1
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Ricci MMC, Orenberg A, Ohayon L, Gau D, Wills RC, Bae Y, Das T, Koes D, Hammond GRV, Roy P. Actin-binding protein profilin1 is an important determinant of cellular phosphoinositide control. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105583. [PMID: 38141770 PMCID: PMC10826164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane polyphosphoinositides (PPIs) are lipid-signaling molecules that undergo metabolic turnover and influence a diverse range of cellular functions. PPIs regulate the activity and/or spatial localization of a number of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) through direct interactions; however, it is much less clear whether ABPs could also be an integral part in regulating PPI signaling. In this study, we show that ABP profilin1 (Pfn1) is an important molecular determinant of the cellular content of PI(4,5)P2 (the most abundant PPI in cells). In growth factor (EGF) stimulation setting, Pfn1 depletion does not impact PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis but enhances plasma membrane (PM) enrichment of PPIs that are produced downstream of activated PI3-kinase, including PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2, the latter consistent with increased PM recruitment of SH2-containing inositol 5' phosphatase (SHIP2) (a key enzyme for PI(3,4)P2 biosynthesis). Although Pfn1 binds to PPIs in vitro, our data suggest that Pfn1's affinity to PPIs and PM presence in actual cells, if at all, is negligible, suggesting that Pfn1 is unlikely to directly compete with SHIP2 for binding to PM PPIs. Additionally, we provide evidence for Pfn1's interaction with SHIP2 in cells and modulation of this interaction upon EGF stimulation, raising an alternative possibility of Pfn1 binding as a potential restrictive mechanism for PM recruitment of SHIP2. In conclusion, our findings challenge the dogma of Pfn1's binding to PM by PPI interaction, uncover a previously unrecognized role of Pfn1 in PI(4,5)P2 homeostasis and provide a new mechanistic avenue of how an ABP could potentially impact PI3K signaling byproducts in cells through lipid phosphatase control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M C Ricci
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew Orenberg
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lee Ohayon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Gau
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel C Wills
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yongho Bae
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tuhin Das
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Koes
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerald R V Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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How do cells stiffen? Biochem J 2022; 479:1825-1842. [PMID: 36094371 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell stiffness is an important characteristic of cells and their response to external stimuli. In this review, we survey methods used to measure cell stiffness, summarize stimuli that alter cell stiffness, and discuss signaling pathways and mechanisms that control cell stiffness. Several pathological states are characterized by changes in cell stiffness, suggesting this property can serve as a potential diagnostic marker or therapeutic target. Therefore, we consider the effect of cell stiffness on signaling and growth processes required for homeostasis and dysfunction in healthy and pathological states. Specifically, the composition and structure of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton are major determinants of cell stiffness, and studies have identified signaling pathways that affect cytoskeletal dynamics both directly and by altered gene expression. We present the results of studies interrogating the effects of biophysical and biochemical stimuli on the cytoskeleton and other cellular components and how these factors determine the stiffness of both individual cells and multicellular structures. Overall, these studies represent an intersection of the fields of polymer physics, protein biochemistry, and mechanics, and identify specific mechanisms involved in mediating cell stiffness that can serve as therapeutic targets.
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3
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Lohraseb I, McCarthy P, Secker G, Marchant C, Wu J, Ali N, Kumar S, Daly RJ, Harvey NL, Kawabe H, Kleifeld O, Wiszniak S, Schwarz Q. Global ubiquitinome profiling identifies NEDD4 as a regulator of Profilin 1 and actin remodelling in neural crest cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2018. [PMID: 35440627 PMCID: PMC9018756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 promotes neural crest cell (NCC) survival and stem-cell like properties to regulate craniofacial and peripheral nervous system development. However, how ubiquitination and NEDD4 control NCC development remains unknown. Here we combine quantitative analysis of the proteome, transcriptome and ubiquitinome to identify key developmental signalling pathways that are regulated by NEDD4. We report 276 NEDD4 targets in NCCs and show that loss of NEDD4 leads to a pronounced global reduction in specific ubiquitin lysine linkages. We further show that NEDD4 contributes to the regulation of the NCC actin cytoskeleton by controlling ubiquitination and turnover of Profilin 1 to modulate filamentous actin polymerization. Taken together, our data provide insights into how NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination coordinates key regulatory processes during NCC development. Here the authors combine multi-omics approaches to uncover a role for ubiquitination and the ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 in targeting the actin binding protein Profilin 1 to regulate actin polymerisation in neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Lohraseb
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter McCarthy
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Genevieve Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Ceilidh Marchant
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Naveid Ali
- Bone Therapeutics Group, Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, 2010, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Sophie Wiszniak
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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4
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Bharadwaj R, Bhattacharya A, Somlata. Coordinated activity of amoebic formin and profilin are essential for phagocytosis. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:974-995. [PMID: 34278607 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica, endocytic processes, such as phagocytosis, are essential for its survival in the human gut. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in the formation of pseudopods and phagosomal vesicles by incorporating a number of actin-binding and modulating proteins along with actin in a temporal manner. The actin dynamics, which comprises polymerization, branching, and depolymerization is very tightly regulated and takes place directionally at the sites of initiation of phagocytosis. Formin and profilin are two actin-binding proteins that are known to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics and thereby, endocytic processes. In this article, we report the participation of formin and profilin in E. histolytica phagocytosis and propose that these two proteins interact with each other and their sequential recruitment at the site is required for the successful completion of phagocytosis. The evidence is based on detailed microscopic, live imaging, interaction studies, and expression downregulation. The cells downregulated for expression of formin show absence of profilin at the site of phagocytosis, whereas downregulation of profilin does not affect formin localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- Department of Medicine, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Somlata
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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5
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Wang F, Zhu C, Cai S, Boudreau A, Kim SJ, Bissell M, Shao J. Ser 71 Phosphorylation Inhibits Actin-Binding of Profilin-1 and Its Apoptosis-Sensitizing Activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692269. [PMID: 34235154 PMCID: PMC8255618 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential actin-binding factor profilin-1 (Pfn1) is a non-classical tumor suppressor with the abilities toboth inhibit cellular proliferation and augment chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Besides actin, Pfn1 interacts with proteins harboring the poly-L-proline (PLP) motifs. Our recent work demonstrated that both nuclear localization and PLP-binding are required for tumor growth inhibition by Pfn1, and this is at least partially due to Pfn1 association with the PLP-containing ENL protein in the Super Elongation Complex (SEC) and the transcriptional inhibition of pro-cancer genes. In this paper, by identifying a phosphorylation event of Pfn1 at Ser71 capable of inhibiting its actin-binding and nuclear export, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that chemotherapy-induced apoptotic sensitization by Pfn1 requires its cytoplasmic localization and actin-binding. With regard to tumor growth inhibition byPfn1, our data indicate a requirement for dynamic actin association and dissociation rendered by reversible Ser71phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological experiments showed that Ser71 of Pfn1 can be phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). Taken together, our data provide novel mechanistic insights into the multifaceted anticancer activities of Pfn1 and how they are spatially-defined in the cell and differentially regulated by ligand-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faliang Wang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuige Zhu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shirong Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aaron Boudreau
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Sun-Joong Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mina Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jieya Shao
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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6
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Pimm ML, Hotaling J, Henty-Ridilla JL. Profilin choreographs actin and microtubules in cells and cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:155-204. [PMID: 32859370 PMCID: PMC7461721 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Actin and microtubules play essential roles in aberrant cell processes that define and converge in cancer including: signaling, morphology, motility, and division. Actin and microtubules do not directly interact, however shared regulators coordinate these polymers. While many of the individual proteins important for regulating and choreographing actin and microtubule behaviors have been identified, the way these molecules collaborate or fail in normal or disease contexts is not fully understood. Decades of research focus on Profilin as a signaling molecule, lipid-binding protein, and canonical regulator of actin assembly. Recent reports demonstrate that Profilin also regulates microtubule dynamics and polymerization. Thus, Profilin can coordinate both actin and microtubule polymer systems. Here we reconsider the biochemical and cellular roles for Profilin with a focus on the essential cytoskeletal-based cell processes that go awry in cancer. We also explore how the use of model organisms has helped to elucidate mechanisms that underlie the regulatory essence of Profilin in vivo and in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Pimm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Hotaling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
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7
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Abstract
Profilin is a ubiquitously expressed protein well known as a key regulator of actin polymerisation. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in almost all cellular processes including motility, endocytosis, metabolism, signal transduction and gene transcription. Hence, profilin's role in the cell goes beyond its direct and essential function in regulating actin dynamics. This review will focus on the interactions of Profilin 1 and its ligands at the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cells and the regulation of profilin activity within those cell compartments. We will discuss the interactions of profilin in cell signalling pathways and highlight the importance of the cell context in the multiple functions that this small essential protein has in conjunction with its role in cytoskeletal organisation and dynamics. We will review some of the mechanisms that control profilin expression and the implications of changed expression of profilin in the light of cancer biology and other pathologies.
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8
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STIP1/HOP Regulates the Actin Cytoskeleton through Interactions with Actin and Changes in Actin-Binding Proteins Cofilin and Profilin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093152. [PMID: 32365744 PMCID: PMC7246624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration plays a vital role in both health and disease. It is driven by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by actin-binding proteins cofilin and profilin. Stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) is a well-described co-chaperone of the Hsp90 chaperone system, and our findings identify a potential regulatory role of STIP1 in actin dynamics. We show that STIP1 can be isolated in complex with actin and Hsp90 from HEK293T cells and directly interacts with actin in vitro via the C-terminal TPR2AB-DP2 domain of STIP1, potentially due to a region spanning two putative actin-binding motifs. We found that STIP1 could stimulate the in vitro ATPase activity of actin, suggesting a potential role in the modulation of F-actin formation. Interestingly, while STIP1 depletion in HEK293T cells had no major effect on total actin levels, it led to increased nuclear accumulation of actin, disorganization of F-actin structures, and an increase and decrease in cofilin and profilin levels, respectively. This study suggests that STIP1 regulates the cytoskeleton by interacting with actin, or via regulating the ratio of proteins known to affect actin dynamics.
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9
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Coumans JVF, Davey RJ, Moens PDJ. Cofilin and profilin: partners in cancer aggressiveness. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1323-1335. [PMID: 30027463 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers aspects of cofilin and profilin regulations and their influence on actin polymerisation responsible for cell motility and metastasis. The regulation of their activity by phosphorylation and nitration, miRs, PI(4,5)P2 binding, pH, oxidative stress and post-translational modification is described. In this review, we have highlighted selected similarities, complementarities and differences between the two proteins and how their interplay affects actin filament dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle V F Coumans
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Rhonda J Davey
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Pierre D J Moens
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
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10
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Jiang Y, Ye X, Ji Y, Zhou X, Yang H, Wei W, Li Q. Aberrant expression of RSK4 in breast cancer and its role in the regulation of tumorigenicity. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:883-890. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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11
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Pernier J, Shekhar S, Jegou A, Guichard B, Carlier MF. Profilin Interaction with Actin Filament Barbed End Controls Dynamic Instability, Capping, Branching, and Motility. Dev Cell 2016; 36:201-14. [PMID: 26812019 PMCID: PMC4729542 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility and actin homeostasis depend on the control of polarized growth of actin filaments. Profilin, an abundant regulator of actin dynamics, supports filament assembly at barbed ends by binding G-actin. Here, we demonstrate how, by binding and destabilizing filament barbed ends at physiological concentrations, profilin also controls motility, cell migration, and actin homeostasis. Profilin enhances filament length fluctuations. Profilin competes with Capping Protein at barbed ends, which generates a lower amount of profilin-actin than expected if barbed ends were tightly capped. Profilin competes with barbed end polymerases, such as formins and VopF, and inhibits filament branching by WASP-Arp2/3 complex by competition for filament barbed ends, accounting for its as-yet-unknown effects on motility and metastatic cell migration observed in this concentration range. In conclusion, profilin is a major coordinator of polarized growth of actin filaments, controlled by competition between barbed end cappers, trackers, destabilizers, and filament branching machineries. The binding of profilin to barbed ends accounts for its effects on cell migration Profilin enhances length fluctuations of actin filaments by destabilizing barbed ends Profilin competes with capping protein at filament barbed ends Profilin competes with polymerases and filament branching machineries at barbed ends
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pernier
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Group, I2BC, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Group, I2BC, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Antoine Jegou
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Group, I2BC, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Bérengère Guichard
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Group, I2BC, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Marie-France Carlier
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Group, I2BC, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France.
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12
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Tang YN, Ding WQ, Guo XJ, Yuan XW, Wang DM, Song JG. Epigenetic regulation of Smad2 and Smad3 by profilin-2 promotes lung cancer growth and metastasis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8230. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Siebert AL, Wheeler D, Werren JH. A new approach for investigating venom function applied to venom calreticulin in a parasitoid wasp. Toxicon 2015; 107:304-16. [PMID: 26359852 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new method is developed to investigate functions of venom components, using venom gene RNA interference knockdown in the venomous animal coupled with RNA sequencing in the envenomated host animal. The vRNAi/eRNA-Seq approach is applied to the venom calreticulin component (v-crc) of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Parasitoids are common, venomous animals that inject venom proteins into host insects, where they modulate physiology and metabolism to produce a better food resource for the parasitoid larvae. vRNAi/eRNA-Seq indicates that v-crc acts to suppress expression of innate immune cell response, enhance expression of clotting genes in the host, and up-regulate cuticle genes. V-crc KD also results in an increased melanization reaction immediately following envenomation. We propose that v-crc inhibits innate immune response to parasitoid venom and reduces host bleeding during adult and larval parasitoid feeding. Experiments do not support the hypothesis that v-crc is required for the developmental arrest phenotype observed in envenomated hosts. We propose that an important role for some venom components is to reduce (modulate) the exaggerated effects of other venom components on target host gene expression, physiology, and survival, and term this venom mitigation. A model is developed that uses vRNAi/eRNA-Seq to quantify the contribution of individual venom components to total venom phenotypes, and to define different categories of mitigation by individual venoms on host gene expression. Mitigating functions likely contribute to the diversity of venom proteins in parasitoids and other venomous organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha L Siebert
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - David Wheeler
- Institute of Fundamental Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand; Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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14
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Coumans JVF, Gau D, Poljak A, Wasinger V, Roy P, Moens PDJ. Profilin-1 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells is associated with alterations in proteomics biomarkers of cell proliferation, survival, and motility as revealed by global proteomics analyses. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 18:778-91. [PMID: 25454514 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite early screening programs and new therapeutic strategies, metastatic breast cancer is still the leading cause of cancer death in women in industrialized countries and regions. There is a need for novel biomarkers of susceptibility, progression, and therapeutic response. Global analyses or systems science approaches with omics technologies offer concrete ways forward in biomarker discovery for breast cancer. Previous studies have shown that expression of profilin-1 (PFN1), a ubiquitously expressed actin-binding protein, is downregulated in invasive and metastatic breast cancer. It has also been reported that PFN1 overexpression can suppress tumorigenic ability and motility/invasiveness of breast cancer cells. To obtain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of how elevating PFN1 level induces these phenotypic changes in breast cancer cells, we investigated the alteration in global protein expression profiles of breast cancer cells upon stable overexpression of PFN1 by a combination of three different proteome analysis methods (2-DE, iTRAQ, label-free). Using MDA-MB-231 as a model breast cancer cell line, we provide evidence that PFN1 overexpression is associated with alterations in the expression of proteins that have been functionally linked to cell proliferation (FKPB1A, HDGF, MIF, PRDX1, TXNRD1, LGALS1, STMN1, LASP1, S100A11, S100A6), survival (HSPE1, HSPB1, HSPD1, HSPA5 and PPIA, YWHAZ, CFL1, NME1) and motility (CFL1, CORO1B, PFN2, PLS3, FLNA, FLNB, NME2, ARHGDIB). In view of the pleotropic effects of PFN1 overexpression in breast cancer cells as suggested by these new findings, we propose that PFN1-induced phenotypic changes in cancer cells involve multiple mechanisms. Our data reported here might also offer innovative strategies for identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets and companion diagnostics for persons with, or susceptibility to, breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle V F Coumans
- 1 School of Science and Technology, University of New England , Armidale, NSW, Australia
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15
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Intracellular signaling by cathepsin X: Molecular mechanisms and diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 31:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Rizwani W, Fasim A, Sharma D, Reddy DJ, Bin Omar NAM, Singh SS. S137 phosphorylation of profilin 1 is an important signaling event in breast cancer progression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103868. [PMID: 25084196 PMCID: PMC4118959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Profilins are actin-modulating proteins regulating many intracellular functions based on their multiple and diverse ligand interactions. They have been implicated to play a role in many pathological conditions such as allergies, cardiovascular diseases, muscular atrophy, diabetes, dementia and cancer. Post-translational modifications of profilin 1 can alter its properties and subsequently its function in a cell. In the present study, we identify the importance of phosphorylation of profilin 1 at serine 137 (S137) residue in breast cancer progression. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found elevated profilin 1 (PFN) in human breast cancer tissues when compared to adjacent normal tissues. Overexpression of wild-type profilin 1 (PFN-WT) in breast cancer MCF7 cells made them more migratory, invasive and adherent independent in comparison to empty vector transfected cells. Mutation in serine phosphorylation site (S137) of profilin 1 (PFN-S137A) significantly abrogated these properties. Mutation affecting actin-binding ability (PFN-R74E) of profilin 1 enhanced its tumorigenic function whereas mutation affecting its poly-L-proline binding function (PFN-H133S) alleviated these mechanisms in breast cancer cells. PFN-WT was found to activate matrix metalloproteinases by zymography, MMP2 and MMP9 in presence of PDBu (phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate, PI3K agonist) to enhance migration and invasion in MCF7 cells while PFN-S137A did not. Phosphorylation increased migration and invasion in other mutants of profilin 1. Nuclear profilin levels also increased in the presence of PDBu. CONCLUSIONS Previous studies show that profilin could be executing a dual role in cancer by either suppressing or promoting tumorigenesis in a context dependent manner. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that phosphorylation of profilin 1 at serine 137 enhances oncogenic properties in breast cancer cells. Inhibitors targeting profilin 1 phosphorylation directly or indirectly through inhibition of kinases that phosphorylate profilin could be valuable therapeutic agents that can alter its activity and thereby control the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasia Rizwani
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P., India
- * E-mail: (WR); (SSS)
| | - Aneesa Fasim
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P., India
| | - Deepshikha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P., India
| | - Divya J. Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P., India
| | | | - Surya S. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P., India
- * E-mail: (WR); (SSS)
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Identification of proteins associated with lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1739-49. [PMID: 24828259 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify proteins associated with gastric cancer lymph node metastasis and explore the clinicopathological significance of these proteins. METHODS Gastric cancer tissues were obtained from 24 patients with high or low lymph node metastatic potential. Total cellular proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), analyzed by MALDI/TOF-TOF MS, and identified by a database search. Expression of 14-3-3β and profilin-1 was then immunohistochemically verified in paraffin-embedded gastric cancer tissues from 128 patients and analyzed by multivariate logistic regression models, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS A total of 26 differentially expressed proteins were identified, 20 of which were overexpressed and 6 of which were underexpressed. 14-3-3β and profilin-1 were upregulated in gastric cancer tissues with and without lymph node metastasis, respectively. Expression of 14-3-3β protein was associated, but profilin-1 expression was inversely associated with gastric cancer lymph node metastasis. Multivariate analysis showed that overexpression of 14-3-3β and reduced expression of profilin-1 were independent risk factors for gastric cancer lymph node metastasis, while 14-3-3β overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS The current study identified 26 differentially expressed proteins. Further studies showed that both 14-3-3β and profilin-1 protein may be useful biomarkers for prediction of gastric cancer lymph node metastasis and that expression of 14-3-3β was a prognostic marker for gastric cancer patients.
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18
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Joy ME, Vollmer LL, Hulkower K, Stern AM, Peterson CK, Boltz RC“D, Roy P, Vogt A. A high-content, multiplexed screen in human breast cancer cells identifies profilin-1 inducers with anti-migratory activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88350. [PMID: 24520372 PMCID: PMC3919756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Profilin-1 (Pfn-1) is a ubiquitously expressed actin-binding protein that is essential for normal cell proliferation and migration. In breast cancer and several other adenocarcinomas, Pfn-1 expression is downregulated when compared to normal tissues. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that genetically modulating Pfn-1 expression significantly impacts proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro, and mammary tumor growth, dissemination, and metastatic colonization in vivo. Therefore, small molecules that can modulate Pfn-1 expression could have therapeutic potential in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. The overall goal of this study was to perform a multiplexed phenotypic screen to identify compounds that inhibit cell motility through upregulation of Pfn-1. Screening of a test cassette of 1280 compounds with known biological activities on an Oris™ Pro 384 cell migration platform identified several agents that increased Pfn-1 expression greater than two-fold over vehicle controls and exerted anti-migratory effects in the absence of overt cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Concentration-response confirmation and orthogonal follow-up assays identified two bona fide inducers of Pfn-1, purvalanol and tyrphostin A9, that confirmed in single-cell motility assays and Western blot analyses. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of Pfn-1 abrogated the inhibitory effect of tyrphostin A9 on cell migration, suggesting Pfn-1 is mechanistically linked to tyrphostin A9′s anti-migratory activity. The data illustrate the utility of the high-content cell motility assay to discover novel targeted anti-migratory agents by integrating functional phenotypic analyses with target-specific readouts in a single assay platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E. Joy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Vollmer
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keren Hulkower
- Platypus Technologies, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Stern
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cameron K. Peterson
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - R. C. “Dutch” Boltz
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (PR)
| | - Andreas Vogt
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (PR)
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Lorente G, Syriani E, Morales M. Actin filaments at the leading edge of cancer cells are characterized by a high mobile fraction and turnover regulation by profilin I. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85817. [PMID: 24465723 PMCID: PMC3895011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular motility is the basis for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In the case of breast cancer, the most common type of cancer among women, metastasis represents the most devastating stage of the disease. The central role of cellular motility in cancer development emphasizes the importance of understanding the specific mechanisms involved in this process. In this context, tumor development and metastasis would be the consequence of a loss or defect of the mechanisms that control cytoskeletal remodeling. Profilin I belongs to a family of small actin binding proteins that are thought to assist in actin filament elongation at the leading edge of migrating cells. Traditionally, Profilin I has been considered to be an essential control element for actin polymerization and cell migration. Expression of Profilin I is down-regulated in breast and various other cancer cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, a breast cancer cell line, further inhibition of Profilin I expression promotes hypermotility and metastatic spread, a finding that contrasts with the proposed role of Profilin in enhancing polymerization. In this report, we have taken advantage of the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of GFP-actin to quantify and compare actin dynamics at the leading edge level in both cancer and non-cancer cell models. Our results suggest that (i) a high level of actin dynamics (i.e., a large mobile fraction of actin filaments and a fast turnover) is a common characteristic of some cancer cells; (ii) actin polymerization shows a high degree of independence from the presence of extracellular growth factors; and (iii) our results also corroborate the role of Profilin I in regulating actin polymerization, as raising the intracellular levels of Profilin I decreased the mobile fraction ratio of actin filaments and slowed their polymerization rate; furthermore, increased Profilin levels also led to reduced individual cell velocity and directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Lorente
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Deptartment of Physiological Sciences I, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Syriani
- Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBIR Piqueras 98, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Miguel Morales
- Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBIR Piqueras 98, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Amplification and deletion of the RAPH1 gene in breast cancer patients. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6613-7. [PMID: 24057252 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lamellipodin protein (Lpd), encoded by the RAPH1 gene, modulates the assembly of actin cytoskeleton through its binding to the Ena/VASPs proteins, and acts in cellular motility and lamelipodial protrusion. The region where RAPH1 gene is located (2q33) is deleted in various types of cancer and the gene expression changes in tumors when compared to normal tissues. Amplifications and deletions of the RAPH1 gene were investigated in breast carcinoma samples, in order to determine the possible relationship of the gene with breast cancer tumorigenesis and lymph node metastasis. RAPH1 gene alterations were determined by relative quantification, standard curve method using Real-time PCR technique in samples of tumor and peripheral blood from 52 patients. Regression and correlation analyses were conducted using gene alterations and clinicopathological data. All samples analyzed were altered, with 63.5 % deletion cases and 36.5 % amplification cases. The logistic regression and correlation analysis with clinicopathological data did not show significant results. The results suggest that although the RAPH1 gene was deleted or amplified in all samples, the Lpd does not seem to play a major role in tumorigenesis of mammary carcinomas and probably other proteins, also involved in the process of cellular motility and metastasis, are acting more effectively for or against the migration of breast tumor cells.
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21
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Profilin-1 downregulation has contrasting effects on early vs late steps of breast cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2013; 33:2065-74. [PMID: 23686314 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Profilin1 (Pfn1), a ubiquitously expressed actin-binding protein, has an indispensable role in migration and proliferation of normal cells. Seemingly contrary to its essential cellular functions, Pfn1's expression is downregulated in breast cancer, the significance of which is unclear. In this study, expression profiling of Pfn1 in human breast cancer specimens correlates lower Pfn1 expression levels with propensity to metastasize. Xenograft experiments further establish a causal relationship between loss of Pfn1 expression and increased dissemination of breast cancer cells (BCCs) from the primary mammary tumor. BCCs exhibit a hyperinvasive phenotype (marked by matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation, faster invasion through collagen matrix) and acquire increased proficiency to transmigrate through endothelial barrier (an obligatory step for vascular dissemination) when Pfn1 expression is suppressed. In Pfn1-deficient cells, hyperinvasiveness involves a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-PI(3,4)P2 signaling axis while augmented transendothelial migration occurs in a vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent manner. Contrasting these dissemination promoting activities, loss of Pfn1, however, dramatically inhibits metastatic outgrowth of disseminated BCCs, suggesting that Pfn1 has a key role in the metastatic colonization process. In summary, this study shows that Pfn1 has a dichotomous role in early vs late steps of breast cancer metastasis.
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22
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Golubnitschaja O, Yeghiazaryan K, Costigliola V, Trog D, Braun M, Debald M, Kuhn W, Schild HH. Risk assessment, disease prevention and personalised treatments in breast cancer: is clinically qualified integrative approach in the horizon? EPMA J 2013; 4:6. [PMID: 23418957 PMCID: PMC3615949 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease. A spectrum of internal and external factors contributes to the disease promotion such as a genetic predisposition, chronic inflammatory processes, exposure to toxic compounds, abundant stress factors, a shift-worker job, etc. The cumulative effects lead to high incidence of breast cancer in populations worldwide. Breast cancer in the USA is currently registered with the highest incidence rates amongst all cancer related patient cohorts. Currently applied diagnostic approaches are frequently unable to recognise early stages in tumour development that impairs individual outcomes. Early diagnosis has been demonstrated to be highly beneficial for significantly enhanced therapy efficacy and possibly full recovery. Actual paper shows that the elaboration of an integrative diagnostic approach combining several levels of examinations creates a robust platform for the reliable risk assessment, targeted preventive measures and more effective treatments tailored to the person in the overall task of breast cancer management. The levels of examinations are proposed, and innovative technological approaches are described in the paper. The absolute necessity to create individual patient profiles and extended medical records is justified for the utilising by routine medical services. Expert recommendations are provided to promote further developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golubnitschaja
- Department of Radiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str, 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
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23
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Mutyal NN, Radosevich A, Tiwari AK, Stypula Y, Wali R, Kunte D, Roy HK, Backman V. Biological mechanisms underlying structural changes induced by colorectal field carcinogenesis measured with low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57206. [PMID: 23431406 PMCID: PMC3576387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the utility of Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering (LEBS) Spectroscopy in detecting optical changes in uninvolved rectal mucosa, changes that are indicative of the presence of advanced colorectal adenomas elsewhere in the colon (field carcinogenesis). We hypothesized that the alterations in optical signatures are due to structural changes in colonocytes. To elucidate those colonocyte changes, we used LEBS and an early time point in an animal model of colorectal field carcinogenesis – rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). Changes in LEBS markers in intact mucosa from AOM-treated rats could be at least partially attributed to changes in colonocytes. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the colonocyte abnormalities in premalignant colon, we took a candidate approach. We compared expression profiles of genes implicated directly or indirectly in cytoskeletal dysregulation in colorectal tissues from saline-treated versus AOM-treated rats. Our data suggest that a number of genes known to affect colon tumorigenesis are up-regulated in colonocytes, and genes previously reported to be tumor suppressors in metastatic cancer are down-regulated in colonocytes, despite the colonocytes being histologically normal. To further understand the role of the cytoskeleton in generating changes in optical markers of cells, we used pharmacological disruption (using colchicine) of the cytoskeleton. We found that differences in optical markers (between AOM- and control-treated rats) were negated by the disruption, suggesting cytoskeletal involvement in the optical changes. These studies provide significant insights into the micro-architectural alterations in early colon carcinogenesis, and may enable optimization of both bio-photonic and molecular risk stratification techniques to personalize colorectal cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ashish K. Tiwari
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Healthsystems, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yolanda Stypula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Wali
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Healthsystems, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dhananjay Kunte
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Healthsystems, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Healthsystems, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
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24
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Ultraviolet radiation effects on the proteome of skin cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 990:111-9. [PMID: 23378007 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5896-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic studies to date have had limited use as an investigative tool in the skin's response to UV radiation. These studies used cell lines and reconstructed skin and have shown evidence of cell injury with oxidative damage and stress induced heat shock proteins. Others changes included altered cytokeratin and cytoskeletal proteins with enhanced expression of TRIM29 as the keratinocytes regenerate. The associated DNA repair requires polη, Rad18/Rad16 and Rev1. In the whole animal these events would be associated with inflammation, remodelling of the epidermis and modulation of the immune response. Longer term changes include ageing and skin cancers such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. In the future proteomics will be used to explore these important aspects of photobiology. Better characterisation of the proteins involved should lead to a greater understanding of the skin's response to UV radiation.
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25
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Yao W, Yu X, Fang Z, Yin P, Zhao C, Li N, Wang L, Li Z, Zha X. Profilin1 facilitates staurosporine-triggered apoptosis by stabilizing the integrin β1-actin complex in breast cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:824-35. [PMID: 21692986 PMCID: PMC3822851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Profilin1 (Pfn1) functions as a tumour suppressor against malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. A minimum level of Pfn1 is critical for the differentiation of human epithelial cells, and its lower expression correlates with the tumourigenesis of breast cancer cells and tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-tumour action remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that stable expression of ectopic Pfn1 sensitized the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 to apoptosis induced by staurosporine, a widely used natural apoptosis-inducing agent. Pfn1 overexpression could also up-regulate the expression of integrin α5β1, which has been shown to inhibit the transformed phenotype of cancer cells. Furthermore, the Pfn1-facilitated apoptosis induced by staurosporine was blocked in cells attached to a supplementary fibronectin substrate, which serves as a ligand of integrin α5β1. These results suggest that the insufficient fibronectin caused by the integrin α5β1 up-regulation might activate a signalling pathway leading to an increase of cellular apoptosis. Moreover, Pfn1 that primarily functions to promote local superstructure formation involving actin filaments and integrin β1 may contribute to its promotion on apoptosis. Our study indicated a previously uncharacterized role of Pfn1 in mediating staurosporine-inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells via up-regulating integrin α5β1, and suggested a new target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantong Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Protein phosphatase 1 dephosphorylates profilin-1 at Ser-137. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32802. [PMID: 22479341 PMCID: PMC3316545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin-1 (PFN1) plays an important role in the control of actin dynamics, and could represent an important therapeutic target in several diseases. We previously identified PFN1 as a huntingtin aggregation inhibitor, and others have implicated it as a tumor-suppressor. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) directly phosphorylates PFN1 at Ser-137 to prevent its binding to polyproline sequences. This negatively regulates its anti-aggregation activity. However, the phosphatase that dephosphorylates PFN1 at Ser-137, and thus activates it, is unknown. Using a phospho-specific antibody against Ser-137 of PFN1, we characterized PFN1 dephosphorylation in cultured cells based on immunocytochemistry and a quantitative plate reader-based assay. Both okadaic acid and endothall increased pS137-PFN1 levels at concentrations more consistent with their known IC50s for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) than protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Knockdown of the catalytic subunit of PP1 (PP1Cα), but not PP2A (PP2ACα), increased pS137-PFN1 levels. PP1Cα binds PFN1 in cultured cells, and this interaction was increased by a phosphomimetic mutation of PFN1 at Ser-137 (S137D). Together, these data define PP1 as the principal phosphatase for Ser-137 of PFN1, and provide mechanistic insights into PFN1 regulation by phosphorylation.
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27
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Menkhorst EM, Lane N, Winship AL, Li P, Yap J, Meehan K, Rainczuk A, Stephens A, Dimitriadis E. Decidual-secreted factors alter invasive trophoblast membrane and secreted proteins implying a role for decidual cell regulation of placentation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31418. [PMID: 22359590 PMCID: PMC3281063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate or inappropriate implantation and placentation during the establishment of human pregnancy is thought to lead to first trimester miscarriage, placental insufficiency and other obstetric complications. To create the placental blood supply, specialized cells, the ‘extravillous trophoblast’ (EVT) invade through the differentiated uterine endometrium (the decidua) to engraft and remodel uterine spiral arteries. We hypothesized that decidual factors would regulate EVT function by altering the production of EVT membrane and secreted factors. We used a proteomics approach to identify EVT membrane and secreted proteins regulated by decidual cell factors. Human endometrial stromal cells were decidualized in vitro by treatment with estradiol (10−8 M), medroxyprogesterone acetate (10−7 M) and cAMP (0.5 mM) for 14 days. Conditioned media (CM) was collected on day 2 (non-decidualized CM) and 14 (decidualized CM) of treatment. Isolated primary EVT cultured on Matrigel™ were treated with media control, non-decidualized or decidualized CM for 16 h. EVT CM was fractionated for proteins <30 kDa using size-exclusion affinity nanoparticles (SEAN) before trypsin digestion and HPLC-MS/MS. 43 proteins produced by EVT were identified; 14 not previously known to be expressed in the placenta and 12 which had previously been associated with diseases of pregnancy including preeclampsia. Profilin 1, lysosome associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP1), dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1/cathepsin C) and annexin A2 expression by interstitial EVT in vivo was validated by immunhistochemistry. Decidual CM regulation in vitro was validated by western blotting: decidualized CM upregulated profilin 1 in EVT CM and non-decidualized CM upregulated annexin A2 in EVT CM and pro-DPP1 in EVT cell lysate. Here, non-decidualized factors induced protease expression by EVT suggesting that non-decidualized factors may induce a pro-inflammatory cascade. Preeclampsia is a pro-inflammatory condition. Overall, we have demonstrated the potential of a proteomics approach to identify novel proteins expressed by EVT and to uncover the mechanisms leading to disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Lane
- Prince Henry's Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Priscilla Li
- Prince Henry's Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Yap
- Prince Henry's Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Meehan
- Prince Henry's Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Rainczuk
- Prince Henry's Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Wang J, Zhang J, Wu J, Luo D, Su K, Shi W, Liu J, Tian Y, Wei L. MicroRNA-610 inhibits the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by suppressing the expression of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. Eur J Cancer 2011; 48:1904-13. [PMID: 22189055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) has been implicated in the establishment of cancerous phenotypes. However, the role of VASP in gastric cancer progression and metastasis remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that VASP was upregulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and promoted the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Then we explored the regulatory mechanisms responsible for high expression of VASP in gastric cancer. Based on miRNA expression profiling of the paired gastric cancer tissues and their adjacent non-tumour gastric tissues 18 miRNAs were identified including microRNA-610 (miR-610) which were down-regulated in gastric cancer. Next, we observed an inverse correlation between VASP and miR-610 expression levels in gastric cancer cells after EGF stimulation. Then we performed bioinformatics analysis, Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and luciferase assay to establish that miR-610 directly targets VASP 3'-UTR and inhibits its expression. Functionally, we demonstrated that miR610-mediated inhibition of VASP expression resulted in a significant reduction in the migration and invasion properties of gastric cancer cells. The identification of miR-610 as a novel miRNA regulated by EGF that targets VASP in gastric cancer cells suggests that EGF-miR610-VASP axis may be exploited for therapeutic intervention to inhibit gastric cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases and Center for Medical Research, Research Center of Food and Drug Evaluation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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SMN deficiency attenuates migration of U87MG astroglioma cells through the activation of RhoA. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 49:282-9. [PMID: 22197680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects alpha motoneurons in the spinal cord caused by homozygous deletion or specific mutations in the survival motoneuron-1 (SMN1) gene. Cell migration is critical at many stages of nervous system development; to investigate the role of SMN in cell migration, U87MG astroglioma cells were transduced with shSMN lentivectors and about 60% reduction in SMN expression was achieved. In a monolayer wound-healing assay, U87MG SMN-depleted cells exhibit reduced cell migration. In these cells, RhoA was activated and phosphorylated levels of myosin regulatory light chain (MLC), a substrate of the Rho kinase (ROCK), were found increased. The decrease in cell motility was related to activation of RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway as treatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 abrogated both the motility defects and MLC phosphorylation in SMN-depleted cells. As cell migration is regulated by continuous remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, the actin distribution was studied in SMN-depleted cells. A shift from filamentous to monomeric (globular) actin, involving the disappearance of stress fibers, was observed. In addition, profilin I, an actin-sequestering protein showed an increased expression in SMN-depleted cells. SMN is known to physically interact with profilin, reducing its actin-sequestering activity. The present results suggest that in SMN-depleted cells, the increase in profilin I expression and the reduction in SMN inhibitory action on profilin could lead to reduced filamentous actin polymerization, thus decreasing cell motility. We propose that the alterations reported here in migratory activity in SMN-depleted cells, related to abnormal activation of RhoA/ROCK pathway and increased profilin I expression could have a role in developing nervous system by impairing normal neuron and glial cell migration and thus contributing to disease pathogenesis in SMA.
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Zoidakis J, Makridakis M, Zerefos PG, Bitsika V, Esteban S, Frantzi M, Stravodimos K, Anagnou NP, Roubelakis MG, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Vlahou A. Profilin 1 is a potential biomarker for bladder cancer aggressiveness. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.009449. [PMID: 22159600 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the most important clinical needs for bladder cancer (BC) management is the identification of biomarkers for disease aggressiveness. Urine is a "gold mine" for biomarker discovery, nevertheless, with multiple proteins being in low amounts, urine proteomics becomes challenging. In the present study we applied a fractionation strategy of urinary proteins based on the use of immobilized metal affinity chromatography for the discovery of biomarkers for aggressive BC. Urine samples from patients with non invasive (two pools) and invasive (two pools) BC were subjected to immobilized metal affinity chromatography fractionation and eluted proteins analyzed by 1D-SDS-PAGE, band excision and liquid chromatography tandem MS. Among the identified proteins, multiple corresponded to proteins with affinity for metals and/or reported to be phosphorylated and included proteins with demonstrated association with BC such as MMP9, fibrinogen forms, and clusterin. In agreement to the immobilized metal affinity chromatography results, aminopeptidase N, profilin 1, and myeloblastin were further found to be differentially expressed in urine from patients with invasive compared with non invasive BC and benign controls, by Western blot or Elisa analysis, nevertheless exhibiting high interindividual variability. By tissue microarray analysis, profilin 1 was found to have a marked decrease of expression in the epithelial cells of the invasive (T2+) versus high risk non invasive (T1G3) tumors with occasional expression in stroma; importantly, this pattern strongly correlated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. The functional relevance of profilin 1 was investigated in the T24 BC cells where blockage of the protein by the use of antibodies resulted in decreased cell motility with concomitant decrease in actin polymerization. Collectively, our study involves the application of a fractionation method of urinary proteins and as one main result of this analysis reveals the association of profilin 1 with BC paving the way for its further investigation in BC stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Zoidakis
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
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Profilin1 regulates PI(3,4)P2 and lamellipodin accumulation at the leading edge thus influencing motility of MDA-MB-231 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21547-52. [PMID: 21115820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002309107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin1, a ubiquitously expressed actin-binding protein, plays a critical role in cell migration through actin cytoskeletal regulation. Given the traditional view of profilin1 as a promigratory molecule, it is difficult to reconcile observations that profilin1 is down-regulated in various invasive adenocarcinomas and that reduced profilin1 expression actually confers increased motility to certain adenocarcinoma cells. In this study, we show that profilin1 negatively regulates lamellipodin targeting to the leading edge in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and normal cells; profilin1 depletion increases lamellipodin concentration at the lamellipodial tip (where it binds Ena/VASP), and this mediates the hypermotility. We report that the molecular mechanism underlying profilin1's modulation of lamellipodin localization relates to phosphoinositide control. Specifically, we show that phosphoinositide binding of profilin1 inhibits the motility of MDA-MB-231 cells by negatively regulating PI(3,4)P(2) at the membrane and thereby limiting recruitment of lamellipodin [a PI(3,4)P(2)-binding protein] and Ena/VASP to the leading edge. In summary, this study uncovers a unique biological consequence of profilin1-phosphoinositide interaction, thus providing direct evidence of profilin1's regulation of cell migration independent of its actin-related activity.
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32
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Gau D, Ding Z, Baty C, Roy P. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based Detection of Profilin-VASP Interaction. Cell Mol Bioeng 2010; 4:1-8. [PMID: 21566724 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-010-0133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilins belong to a family of small G-actin binding proteins which are thought to assist in F-actin elongation at the leading edge of migrating cells through their interactions with a host of actin-binding proteins including Ena (enabled)/VASP (vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein). Profilin's interactions with the major actin regulators have been studied almost exclusively using biochemical methods. Therefore spatiotemporal features of these protein-protein interactions have not been resolved so far. In this paper, we for the first time demonstrate the feasibility of GFP-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique to detect VASP's interaction with profilin-1, a ubiquitously expressed member of profilin family of genes. Specifically, we performed acceptor photobleaching FRET in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to show prominent VASP-Pfn1 interaction at the membrane ruffles near the leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Gau
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 306 Center for Bioengineering, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Krishnan K, Moens PDJ. Structure and functions of profilins. Biophys Rev 2009; 1:71-81. [PMID: 28509986 PMCID: PMC5425664 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-009-0010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilins are small actin-binding proteins found in eukaryotes and certain viruses that are involved in cell development, cytokinesis, membrane trafficking, and cell motility. Originally identified as an actin sequestering/binding protein, profilin has been involved in actin polymerization dynamics. It catalyzes the exchange of ADP/ATP in actin and increases the rate of polymerization. Profilins also interact with polyphosphoinositides (PPI) and proline-rich domains containing proteins. Through its interaction with PPIs, profilin has been linked to signaling pathways between the cell membrane and the cytoskeleton, while its role in membrane trafficking has been associated with its interaction with proline-rich domain-containing proteins. Depending on the organism, profilin is present in a various number of isoforms. Four isoforms of profilin have been reported in higher organisms, while only one or two isoforms are expressed in single-cell organisms. The affinity of these isoforms for their ligands varies between isoforms and should therefore modulate their functions. However, the significance and the functions of the different isoforms are not yet fully understood. The structures of many profilin isoforms have been solved both in the presence and the absence of actin and poly-L-proline. These structural studies will greatly improve our understanding of the differences and similarities between the different profilins. Structural stability studies of different profilins are also shedding some light on our understanding of the profilin/ligand interactions. Profilin is a multifaceted protein for which a dramatic increase in potential functions has been found in recent years; as such, it has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Krishnan
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, McClymont Bldg, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Pierre D J Moens
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, McClymont Bldg, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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Bae YH, Ding Z, Zou L, Wells A, Gertler F, Roy P. Loss of profilin-1 expression enhances breast cancer cell motility by Ena/VASP proteins. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:354-64. [PMID: 19115233 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that silencing profilin-1 (Pfn1) expression increases breast cancer cell motility, but the underlying mechanisms have not been explored. Herein, we demonstrate that loss of Pfn1 expression leads to slower but more stable lamellipodial protrusion thereby enhancing the net protrusion rate and the overall motility of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, MDA-MB-231 cells showed dramatic enrichment of VASP at their leading edge when Pfn1 expression was downregulated and this observation was also reproducible in other cell types including human mammary epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. We further demonstrate that Pfn1 downregulation results in a hyper-motile phenotype of MDA-MB-231 cells in an Ena/VASP-dependent mechanism. Pfn1-depleted cells display a strong colocalization of VASP with lamellipodin (Lpd--a PI(3,4)P(2)-binding protein that has been previously implicated in lamellipodial targeting of Ena/VASP) at the leading edge. Finally, inhibition of PI3-kinase (important for generation of PI(3,4)P(2)) delocalizes VASP from the leading edge. This observation is consistent with a possible involvement of Lpd in enhanced membrane recruitment of VASP that results from loss of Pfn1 expression. Our findings for the first time highlight a possible mechanism of how reduced expression of a pro-migratory molecule like Pfn1 could actually promote motility of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Bae
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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35
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Profilin 1 is required for abscission during late cytokinesis of chondrocytes. EMBO J 2009; 28:1157-69. [PMID: 19262563 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Profilins are key factors for dynamic rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the functions of profilins in differentiated mammalian cells are uncertain because profilin deficiency is early embryonic lethal for higher eukaryotes. To examine profilin function in chondrocytes, we disrupted the profilin 1 gene in cartilage (Col2pfn1). Homozygous Col2pfn1 mice develop progressive chondrodysplasia caused by disorganization of the growth plate and defective chondrocyte cytokinesis, indicated by the appearance of binucleated cells. Surprisingly, Col2pfn1 chondrocytes assemble and contract actomyosin rings normally during cell division; however, they display defects during late cytokinesis as they frequently fail to complete abscission due to their inability to develop strong traction forces. This reduced force generation results from an impaired formation of lamellipodia, focal adhesions and stress fibres, which in part could be linked to an impaired mDia1-mediated actin filament elongation. Neither an actin nor a poly-proline binding-deficient profilin 1 is able to rescue the defects. Taken together, our results demonstrate that profilin 1 is not required for actomyosin ring formation in dividing chondrocytes but necessary to generate sufficient force for abscission during late cytokinesis.
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Das T, Bae YH, Wells A, Roy P. Profilin-1 overexpression upregulates PTEN and suppresses AKT activation in breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 218:436-43. [PMID: 18937284 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Profilin-1 (Pfn1), a ubiquitously expressed actin-binding protein, has been regarded as a tumor-suppressor molecule for breast cancer. Since AKT signaling impacts cell survival and proliferation, in this study we investigated whether AKT activation in breast cancer cells is sensitive to perturbation of Pfn1 expression. We found that even a moderate overexpression of Pfn1 leads to a significant reduction in phosphorylation of AKT in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We further demonstrated that Pfn1 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 cells is associated with a significant reduction in the level of the phosphoinositide regulator of AKT, PIP(3), and impaired membrane translocation of AKT that is required for AKT activation, in response to EGF stimulation. Interestingly, Pfn1-overexpressing cells showed post-transcriptional upregulation of PTEN. Furthermore, when PTEN expression was silenced, AKT phosphorylation was rescued, suggesting PTEN upregulation is responsible for Pfn1-dependent attenuation of AKT activation in MDA-MB-231 cells. Pfn1 overexpression induced PTEN upregulation and reduced AKT activation were also reproducible features of BT474 breast cancer cells. These findings may provide mechanistic insights underlying at least some of the tumor-suppressive properties of Pfn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Das
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Richer SM, Stewart NK, Tomaszewski JW, Stone MJ, Oakley MG. NMR Investigation of the Binding between Human Profilin I and Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate, the Soluble Headgroup of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate. Biochemistry 2008; 47:13455-62. [DOI: 10.1021/bi801535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Richer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nichole K. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - John W. Tomaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martha G. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Goicoechea SM, Bednarski B, García-Mata R, Prentice-Dunn H, Kim HJ, Otey CA. Palladin contributes to invasive motility in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2008; 28:587-98. [PMID: 18978809 PMCID: PMC2633435 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis involves multiple steps including detachment of the metastatic cells from neighboring cells, the acquisition of motility and invasion to other tissue. All of these steps require the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In this study, we found that the protein palladin, a molecular scaffold with an important function in actin organization, is expressed at higher overall levels in tumors compared to benign breast tissue, and also significantly higher in four invasive breast cancer cell lines when compared to four non-invasive cell lines. In addition, we found that palladin plays a key role in the formation of podosomes. Podosomes are actin-rich structures that function in adhesion and matrix degradation and have been found in many invasive cell types. Our results show that phorbol ester treatment stimulated the formation of palladin-containing podosomes in invasive, but not in non-invasive cell lines. More importantly, palladin knockdown resulted in decreased podosome formation and a significant reduction in transwell migration and invasive motility. Palladin overexpression induced podosome formation in the non-invasive MCF7 cells, which are otherwise unable to form podosomes, suggesting that palladin plays a critical role in the assembly of podosomes. Overall, these results indicate that palladin overexpression contributes to the invasive behavior of metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Goicoechea
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Thirty years after its initial characterization and more than 1000 publications listed in PubMed describing its properties, the small (ca 15 kDa) protein profilin continues to surprise us with new, recently discovered functions. Originally described as an actin-binding protein, profilin has now been shown to interact with more than a dozen proteins in mammalian cells. Some of the more recently described and intriguing interactions are within neurons involving a neuronal profilin family member. Profilin is now regarded as a regulator of various cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, membrane trafficking and nuclear transport. Profilin is a necessary element in key steps of neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity, and embodies properties postulated for a synaptic tag. These findings identify profilin as an important factor linking cellular and behavioural plasticity in neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Birbach
- Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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40
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Li Y, Grenklo S, Higgins T, Karlsson R. The profilin:actin complex localizes to sites of dynamic actin polymerization at the leading edge of migrating cells and pathogen-induced actin tails. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:893-904. [PMID: 18707793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique set of affinity-purified anti-profilin and anti-actin antibodies generated against a covalently coupled version of the profilin:actin complex was used to assess the distribution of profilin and non-filamentous actin in mouse melanoma cells. In agreement with the profilin:actin complex being the principal source of actin for filament formation, we observed extensive co-distribution of both antibody preparations with vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and the p34 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, both of which are components of actin polymer-forming protein complexes in the cell. This suggests that the localization of profilin and actin revealed with these antibodies in fact reflects the distribution of the profilin:actin complex rather than the two proteins separately. Significantly, protruding lamellipodia and filopodia showed intensive labeling. The two antibody preparations were also used to stain HeLa cells infected with Listeria monocytogenes or vaccinia virus. In both cases, the pattern of antibody staining of the pathogen-induced microfilament arrangement differed, suggesting a varying accessibility for the antibody-binding epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Cell Biology, WGI, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Chan CML, Wong SCC, Lam MYY, Hui EP, Chan JKC, Lo ESF, Cheuk W, Wong MCK, Tsao SW, Chan ATC. Proteomic comparison of nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines C666-1 and NP69 identifies down-regulation of annexin II and beta2-tubulin for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:675-83. [PMID: 18384219 DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-675-pconcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), common in southern China and North Africa, has a complex etiology involving interplay between viral, environmental, and hereditary factors and is almost constantly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. Since the prognosis of locally advanced and metastatic diseases is poor, increased understanding of the pathogenesis of NPC would be important for discovering novel markers for patients' management. OBJECTIVES To compare the proteomic expression profile between an Epstein-Barr virus-associated NPC cell line (C666-1) and a normal NP cell line (NP69). The proteins with differential expression were analyzed in 40 undifferentiated NPC paraffin-embedded specimens. DESIGN Differentially expressed proteins discovered between the two cell lines were identified by mass spectrometry. After confirmation by immunocytochemical staining, their expression in patient samples was measured using 40 pairs of undifferentiated NPCs together with their adjacent normal epithelia. RESULTS Proteomic findings indicated that adenosine triphosphate synthase alpha chain was up-regulated, whereas annexin II, annexin V, beta(2)-tubulin, and profilin 1 were down-regulated. After confirming the results in agar-processed cell lines, annexin II and beta(2)-tubulin expression were found to be lower in tumor cells than in adjacent normal epithelial cells in 100% and 90% of the patients' specimens, respectively. Finally, annexin II down-regulation was positively associated with lymph node metastasis, suggesting that it may be a prognostic factor in NPC. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that annexin II and beta(2)-tubulin down-regulation is important in NPC formation and may represent potential targets for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M L Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir Y. K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Shi Y, Elmets CA, Smith JW, Liu YT, Chen YR, Huang CP, Zhu W, Ananthaswamy HN, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Quantitative proteomes and in vivo secretomes of progressive and regressive UV-induced fibrosarcoma tumor cells: mimicking tumor microenvironment using a dermis-based cell-trapped system linked to tissue chamber. Proteomics 2008; 7:4589-600. [PMID: 18022937 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The alterations of tumor proteome and/or in vivo secretome created by host-tumor cell interaction may be crucial factors for tumors to undergo progression or regression in a host system. Two UV-induced fibrosarcoma tumor cell lines (UV-2237 progressive cells and UV-2240 regressive cells) were used as models to address this issue. Hundreds of proteins including in vivo secretome have been identified and quantified via an isotope-coded protein label (ICPL) in conjunction with high-throughput NanoLC-LTQ MS analysis. A newly designed technology using a dermis-based cell-trapped system was employed to encapsulate and grow 3-D tumor cells. A tissue chamber inserted with a tumor cell-trapped dermis was implanted into mice to mimic the tumor microenvironment. The in vivo secretome created by host-tumor interaction was characterized from samples collected from tissue chamber fluids via ICPL labeling mass spectrometric analysis. Twenty-five proteins including 14-3-3 proteins, heat shock proteins, profilin-1, and a fragment of complement C3 with differential expression in proteomes of UV-2237 and UV-2240 cells were revealed. Three secreted proteins including myeloperoxidase, alpha-2-macroglobulin, and a vitamin D-binding protein have different abundances in the in vivo secretome in response to UV-2237 and UV-2240 cells. Differential tumor proteomes and in vivo secretome were thus accentuated as potential therapeutic targets to control tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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43
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Gortzak-Uzan L, Ignatchenko A, Evangelou AI, Agochiya M, Brown KA, St Onge P, Kireeva I, Schmitt-Ulms G, Brown TJ, Murphy J, Rosen B, Shaw P, Jurisica I, Kislinger T. A proteome resource of ovarian cancer ascites: integrated proteomic and bioinformatic analyses to identify putative biomarkers. J Proteome Res 2007; 7:339-51. [PMID: 18076136 DOI: 10.1021/pr0703223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, and disease-specific biomarkers are urgently needed to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and to predict and monitor treatment efficiency. We present an in-depth proteomic analysis of selected biochemical fractions of human ovarian cancer ascites, resulting in the stringent and confident identification of over 2500 proteins. Rigorous filter schemes were applied to objectively minimize the number of false-positive identifications, and we only report proteins with substantial peptide evidence. Integrated computational analysis of the ascites proteome combined with several recently published proteomic data sets of human plasma, urine, 59 ovarian cancer related microarray data sets, and protein-protein interactions from the Interologous Interaction Database I (2)D ( http://ophid.utoronto.ca/i2d) resulted in a short-list of 80 putative biomarkers. The presented proteomics analysis provides a significant resource for ovarian cancer research, and a framework for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Gortzak-Uzan
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Genomics and Proteomics, Canada
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44
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Abstract
Expression of profilin-1 (Pfn1) is downregulated in breast cancer cells, the functional significance of which is yet to be understood. To address this question, in this study we evaluated how perturbing Pfn1 affects motility and invasion of breast cancer cells. We show that loss of Pfn1 expression leads to enhanced motility and matrigel invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, silencing Pfn1 expression is associated with downregulation of both cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions with concomitant increase in motility and dramatic scattering of normal human mammary epithelial cells. Thus, these data for the first time suggest that loss of Pfn1 expression may have significance in breast cancer progression. Consistent with these findings, even a moderate overexpression of Pfn1 induces actin stress-fibres, upregulates focal adhesion, and dramatically inhibits motility and matrigel invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells. Using mutants of Pfn1 that are defective in binding to either actin or proline-rich ligands, we further show that overexpressed Pfn1 must have a functional actin-binding site to suppress cell motility. Finally, animal experiments reveal that overexpression of Pfn1 suppresses orthotopic tumorigenicity and micro-metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells in nude mice. These data imply that perturbing Pfn1 could be a good molecular strategy to limit the aggressiveness of breast cancer cells.
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45
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Lindberg U, Karlsson R, Lassing I, Schutt CE, Höglund AS. The microfilament system and malignancy. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 18:2-11. [PMID: 18024149 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased motile activity, increased rate of cell proliferation and removal of growth inhibiting cell-cell contacts are hallmarks of tumorigenesis. Activation of cell motility and migration is caused by activation of receptors, turning on the growth cycle. Increased expression of metalloproteinases, breaking cell:cell contacts and organ confines, allows the spread of malignant cancer cells to other sites in the organism. It has become increasingly clear that most transmembrane proteins (growth factor receptors, adhesion proteins and ion channels) are either permanently or transiently associated with the sub-membraneous system of actin microfilaments (MF), whose force generating capacity they control. Although there has been great progress in our understanding of the physiological importance of the MF-system, as will be exemplified in this issue of SCB, many aspects of actin microfilament formation and its regulation are still unclear. Redox control of the actin (MF)-system in cell motility and migration and its perturbations in pathophysiology, including cancer, is an emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uno Lindberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor Biology, and Cell Biology, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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46
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Wu N, Zhang W, Yang Y, Liang YL, Wang LY, Jin JW, Cai XM, Zha XL. Profilin 1 obtained by proteomic analysis in all-trans retinoic acid-treated hepatocarcinoma cell lines is involved in inhibition of cell proliferation and migration. Proteomics 2007; 6:6095-106. [PMID: 17051635 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) suppresses growth of hepatocarcinoma cell in vitro. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the protein expression profiles by 2-DE in hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 treated with ATRA. Our results reveal that six proteins were differently expressed in response to ATRA. Using MS and database searching, they were identified as profilin 1, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, RuvB-like 1, alpha-enolase, pyridoxal kinase and F-actin capping protein. We selected the up-regulated protein, profilin 1 (PFN1), for further studies. The PFN1 expression was increased in response to ATRA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The PFN1 expression was reduced dramatically in four hepatoma cell lines compared to L02 cell line of non-tumor origin. The PFN1 expression was also examined in 4 cases of primary hepatocarcinoma tissues by Western blot and 30 cases by tissues microarray. It was found that the protein level of PFN1 was lower in hepatocarcinoma tissues compared to that in the adjacent tissues. Similar to ATRA, overexpression of PFN1 led to inhibition of cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, RNAi-based PFN1 knockdown could rescue the inhibitory effect of ATRA on cell proliferation and migration. In conclusion, ATRA inhibited cell proliferation and migration through up-regulation of PFN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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47
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Sato A, Khadka DK, Liu W, Bharti R, Runnels LW, Dawid IB, Habas R. Profilin is an effector for Daam1 in non-canonical Wnt signaling and is required for vertebrate gastrulation. Development 2006; 133:4219-31. [PMID: 17021034 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-canonical Wnt signaling plays important roles during vertebrate embryogenesis and is required for cell motility during gastrulation. However, the molecular mechanisms of how Wnt signaling regulates modification of the actin cytoskeleton remain incompletely understood. We had previously identified the Formin homology protein Daam1 as an important link between Dishevelled and the Rho GTPase for cytoskeletal modulation. Here, we report that Profilin1 is an effector downstream of Daam1 required for cytoskeletal changes. Profilin1 interacted with the FH1 domain of Daam1 and was localized with Daam1 to actin stress fibers in response to Wnt signaling in mammalian cells. In addition, depletion of Profilin1 inhibited stress fiber formation induced by non-canonical Wnt signaling. Inhibition or depletion of Profilin1 in vivo specifically inhibited blastopore closure in Xenopus but did not affect convergent extension movements, tissue separation or neural fold closure. Our studies define a molecular pathway downstream of Daam1 that controls Wnt-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization for a specific morphogenetic process during vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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48
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Ding Z, Lambrechts A, Parepally M, Roy P. Silencing profilin-1 inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration and cord morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4127-37. [PMID: 16968742 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of several actin-binding proteins including profilin-1 is up-regulated during capillary morphogenesis of endothelial cells, the biological significance of which remains unknown. Specifically, we hypothesized that profilin-1 is important for endothelial migration and proliferation. In this study, we suppressed profilin-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by RNA-interference. Gene silencing of profilin-1 led to significant reduction in the formation of actin filaments and focal adhesions. Loss of profilin-1 expression was also associated with reduced dynamics of cell-cell adhesion. Data from both wound-healing experiments and time-lapse imaging of individual cells showed inhibition of cell migration when profilin-1 expression was suppressed. Cells lacking profilin-1 exhibited defects in membrane protrusion, both in terms of its magnitude and directional persistence. Furthermore, loss of profilin-1 expression inhibited cell growth without compromising cell survival, at least in the short-term, thus suggesting that profilin-1 also plays an important role in endothelial proliferation as hypothesized. Finally, silencing profilin-1 expression suppressed matrigel-induced early cord morphogenesis of endothelial cells. Taken together, our data suggest that profilin-1 may play important role in biological events that involve endothelial proliferation, migration and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Ding
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 749 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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49
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Pucci-Minafra I, Cancemi P, Fontana S, Minafra L, Feo S, Becchi M, Freyria AM, Minafra S. Expanding the protein catalogue in the proteome reference map of human breast cancer cells. Proteomics 2006; 6:2609-25. [PMID: 16526084 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this report we present a catalogue of 162 proteins (including isoforms and variants) identified in a prototype of proteomic map of breast cancer cells. This work represents the prosecution of previous studies describing the protein complement of breast cancer cells of the line 8701-BC, which has been well characterized for several parameters, providing to be a useful model for the study of breast cancer-associated candidate biomarkers. In particular, 110 spots were identified ex novo by PMF, or validated following previous gel matching identification method; 30 were identified by N-terminal microsequencing and the remaining by gel matching with maps available from our former work. As a consequence of the expanded number of proteins, we have updated our previous classification extending the number of protein groups from 4 to 13. In order to facilitate comparative proteome studies of different kinds of breast cancers, in this report we provide the whole complement of proteins so far identified and grouped into the new classification. A consistent number of them were not described before in other proteomic maps of breast cancer cells or tissues, and therefore they represent a valuable contribution for breast cancer protein databases and for future application in basic and clinical researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pucci-Minafra
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale ed Applicazioni Cliniche (DOSAC), Via San Lorenzo Colli, Palermo, Italy.
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50
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Jack GD, Mead EA, Garst JF, Cabrera MC, DeSantis AM, Slaughter SM, Jervis J, Brooks AI, Potts M, Helm RF. Long term metabolic arrest and recovery of HEK293 spheroids involves NF-kappaB signaling and sustained JNK activation. J Cell Physiol 2006; 206:526-36. [PMID: 16155929 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how cells withstand a depletion of intracellular water is relevant to the study of longevity, aging, and quiescence because one consequence of air-drying is metabolic arrest. After removal of medium, HEK293 spheroids with intracellular water content of approximately 65% survived partial vacuum, with antistatic control, for weeks in the dark at 25 degrees C. In contrast, only a limited exposure of monolayers to air was lethal; the mitochondrion being a target of this stress. The pathways activated during the long-term arrest and recovery of spheroids depended on both NF-kappaB signaling and sustained JNK activation. A cyclical cascade, presumably originating from an intercellular stress signal, led to endogenous cytokine production (TNF-alpha, IL-1b, and IL-8) and propagation of the cellular stress signal through the co-activation of NF-kappaB and JNK. Increased levels of downstream pathway signaling members, specifically Gadd45beta, c-jun, and ATF3 were observed, as was activation of c-jun (phosphorylation). Activation of these pathways permit cells to survive long-term storage and recovery because chemical inhibition of both NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and JNK phosphorylation led to cell death. The capacity of an immortalized cell to enter, and then exit, a state of long-term quiescence, without genetic or chemical intervention, has implications for the study of cell transformation. In addition, the ability to monitor the relevant signaling pathways at endogenous levels, from effector to transcriptional regulator, emphasizes the utility of multicellular aggregate models in delineating stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D Jack
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Genomics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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