired by magnetic force microscopy, provided that the film is deposited on a periodically patterned magnetic substrate. The technique is demonstrated by means of magnetic substrates obtained from standard floppy disks. Colonies of Staphylococcus aureus adherent to such substrates were used to obtain soft layers with limited lateral (a few microns) and vertical (hundreds of nanometers) size. The technique is described and its specific merits, limitations and potentialities in terms of accuracy and measurable thickness range are discussed. These parameters depend on the characteristics of the sensing tip/cantilever as well as of the substrates, the latter in terms of spatial period and homogeneity of the magnetic domains. In particular, with the substrates used in this work we evaluated an uncertainty of about 10%, a limit of detection of 50-100 nm and an upper detection limit (maximum measurable thickness) of 1 μm, all obtained with standard lift height values (50-100 nm). Nonetheless, these parameters can be easily optimized by selecting/realizing substrates with suitable spacing and homogeneity of the magnetic domains. For example, the upper detection limit can be increased up to 25-50 μm while the limit of detection can be reduced to a few tens of nanometers or a few nanometers.
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32
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The application of fluid dynamic gauging in characterising cake deposition during the cross-flow microfiltration of a yeast suspension. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Böl M, Ehret AE, Bolea Albero A, Hellriegel J, Krull R. Recent advances in mechanical characterisation of biofilm and their significance for material modelling. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 33:145-71. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.679250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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34
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Gordon PW, Brooker AD, Chew YJ, Letzelter N, York DW, Wilson DI. Elucidating enzyme-based cleaning of protein soils (gelatine and egg yolk) using a scanning fluid dynamic gauge. Chem Eng Res Des 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salley B, Gordon PW, McCormick AJ, Fisher AC, Wilson DI. Characterising the structure of photosynthetic biofilms using fluid dynamic gauging. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:159-173. [PMID: 22329680 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.661047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new configuration of the fluid dynamic gauging technique for measuring soft layers on surfaces was used to monitor the growth of a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. WH 5701, on stainless steel (SS), glass and an indium tin oxide (ITO) on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substratum. The biofilm thickness increased steadily over 4 weeks and exhibited noticeable changes in microstructure and strength. The biofilms all exhibited a two-layer structure, with a compact layer next to the substratum and a loose layer above. Biofilms on ITO or SS exhibited cohesive failure when removed by fluid shear whereas those on glass exhibited adhesive failure. The technique is able to elucidate various aspects of biofilm behaviour, as illustrated by the action of a biocide (NaOCl) on a mature biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salley
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, New Museums Site, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
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Augustin W, Chew YJ, Gordon P, Lister V, Mayer M, Paterson B, Peralta JM, Scholl S, Wilson DI. Messung von weichen Foulingschichten auf festen und porösen Oberflächen mit dem Fluid Dynamic Gauging. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Peralta J, Chew Y, Wilson D. Effect of nozzle external geometry on the pressure and shear stress exerted on the surface being gauged in fluid dynamic gauging. Chem Eng Res Des 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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An analytical method for selecting the optimal nozzle external geometry for fluid dynamic gauging. Chem Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Saikhwan P, Mercadé-Prieto R, Chew Y, Gunasekaran S, Paterson W, Wilson D. Swelling and dissolution in cleaning of whey protein gels. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Jones S, Chew Y, Bird M, Wilson D. The application of fluid dynamic gauging in the investigation of synthetic membrane fouling phenomena. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Gu T, Chew YMJ, Paterson WR, Wilson DI. Experimental and CFD studies of fluid dynamic gauging in annular flows. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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43
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Gu T, Chew Y, Paterson W, Wilson D. Experimental and CFD studies of fluid dynamic gauging in duct flows. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Sahoo PK, Chew YJ, Mercadé-Prieto R, Wilson DI, Dai XW. Fluid dynamic gauging studies of swelling behaviour of whey protein gels in NaOH/NaCl solutions. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chew JYM, Paterson WR, Wilson DI, Höufling V, Augustin W. A Method for Measuring the Strength of Scale Deposits on Heat Transfer Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.5500130103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Mercadé-Prieto R, Sahoo PK, Falconer RJ, Paterson WR, Ian Wilson D. Polyelectrolyte screening effects on the dissolution of whey protein gels at high pH conditions. Food Hydrocoll 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Möhle RB, Langemann T, Haesner M, Augustin W, Scholl S, Neu TR, Hempel DC, Horn H. Structure and shear strength of microbial biofilms as determined with confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluid dynamic gauging using a novel rotating disc biofilm reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:747-55. [PMID: 17421046 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cohesive strength of microbial biofilms cultivated on a rotating disc has been measured using fluid dynamic gauging (FDG). The thickness of heterotrophic mixed culture biofilms was found to depend on substrate concentration and shear force at the biofilm surface during the cultivation. For high substrate concentrations and low shear forces the biofilm thickness increased to several 100 microm within 7 days. Low substrate concentration and higher shear forces yielded thin biofilms of about 100 microm thickness. Independent from cultivation conditions and thickness of the biofilms their cohesive strength ranged between 6.0 and 7.7 N m(-2). The ratio between cohesive strength measured with FDG and shear forces applied during biofilm cultivation have ranged from 200 to 1,100. Higher concentrations of iron in the cultivation media has a positive effect on the stability of the biofilms cultivated. By using the CLSM technique a stable base biofilm with a high amount of stained EPS glycoconjugates could be visualized after gauging. The thickness of the base biofilm was about 100 microm for all biofilms cultivated and was not removable under the applied shear conditions used during FDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland B Möhle
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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49
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Hooper R, Paterson W, Wilson D. Comparison of Whey Protein Model Foulants for Studying Cleaning of Milk Fouling Deposits. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2006. [DOI: 10.1205/fbp06028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Liu W, Zhang Z, Fryer P. Identification and modelling of different removal modes in the cleaning of a model food deposit. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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