1
|
High-Resolution Structural Analysis of Dyneins by Cryo-electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2623:257-279. [PMID: 36602691 PMCID: PMC10371436 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2958-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become the mainstream technique for studying macromolecular structures. Determining the structures of protein complexes is more accessible to structural biologists than ever before. Nevertheless, obtaining high-resolution structures of molecular motors like dynein is still an extremely challenging goal due to their troublesome behaviors in ice, their exceedingly flexible conformations, and their intricate architectures. Dynein is a large molecular machine that drives the movement of many essential cellular cargos and is also the key force generator that powers ciliary motility. High-resolution structural information of dyneins in different states is critical for the in-depth mechanistic understanding of their roles in cells. Here, we summarize the cryo-EM approaches that we have used to study the structures of outer-arm dynein arrays bound to microtubule doublets. Our approaches can be applied to other similar structures and further optimized to deal with even more complicated targets.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mali GR, Ali FA, Lau CK, Begum F, Boulanger J, Howe JD, Chen ZA, Rappsilber J, Skehel M, Carter AP. Shulin packages axonemal outer dynein arms for ciliary targeting. Science 2021; 371:910-916. [PMID: 33632841 PMCID: PMC7116892 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The main force generators in eukaryotic cilia and flagella are axonemal outer dynein arms (ODAs). During ciliogenesis, these ~1.8-megadalton complexes are assembled in the cytoplasm and targeted to cilia by an unknown mechanism. Here, we used the ciliate Tetrahymena to identify two factors (Q22YU3 and Q22MS1) that bind ODAs in the cytoplasm and are required for ODA delivery to cilia. Q22YU3, which we named Shulin, locked the ODA motor domains into a closed conformation and inhibited motor activity. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed how Shulin stabilized this compact form of ODAs by binding to the dynein tails. Our findings provide a molecular explanation for how newly assembled dyneins are packaged for delivery to the cilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girish R Mali
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ferdos Abid Ali
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clinton K Lau
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Farida Begum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jérôme Boulanger
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jonathan D Howe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Zhuo A Chen
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Mark Skehel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Andrew P Carter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rao Q, Han L, Wang Y, Chai P, Kuo YW, Yang R, Hu F, Yang Y, Howard J, Zhang K. Structures of outer-arm dynein array on microtubule doublet reveal a motor coordination mechanism. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:799-810. [PMID: 34556869 PMCID: PMC8500839 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of outer-arm dyneins (OADs) are arrayed in the axoneme to drive a rhythmic ciliary beat. Coordination among multiple OADs is essential for generating mechanical forces to bend microtubule doublets (MTDs). Using electron microscopy, we determined high-resolution structures of Tetrahymena thermophila OAD arrays bound to MTDs in two different states. OAD preferentially binds to MTD protofilaments with a pattern resembling the native tracks for its distinct microtubule-binding domains. Upon MTD binding, free OADs are induced to adopt a stable parallel conformation, primed for array formation. Extensive tail-to-head (TTH) interactions between OADs are observed, which need to be broken for ATP turnover by the dynein motor. We propose that OADs in an array sequentially hydrolyze ATP to slide the MTDs. ATP hydrolysis in turn relaxes the TTH interfaces to effect free nucleotide cycles of downstream OADs. These findings lead to a model explaining how conformational changes in the axoneme produce coordinated action of dyneins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Rao
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Long Han
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yue Wang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Pengxin Chai
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yin-wei Kuo
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Renbin Yang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Fangheng Hu
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yuchen Yang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neospora caninum cytoplasmic dynein LC8 light chain 2 (NcDYNLL2) is differentially produced by pathogenically distinct isolates and regulates the host immune response. Parasitology 2018; 146:588-595. [PMID: 30561290 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201800207x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is the causative agent of bovine neosporosis. A N. caninum cytoplasmic dynein LC8 light chain (NcDYNLL) protein was characterized in this study. Cytoplasmic dyneins, including DYNLLs, belong to the microtubule minus-end-directed motor proteins and are involved in many cellular processes. Previous microarray studies revealed that NcDYNLL was downregulated in the non-pathogenic clone, Ncts-8, when compared with the wild-type NC1 isolate. The present study showed that DYNLLs from different species are highly conserved (>85% identity), and the NcDYNLL belongs to the DYNLL2 family. NcDYNLL2 and Toxoplasma gondii DYNLL2 have identical amino acid sequences, although they are slightly divergent at the genetic level (89% identity). NcDYNLL2 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. NcDYNLL2 was identified in soluble and insoluble fractions of tachyzoite lysate. As expected, soluble NcDYNLL2 was lower in the Ncts-8 lysate when compared with that of NC1 isolate. NcDYNLL2 release by the tachyzoites was low; however, it was increased when tachyzoites were treated with either calcium ionophore or ethanol. The data indicate that NcDYNLL2 may be actively secreted at low levels, but the secretion was upregulated by agents that also augment microneme protein secretions. Immunostaining of NcDYNLL2 in isolated and intracellular Neospora tachyzoites showed a diffuse distribution pattern. Furthermore, rNcDYNLL2 was internalized by the host immune cells and stimulated tumour necrosis factor-α) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by murine dendritic cells. Taken together, these results suggest that NcDYNLL2 is a secretory protein that cross-regulates host immunity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Subramanian A, Kabi A, Gray SF, Pennock D. p28 dynein light chains and ciliary motility in Tetrahymena thermophila. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:197-208. [PMID: 26994403 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dynein light chains are required for the assembly of axonemal dyneins into cilia and flagella. Most organisms express a single p28 dynein light chain and four to nine one-headed inner arm dynein heavy chains. In contrast, Tetrahymena encodes three p28 dynein light chain genes (p28A, p28B, and p28C) and 18 one-headed inner arm dynein heavy chains. In this article it is shown that mutations in p28A and p28B affected both beat frequency and waveform of cilia, while mutations in p28C affected only ciliary beat frequency. A similar set of dynein heavy chains were affected in both p28AKO and p28BKO, but a distinct set of heavy chains was affected in p28CKO. The results suggested that the p28s have non-redundant functions in Tetrahymena and that p28C was associated with a different set of dynein heavy chains than were p28A and p28B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Kabi
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195
| | - Sean F Gray
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 45056
| | - David Pennock
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 45056
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qureshi BM, Hofmann NE, Arroyo-Olarte RD, Nickl B, Hoehne W, Jungblut PR, Lucius R, Scheerer P, Gupta N. Dynein light chain 8a of Toxoplasma gondii, a unique conoid-localized β-strand-swapped homodimer, is required for an efficient parasite growth. FASEB J 2012; 27:1034-47. [PMID: 23233536 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-180992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dynein light chain 8 (DLC8) is a ubiquitous eukaryotic protein regulating diverse cellular functions. We show that the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii harbors 4 DLC8 proteins (TgDLC8a-d), of which only TgDLC8a clusters in the mainstream LC8 class. TgDLC8b-d proteins form a divergent and alveolate-specific clade. TgDLC8b-d proteins are largely cytosolic, whereas TgDLC8a resides in the conoid at the apical end of T. gondii. The apical location of TgDLC8a is also not shared by its nearly identical Eimeria (EtDLC8a), Plasmodium (PfDLC8), or human (HsDLC8) orthologs. Notwithstanding an exclusive conoid targeting, TgDLC8a exhibits a classical LC8 structure. It forms a homodimer by swapping of the β strands that interact with the antiparallel β' strands of the opposing monomers. The TgDLC8a dimer contains two identical binding grooves and appears to be adapted for multitarget recognition. By contrast, the previously reported PfDLC8 homodimer is shaped by binding of the β strand with the parallel β' strand and lacks such a distinct binding interface. Our comparisons suggest an unexpected structural and functional divergence of the two otherwise conserved proteins from apicomplexan parasites. Finally, we demonstrate that a phosphomimetic S88E mutation renders the TgDLC8a-S88E mutant monomeric and cytosolic in T. gondii, and its overexpression inhibits the parasite growth in human fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal M Qureshi
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, D-10115 Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Coyne RS, Hannick L, Shanmugam D, Hostetler JB, Brami D, Joardar VS, Johnson J, Radune D, Singh I, Badger JH, Kumar U, Saier M, Wang Y, Cai H, Gu J, Mather MW, Vaidya AB, Wilkes DE, Rajagopalan V, Asai DJ, Pearson CG, Findly RC, Dickerson HW, Wu M, Martens C, Van de Peer Y, Roos DS, Cassidy-Hanley DM, Clark TG. Comparative genomics of the pathogenic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, its free-living relatives and a host species provide insights into adoption of a parasitic lifestyle and prospects for disease control. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R100. [PMID: 22004680 PMCID: PMC3341644 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, commonly known as Ich, is a highly pathogenic ciliate responsible for 'white spot', a disease causing significant economic losses to the global aquaculture industry. Options for disease control are extremely limited, and Ich's obligate parasitic lifestyle makes experimental studies challenging. Unlike most well-studied protozoan parasites, Ich belongs to a phylum composed primarily of free-living members. Indeed, it is closely related to the model organism Tetrahymena thermophila. Genomic studies represent a promising strategy to reduce the impact of this disease and to understand the evolutionary transition to parasitism. Results We report the sequencing, assembly and annotation of the Ich macronuclear genome. Compared with its free-living relative T. thermophila, the Ich genome is reduced approximately two-fold in length and gene density and three-fold in gene content. We analyzed in detail several gene classes with diverse functions in behavior, cellular function and host immunogenicity, including protein kinases, membrane transporters, proteases, surface antigens and cytoskeletal components and regulators. We also mapped by orthology Ich's metabolic pathways in comparison with other ciliates and a potential host organism, the zebrafish Danio rerio. Conclusions Knowledge of the complete protein-coding and metabolic potential of Ich opens avenues for rational testing of therapeutic drugs that target functions essential to this parasite but not to its fish hosts. Also, a catalog of surface protein-encoding genes will facilitate development of more effective vaccines. The potential to use T. thermophila as a surrogate model offers promise toward controlling 'white spot' disease and understanding the adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Coyne
- Genomic Medicine, J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hom EF, Witman GB, Harris EH, Dutcher SK, Kamiya R, Mitchell DR, Pazour GJ, Porter ME, Sale WS, Wirschell M, Yagi T, King SM. A unified taxonomy for ciliary dyneins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:555-65. [PMID: 21953912 PMCID: PMC3222151 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation and function of eukaryotic cilia/flagella require the action of a large array of dynein microtubule motor complexes. Due to genetic, biochemical, and microscopic tractability, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has become the premier model system in which to dissect the role of dyneins in flagellar assembly, motility, and signaling. Currently, 54 proteins have been described as components of various Chlamydomonas flagellar dyneins or as factors required for their assembly in the cytoplasm and/or transport into the flagellum; orthologs of nearly all these components are present in other ciliated organisms including humans. For historical reasons, the nomenclature of these diverse dynein components and their corresponding genes, mutant alleles, and orthologs has become extraordinarily confusing. Here, we unify Chlamydomonas dynein gene nomenclature and establish a systematic classification scheme based on structural properties of the encoded proteins. Furthermore, we provide detailed tabulations of the various mutant alleles and protein aliases that have been used and explicitly define the correspondence with orthologous components in other model organisms and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik F.Y. Hom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, NW469, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George B. Witman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Elizabeth H. Harris
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Susan K. Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Ritsu Kamiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - David R. Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Gregory J. Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Mary E. Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Winfield S. Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Maureen Wirschell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Toshiki Yagi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Stephen M. King
- Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3305
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bernarde C, Lehours P, Lasserre JP, Castroviejo M, Bonneu M, Mégraud F, Ménard A. Complexomics study of two Helicobacter pylori strains of two pathological origins: potential targets for vaccine development and new insight in bacteria metabolism. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2796-826. [PMID: 20610778 PMCID: PMC3101863 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection plays a causal role in the development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (LG-MALT) and duodenal ulcer (DU). Although many virulence factors have been associated with DU, many questions remain unanswered regarding the evolution of the infection toward this exceptional event, LG-MALT. The present study describes and compares the complexome of two H. pylori strains, strain J99 associated with DU and strain B38 associated with LG-MALT, using the two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE method. It was possible to identify 90 different complexes (49 and 41 in the B38 and J99 strains, respectively); 12 of these complexes were common to both strains (seven and five in the membrane and cytoplasm, respectively), reflecting the variability of H. pylori strains. The 44 membrane complexes included numerous outer membrane proteins, such as the major adhesins BabA and SabA retrieved from a complex in the B38 strain, and also proteins from the hor family rarely studied. BabA and BabB adhesins were found to interact independently with HopM/N in the B38 and J99 strains, respectively. The 46 cytosolic complexes essentially comprised proteins involved in H. pylori physiology. Some orphan proteins were retrieved from heterooligomeric complexes, and a function could be proposed for a number of them via the identification of their partners, such as JHP0119, which may be involved in the flagellar function. Overall, this study gave new insights into the membrane and cytoplasm structure, and those which could help in the design of molecules for vaccine and/or antimicrobial agent development are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bernarde
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Philippe Lehours
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Jean-Paul Lasserre
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Michel Castroviejo
- ‖Laboratoire de Microbiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire et Pathogénicité, UMR CNRS 5234, and
| | - Marc Bonneu
- **Pôle Protéomique, Plateforme Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, F 33076 France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Armelle Ménard
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rajagopalan V, Subramanian A, Wilkes DE, Pennock DG, Asai DJ. Dynein-2 affects the regulation of ciliary length but is not required for ciliogenesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:708-20. [PMID: 19019986 PMCID: PMC2626569 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are assembled and maintained by the bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT). Studies in alga, nematode, and mouse have shown that the heavy chain (Dyh2) and the light intermediate chain (D2LIC) of the cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex are essential for retrograde intraflagellar transport. In these organisms, disruption of either dynein-2 component results in short cilia/flagella with bulbous tips in which excess IFT particles have accumulated. In Tetrahymena, the expression of the DYH2 and D2LIC genes increases during reciliation, consistent with their roles in IFT. However, the targeted elimination of either DYH2 or D2LIC gene resulted in only a mild phenotype. Both knockout cell lines assembled motile cilia, but the cilia were of more variable lengths and less numerous than wild-type controls. Electron microscopy revealed normally shaped cilia with no swelling and no obvious accumulations of material in the distal ciliary tip. These results demonstrate that dynein-2 contributes to the regulation of ciliary length but is not required for ciliogenesis in Tetrahymena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David E. Wilkes
- *Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711
| | | | - David J. Asai
- *Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilkes DE, Bennardo N, Chan CW, Chang YL, Corpuz EO, DuMond J, Eboreime JA, Erickson J, Hetzel J, Heyer EE, Hubenschmidt MJ, Kniazeva E, Kuhn H, Lum M, Sand A, Schep A, Sergeeva O, Supab N, Townsend CR, Ryswyk LV, Watson HE, Wiedeman AE, Rajagopalan V, Asai DJ. Identification and Characterization of Dynein Genes in Tetrahymena. Methods Cell Biol 2009; 92:11-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)92002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|