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Scieszka D, Bolt AM, McCormick MA, Brigman JL, Campen MJ. Aging, longevity, and the role of environmental stressors: a focus on wildfire smoke and air quality. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1267667. [PMID: 37900096 PMCID: PMC10600394 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1267667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process involving multiple interacting mechanisms and is being increasingly linked to environmental exposures such as wildfire smoke. In this review, we detail the hallmarks of aging, emphasizing the role of telomere attrition, cellular senescence, epigenetic alterations, proteostasis, genomic instability, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while also exploring integrative hallmarks - altered intercellular communication and stem cell exhaustion. Within each hallmark of aging, our review explores how environmental disasters like wildfires, and their resultant inhaled toxicants, interact with these aging mechanisms. The intersection between aging and environmental exposures, especially high-concentration insults from wildfires, remains under-studied. Preliminary evidence, from our group and others, suggests that inhaled wildfire smoke can accelerate markers of neurological aging and reduce learning capabilities. This is likely mediated by the augmentation of circulatory factors that compromise vascular and blood-brain barrier integrity, induce chronic neuroinflammation, and promote age-associated proteinopathy-related outcomes. Moreover, wildfire smoke may induce a reduced metabolic, senescent cellular phenotype. Future interventions could potentially leverage combined anti-inflammatory and NAD + boosting compounds to counter these effects. This review underscores the critical need to study the intricate interplay between environmental factors and the biological mechanisms of aging to pave the way for effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scieszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Alicia M. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Mark A. McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Matthew J. Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Lu W, Hou D, Chen X, Zhong P, Liu X, Wu D. Elevated SIRT2 of serum exosomes is positively correlated with diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke patients. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:321. [PMID: 37684620 PMCID: PMC10485972 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silent Information Regulator 2 (SIRT2) protein inhibition has been shown to play a neuroprotective role in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in mice. However, its role in AIS patients has not been fully understood. In this study, we aimed to analyze SIRT2 protein expression in serum exosomes of AIS and non-AIS patients, and evaluate its potential role in diagnosis and prognosis of AIS. METHODS Serum exosomes from 75 non-AIS subjects and 75 AIS patients were isolated. The SIRT2 protein levels in exosomes were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to evaluate the severity of the disease. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was employed to assess the functional outcomes of the patients at 3-months following stroke onset. RESULTS The SIRT2 protein concentration of serum exosomes were higher in AIS patients than non-AIS patients (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the receiver operative characteristic curve (ROC) demonstrated that higher serum exosome SIRT2 could differentiate AIS patients from non-AIS patients with a sensitivity of 81.3% and a specificity of 75.3%. The area under the curve was 0.838 (95% CI: 0.775, 0.902). Additionally, higher SIRT2 concentration of serum exosomes were associated with NIHSS ≥ 4 (p < 0.001) and mRS ≥ 3 (p = 0.025) in AIS patients. The ROC analysis showed SIRT2 could discriminate stroke with NIHSS ≥ 4 from mild stroke (NIHSS < 4) with a sensitivity of 75.0% and a specificity of 69.6%. The area under the curve was 0.771 (95% CI: 0.661,0.881). Similarly, the test showed SIRT2 could differentiate between AIS patients with mRS ≥ 3 from those with mRS < 3 with a sensitivity of 78.3% and a specificity of 51.9%. The area under the curve was 0.663 (95% CI: 0.531,0.796). The logistic regression analysis revealed that SIRT2 concentration in serum exosomes can independently predict the diagnosis of AIS (odd ratio = 1.394, 95%CI 1.231-1.577, p < 0.001) and higher NIHSS scores (≥ 4) (odd ratio = 1.258, 95%CI 1.084-1.460, p = 0.002). However, it could not independently predict the prognosis of AIS (odd ratio = 1.065, 95%CI 0.983-1.154, p = 0.125). CONCLUSION The elevation of SIRT2 in serum exosomes may be a valuable biomarker of AIS, which may be a potential diagnostic tool to facilitate decision making for AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Duanlu Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Yangpu District Shidong Hospital, 999 Shiguang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Danhong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai, China.
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Jablonska B, Adams KL, Kratimenos P, Li Z, Strickland E, Haydar TF, Kusch K, Nave KA, Gallo V. Sirt2 promotes white matter oligodendrogenesis during development and in models of neonatal hypoxia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4771. [PMID: 35970992 PMCID: PMC9378658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation caused by hypoxia (Hx)-induced neonatal brain injury results in hypomyelination and leads to neurological disabilities. Previously, we characterized Sirt1 as a crucial regulator of OL progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation in response to Hx. We now identify Sirt2 as a critical promoter of OL differentiation during both normal white matter development and in a mouse model of Hx. Importantly, we find that Hx reduces Sirt2 expression in mature OLs and that Sirt2 overexpression in OPCs restores mature OL populations. Reduced numbers of Sirt2+ OLs were also observed in the white matter of preterm human infants. We show that Sirt2 interacts with p27Kip1/FoxO1, p21Cip1/Cdk4, and Cdk5 pathways, and that these interactions are altered by Hx. Furthermore, Hx induces nuclear translocation of Sirt2 in OPCs where it binds several genomic targets. Overall, these results indicate that a balance of Sirt1 and Sirt2 activity is required for developmental oligodendrogenesis, and that these proteins represent potential targets for promoting repair following white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jablonska
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Katrina L Adams
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Panagiotis Kratimenos
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Neonatology Department, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Emma Strickland
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Katharina Kusch
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
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Beegum F, P V A, George KT, K P D, Begum F, Krishnadas N, Shenoy RR. Sirtuins as therapeutic targets for improving delayed wound healing in diabetes. J Drug Target 2022; 30:911-926. [PMID: 35787722 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2085729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a vast family of histone deacetylases, which are NAD+ dependent enzymes, consisting of seven members, namely SIRT 1, SIRT 6 and SIRT 7 located within the nucleus, SIRT 2 in the cytoplasm and SIRT 3, SIRT 4, and SIRT 5 in the mitochondria. They have vital roles in regulating various biological functions such as age-related metabolic disorders, inflammation, stress response, cardiovascular and neuronal functions. Delayed wound healing is one of the complication of diabetes, which can lead to lower limb amputation if not treated timely. SIRT 1, 3 and 6 are potent targets for diabetic wound healing. SIRT 1 deficiency reduces recruitment of fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils to wound site and delays wound healing; negatively expressing MMP-9. The SIRT 1 mediated signalling pathway in diabetic wound healing is the SIRT 1-foxo-C-Myc pathway. On the contrary SIRT 3 deficiency, impairs proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and SIRT 6 deficiency impairs wound closure rate and interrupts the vascular remodelling. This review focuses on the role of sirtuins in improving delayed wound healing in diabetes and its natural modulators with their specific functions towards healing diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima Beegum
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Anuranjana P V
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Krupa Thankam George
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Divya K P
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Farmiza Begum
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nandakumar Krishnadas
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rekha R Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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Sola-Sevilla N, Ricobaraza A, Hernandez-Alcoceba R, Aymerich MS, Tordera RM, Puerta E. Understanding the Potential Role of Sirtuin 2 on Aging: Consequences of SIRT2.3 Overexpression in Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3107. [PMID: 33803627 PMCID: PMC8003096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) has been associated to aging and age-related pathologies. Specifically, an age-dependent accumulation of isoform 3 of SIRT2 in the CNS has been demonstrated; however, no study has addressed the behavioral or molecular consequences that this could have on aging. In the present study, we have designed an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV-CAG-Sirt2.3-eGFP) for the overexpression of SIRT2.3 in the hippocampus of 2 month-old SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice. Our results show that the specific overexpression of this isoform does not induce significant behavioral or molecular effects at short or long term in the control strain. Only a tendency towards a worsening in the performance in acquisition phase of the Morris Water Maze was found in SAMP8 mice, together with a significant increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-1β. These results suggest that the age-related increase of SIRT2.3 found in the brain is not responsible for induction or prevention of senescence. Nevertheless, in combination with other risk factors, it could contribute to the progression of age-related processes. Understanding the specific role of SIRT2 on aging and the underlying molecular mechanisms is essential to design new and more successful therapies for the treatment of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Sola-Sevilla
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Ricobaraza
- Gene Therapy Program CIMA, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruben Hernandez-Alcoceba
- Gene Therapy Program CIMA, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria S Aymerich
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Program CIMA, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Tordera
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Dubey T, Chinnathambi S. Photodynamic sensitizers modulate cytoskeleton structural dynamics in neuronal cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:232-248. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Dubey
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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7
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Maissan P, Mooij EJ, Barberis M. Sirtuins-Mediated System-Level Regulation of Mammalian Tissues at the Interface between Metabolism and Cell Cycle: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030194. [PMID: 33806509 PMCID: PMC7999230 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a family of highly conserved NAD+-dependent proteins and this dependency links Sirtuins directly to metabolism. Sirtuins' activity has been shown to extend the lifespan of several organisms and mainly through the post-translational modification of their many target proteins, with deacetylation being the most common modification. The seven mammalian Sirtuins, SIRT1 through SIRT7, have been implicated in regulating physiological responses to metabolism and stress by acting as nutrient sensors, linking environmental and nutrient signals to mammalian metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, mammalian Sirtuins have been implicated in playing major roles in mammalian pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, obesity and cancer. Mammalian Sirtuins are expressed heterogeneously among different organs and tissues, and the same holds true for their substrates. Thus, the function of mammalian Sirtuins together with their substrates is expected to vary among tissues. Any therapy depending on Sirtuins could therefore have different local as well as systemic effects. Here, an introduction to processes relevant for the actions of Sirtuins, such as metabolism and cell cycle, will be followed by reasoning on the system-level function of Sirtuins and their substrates in different mammalian tissues. Their involvement in the healthy metabolism and metabolic disorders will be reviewed and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parcival Maissan
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Eva J. Mooij
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK;
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK;
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +44-1483-684-610
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8
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Alexander J, LaPlant QC, Pattwell SS, Szulzewsky F, Cimino PJ, Caruso FP, Pugliese P, Chen Z, Chardon F, Hill AJ, Spurrell C, Ahrendsen D, Pietras A, Starita LM, Hambardzumyan D, Iavarone A, Shendure J, Holland EC. Multimodal single-cell analysis reveals distinct radioresistant stem-like and progenitor cell populations in murine glioma. Glia 2020; 68:2486-2502. [PMID: 32621641 PMCID: PMC7586969 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is part of the standard of care for gliomas and kills a subset of tumor cells, while also altering the tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells with stem-like properties preferentially survive radiation and give rise to glioma recurrence. Various techniques for enriching and quantifying cells with stem-like properties have been used, including the fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-based side population (SP) assay, which is a functional assay that enriches for stem-like tumor cells. In these analyses, mouse models of glioma have been used to understand the biology of this disease and therapeutic responses, including the radiation response. We present combined SP analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing of genetically-engineered mouse models of glioma to show a time course of cellular response to radiation. We identify and characterize two distinct tumor cell populations that are inherently radioresistant and also distinct effects of radiation on immune cell populations within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes Alexander
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Quincey C. LaPlant
- Department of Radiation OncologyMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Siobhan S. Pattwell
- Human Biology DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Frank Szulzewsky
- Human Biology DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Patrick J. Cimino
- Human Biology DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Francesca P. Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieUniversità degli Studi del SannioBeneventoItaly
- Bioinformatics Lab, BIOGEMAriano IrpinoItaly
| | - Pietro Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieUniversità degli Studi del SannioBeneventoItaly
- Bioinformatics Lab, BIOGEMAriano IrpinoItaly
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Oncological SciencesTisch Cancer Institute, and Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Icahn School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Florence Chardon
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Andrew J. Hill
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Cailyn Spurrell
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Dakota Ahrendsen
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Lea M. Starita
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Oncological SciencesTisch Cancer Institute, and Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Icahn School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell LineageSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Eric C. Holland
- Human Biology DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Oláh J, Lehotzky A, Szunyogh S, Szénási T, Orosz F, Ovádi J. Microtubule-Associated Proteins with Regulatory Functions by Day and Pathological Potency at Night. Cells 2020; 9:E357. [PMID: 32033023 PMCID: PMC7072251 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing, integrating, and coordinating features of the eukaryotic cells are achieved by the complex ultrastructural arrays and multifarious functions of the cytoskeleton, including the microtubule network. Microtubules play crucial roles achieved by their decoration with proteins/enzymes as well as by posttranslational modifications. This review focuses on the Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25), a new microtubule associated protein, on its "regulatory functions by day and pathological functions at night". Physiologically, the moonlighting TPPP/p25 modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule network by bundling microtubules and enhancing the tubulin acetylation due to the inhibition of tubulin deacetylases. The optimal endogenous TPPP/p25 level is crucial for its physiological functions, to the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, which are the major constituents of the myelin sheath. Pathologically, TPPP/p25 forms toxic oligomers/aggregates with α-synuclein in neurons and oligodendrocytes in Parkinson's disease and Multiple System Atrophy, respectively; and their complex is a potential therapeutic drug target. TPPP/p25-derived microtubule hyperacetylation counteracts uncontrolled cell division. All these issues reveal the anti-mitotic and α-synuclein aggregation-promoting potency of TPPP/p25, consistent with the finding that Parkinson's disease patients have reduced risk for certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.O.); (A.L.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (F.O.)
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Gregath A, Lu QR. Epigenetic modifications-insight into oligodendrocyte lineage progression, regeneration, and disease. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1063-1078. [PMID: 29427507 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system permits high-fidelity saltatory conduction from neuronal cell bodies to axon terminals. Dysmyelinating and demyelinating disorders impair normal nervous system functions. Consequently, an understanding of oligodendrocyte differentiation that moves beyond the genetic code into the field of epigenetics is essential. Chromatin reprogramming is critical for steering stage-specific differentiation processes during oligodendrocyte development. Fine temporal control of chromatin remodeling through ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers and sequential histone modifiers shapes a chromatin regulatory landscape conducive to oligodendrocyte fate specification, lineage differentiation, and maintenance of cell identity. In this Review, we will focus on the biological functions of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers and histone deacetylases in myelinating oligodendrocyte development and implications for myelin regeneration in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gregath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
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11
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Koreman E, Sun X, Lu QR. Chromatin remodeling and epigenetic regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination and myelin repair. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 87:18-26. [PMID: 29254827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are essential for the development, function, and health of the vertebrate central nervous system. These cells maintain axon myelination to ensure saltatory propagation of action potentials. Oligodendrocyte develops from neural progenitor cells, in a step-wise process that involves oligodendrocyte precursor specification, proliferation, and differentiation. The lineage progression requires coordination of transcriptional and epigenetic circuits to mediate the stage-specific intricacies of oligodendrocyte development. Epigenetic mechanisms involve DNA methylation, histone modifications, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA modulation that regulate the chromatin state over regulatory genes, which must be expressed or repressed to establish oligodendrocyte identity and lineage progression. In this review, we will focus on epigenetic programming associated with histone modification enzymes, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs that regulate oligodendrocyte lineage progression, and discuss how these mechanisms might be harnessed to induce myelin repair for treatment of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Koreman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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12
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Modulation Of Microtubule Acetylation By The Interplay Of TPPP/p25, SIRT2 And New Anticancer Agents With Anti-SIRT2 Potency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17070. [PMID: 29213065 PMCID: PMC5719079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule network exerts multifarious functions controlled by its decoration with various proteins and post-translational modifications. The disordered microtubule associated Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) and the NAD+-dependent tubulin deacetylase sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) play key roles in oligodendrocyte differentiation by acting as dominant factors in the organization of myelin proteome. Herein, we show that SIRT2 impedes the TPPP/p25-promoted microtubule assembly independently of NAD+; however, the TPPP/p25-assembled tubulin ultrastructures were resistant against SIRT2 activity. TPPP/p25 counteracts the SIRT2-derived tubulin deacetylation producing enhanced microtubule acetylation. The inhibition of the SIRT2 deacetylase activity by TPPP/p25 is evolved by the assembly of these tubulin binding proteins into a ternary complex, the concentration-dependent formation of which was quantified by experimental-based mathematical modelling. Co-localization of the SIRT2-TPPP/p25 complex on the microtubule network was visualized in HeLa cells by immunofluorescence microscopy using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation. We also revealed that a new potent SIRT2 inhibitor (MZ242) and its proteolysis targeting chimera (SH1) acting together with TPPP/p25 provoke microtubule hyperacetylation, which is coupled with process elongation only in the case of the degrader SH1. Both the structural and the functional effects manifesting themselves by this deacetylase proteome could lead to the fine-tuning of the regulation of microtubule dynamics and stability.
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Li X, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Ciric B, Ma CG, Chin J, Curtis M, Rostami A, Zhang GX. LINGO-1-Fc-Transduced Neural Stem Cells Are Effective Therapy for Chronic Stage Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4365-4378. [PMID: 27344330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The chronic stage multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), remains refractory to current treatments. This refractory nature may be due to the fact that current treatments are primarily immunomodulatory, which prevent further demyelination but lack the capacity to promote remyelination. Several approaches, including transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) or antagonists to LINGO-1, a key part of the receptor complex for neuroregeneration inhibitors, have been effective in suppressing the acute stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. However, their effect on the chronic stage EAE is not known. Here, we show that transplantation of NSCs had only a slight therapeutic effect when treatment started at the chronic stage of EAE (e.g., injected at day 40 postimmunization). However, NSCs engineered to produce LINGO-1-Fc, a soluble LINGO-1 antagonist, significantly promoted neurological recovery as demonstrated by amelioration of clinical signs, improvement in axonal integrity, and enhancement of oligodendrocyte maturation and neuron repopulation. Significantly enhanced NAD production and Sirt2 expression were also found in the CNS of mice treated with LINGO-1-Fc-producing NSC. Moreover, differentiation of LINGO-1-Fc-producing NSCs into oligodendrocytes in vitro was largely diminished by an NAMPT inhibitor, indicating that LINGO-1-Fc enhances the NAMPT/NAD/Sirt2 pathway. Together, our study establishes a CNS-targeted, novel LINGO-1-Fc delivery system using NSCs, which represents a novel and effective NSC-based gene therapy approach for the chronic stage of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Shanxi Datong University Medical School, Datong, China
| | - Jeannie Chin
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Curtis
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Chen H, Wu D, Ding X, Ying W. SIRT2 is required for lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of BV2 microglia. Neuroreport 2015; 26:88-93. [PMID: 25536118 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that inhibition of sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), a sirtuin family protein, can decrease cellular and tissue injuries in models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD); however, the mechanisms underlying these observations have remained unclear. Because inflammation plays key pathological roles in multiple major neurological disorders including PD and HD, in our current study we tested our hypothesis that SIRT2 plays an important role in microglial activation. We found that treatment of BV2 microglia with lipopolysaccharides led to significant increases in NO and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels, as well as increases in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 mRNA, which indicated microglial activation. These increases were significantly decreased in the cells with SIRT2 silencing-produced decreases in the SIRT2 level. These observations suggest that SIRT2 is required for lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation. The findings also suggest that SIRT2 may be a therapeutic target for inhibiting the inflammatory responses in neurological disorders such as PD and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Chen
- aMed-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering bDepartment of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital cDepartment of Neurology, Third People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Mangas-Sanjuan V, Oláh J, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Lehotzky A, Tőkési N, Bermejo M, Ovádi J. Tubulin acetylation promoting potency and absorption efficacy of deacetylase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:829-40. [PMID: 25257800 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and silent information regulator 2 (SIRT2) control the dynamics of the microtubule network via their deacetylase activities. Tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP/p25) enhances microtubule acetylation by its direct binding to HDAC6. Our objective was to characterize the multiple interactions of the deacetylases and to establish the inhibitory potency and the pharmacokinetic features of the deacetylase inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA) and AGK2. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The interactions of deacetylases with tubulin and TPPP/p25 were quantified by elisa using human recombinant proteins. The effect of inhibitors on the tubulin acetylation was established in HeLa cells transfected with pTPPP and CG-4 cells expressing TPPP/p25 endogenously by celisa (elisa on cells), Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. The pharmacokinetic features of the inhibitors were evaluated by in situ kinetic modelling of their intestinal transport in rats. KEY RESULTS Deacetylases interact with both tubulin and TPPP/p25, notwithstanding piggy-back binding of HDAC6 or SIRT2 to the TPPP/p25-associated tubulin was established. Much higher inhibitory potency for TSA than for AGK2 was detected in both HeLa and CG-4 cells. Pioneer pharmacokinetic studies revealed passive diffusion and diffusion coupled with secretion for TSA and AGK2 respectively. Both inhibitors exhibited greater permeability than some other well-established drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TPPP/p25-directed deacetylase inhibition provides mechanisms for the fine control of the dynamics and stability of the microtubule network. Deacetylase inhibitors with chemical structures similar to TSA and AGK2 appear to be excellent candidates for oral drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mangas-Sanjuan
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
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16
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Nguyen P, Lee S, Lorang-Leins D, Trepel J, Smart DK. SIRT2 interacts with β-catenin to inhibit Wnt signaling output in response to radiation-induced stress. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1244-53. [PMID: 24866770 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0223-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Wnt signaling is critical to maintaining cellular homeostasis via regulation of cell division, mitigation of cell stress, and degradation. Aberrations in Wnt signaling contribute to carcinogenesis and metastasis, whereas sirtuins have purported roles in carcinogenesis, aging, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, the hypothesis that sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) directly interacts with β-catenin and whether this interaction alters the expression of Wnt target genes to produce an altered cellular phenotype was tested. Coimmunoprecipitation studies, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from Sirt2 wild-type and genomic knockout mice, demonstrate that β-catenin directly binds SIRT2. Moreover, this interaction increases in response to oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation. In addition, this association inhibits the expression of important Wnt target genes such as survivin (BIRC5), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and c-myc (MYC). In Sirt2 null MEFs, an upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and decreased E-cadherin (CDH1) expression is observed that produces increased cellular migration and invasion. Together, these data demonstrate that SIRT2, a tumor suppressor lost in multiple cancers, inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway in nonmalignant cells by binding to β-catenin and that SIRT2 plays a critical role in the response to oxidative stress from radiation. IMPLICATIONS Disruption of the SIRT2-β-catenin interaction represents an endogenous therapeutic target to prevent transformation and preserve the integrity of aging cells against exogenous stressors such as reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Jane Trepel
- Medical Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - DeeDee K Smart
- Radiation Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Noack M, Leyk J, Richter-Landsberg C. HDAC6 inhibition results in tau acetylation and modulates tau phosphorylation and degradation in oligodendrocytes. Glia 2014; 62:535-47. [PMID: 24464872 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique member of the HDAC family. It is localized within the cytoplasm and has unique substrate specificities for nonhistone proteins, such as α-tubulin. Furthermore, it plays a major role in protein aggregate formation and recently was demonstrated to interact with the microtubule associated protein tau and tau was identified as a possible substrate for HDAC6 in neurons. This study was undertaken to investigate whether HDAC6 is present in oligodendrocytes and whether it is involved in tubulin and tau acetylation in these cells. We show for the first time that HDAC6 is expressed in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes. Its inhibition by the specific HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A (TST) leads to morphological alterations, microtubule bundling, and tubulin acetylation, and changes in tau-isoform expression and phosphorylation. Furthermore, the microtubule binding activity of tau was reduced. Using the oligodendroglial cell lines OLN-t40 and OLN-t44, which were genetically engineered to express either the longest human tau isoform with four microtubule binding repeats (4R-tau), or the shortest tau isoform with three repeats (3R-tau), respectively, we demonstrate that tau is acetylated by HDAC6 within the 4R-binding domain. Tau acetylation reduced its turnover rate and acetylated tau was degraded slower in these cells. TST and shRNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC6 in oligodendroglia cells caused an increase in pathological hyperphosphorylated tau detectable with the 12E8 antibody. Hence HDAC6 and dysregulation of the deacetylation and acetylation process in oligodendrocytes may contribute to diseases with oligodendroglial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Noack
- Department of Biology, Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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Oláh J, Tőkési N, Lehotzky A, Orosz F, Ovádi J. Moonlighting microtubule-associated proteins: regulatory functions by day and pathological functions at night. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:677-85. [PMID: 24039085 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sensing, integrating, and coordinating features of the eukaryotic cells are achieved by the complex ultrastructural arrays and multifarious functions of the cytoskeletal network. Cytoskeleton comprises fibrous protein networks of microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments. These filamentous polymer structures are highly dynamic and undergo constant and rapid reorganization during cellular processes. The microtubular system plays a crucial role in the brain, as it is involved in an enormous number of cellular events including cell differentiation and pathological inclusion formation. These multifarious functions of microtubules can be achieved by their decoration with proteins/enzymes that exert specific effects on the dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton and mediate distinct functions due to their moonlighting features. This mini-review focuses on two aspects of the microtubule cytoskeleton. On the one hand, we describe the heteroassociation of tubulin/microtubules with metabolic enzymes, which in addition to their catalytic activities stabilize microtubule structures via their cross-linking functions. On the other hand, we focus on the recently identified moonlighting tubulin polymerization promoting protein, TPPP/p25. TPPP/p25 is a microtubule-associated protein and it displays distinct physiological or pathological (aberrant) functions; thus it is a prototype of Neomorphic Moonlighting Proteins. The expression of TPPP/p25 is finely controlled in the human brain; this protein is indispensable for the development of projections of oligodendrocytes that are responsible for the ensheathment of axons. The nonphysiological, higher or lower TPPP/p25 level leads to distinct CNS diseases. Mechanisms contributing to the control of microtubule stability and dynamics by metabolic enzymes and TPPP/p25 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Li Y, Nie H, Wu D, Zhang J, Wei X, Ying W. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase mediates both cell death and ATP decreases in SIRT2 inhibitor AGK2-treated microglial BV2 cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 544:36-40. [PMID: 23570735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), a sirtuin family protein, is a tubulin deacetylase. Recent studies have indicated that SIRT2 plays a key role in programmed necrosis, and the SIRT2 inhibitor AGK2 can decrease the cell death both in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease and in an animal model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. However, there has been little information regarding the role of SIRT2 in microglial survival and functions, which play critical roles in multiple neurological disorders. Our current study found that AGK2 at 10 μM - a widely used AGK2 concentration - can induce both late-stage apoptosis and necrosis, as well as a decrease in the intracellular ATP levels of microglial BV2 cells. Our study also showed that both the AGK2-induced cell death and the AGK2-induced ATP decline are mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation. Collectively, our study has provided the first evidence suggesting a significant role of SIRT2 in the basal survival of microglia, as well as a mechanism accounting for the effects of SIRT2 on intracellular ATP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
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20
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Govindarajan N, Rao P, Burkhardt S, Sananbenesi F, Schlüter OM, Bradke F, Lu J, Fischer A. Reducing HDAC6 ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2012. [PMID: 23184605 PMCID: PMC3569653 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are currently being discussed as promising therapeutic targets to treat neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of specific HDACs in cognition and neurodegeneration remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the function of HDAC6, a class II member of the HDAC superfamily, in the adult mouse brain. We report that mice lacking HDAC6 are cognitively normal but reducing endogenous HDAC6 levels restores learning and memory and α-tubulin acetylation in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our data suggest that this therapeutic effect is, at least in part, linked to the observation that loss of HDAC6 renders neurons resistant to amyloid-β-mediated impairment of mitochondrial trafficking. Thus, our study suggests that targeting HDAC6 could be a suitable strategy to ameliorate cognitive decline observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nambirajan Govindarajan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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21
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Rice CM, Sun M, Kemp K, Gray E, Wilkins A, Scolding NJ. Mitochondrial sirtuins - a new therapeutic target for repair and protection in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1887-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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de Oliveira RM, Sarkander J, Kazantsev AG, Outeiro TF. SIRT2 as a Therapeutic Target for Age-Related Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:82. [PMID: 22563317 PMCID: PMC3342661 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin proteins are conserved regulators of aging that have recently emerged as important modifiers of several diseases which commonly occur later in life such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. In mammals, there are seven sirtuins (SIRT1-7), which display diversity in subcellular localization and function. SIRT1 has received much of attention due to its possible impact on longevity, while important biological and therapeutic roles of other sirtuins have been underestimated and just recently recognized. Here we focus on SIRT2, a member of the sirtuin family, and discuss its role in cellular and tissue-specific functions. This review summarizes the main scientific advances on SIRT2 protein biology and explores its potential as a therapeutic target for treatment of age-related disorders.
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Tyler WA, Jain MR, Cifelli SE, Li Q, Ku L, Feng Y, Li H, Wood TL. Proteomic identification of novel targets regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 2011; 59:1754-69. [PMID: 21858874 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is active during and required for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation. Here, we applied an iTRAQ mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach to identify novel targets of the mTOR pathway during OPC differentiation. Among the 978 proteins identified in this study, 328 (34%) exhibited a greater than 20% change (P < 0.05) in control versus rapamycin-treated cultures following 4 days of differentiation in vitro. Interestingly, 197 (20%) proteins were elevated in rapamycin-treated cultures, while 131 (13%) proteins were downregulated by rapamycin. In support of our previous data, inhibiting mTOR caused a dramatic reduction in the expression of myelin proteins. mTOR also was required for the induction of proteins involved in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, as well as the expression of many cytoskeletal proteins, cell signaling components, and nuclear/transcriptional regulators. Of particular interest was the identification of several critical mediators of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Specifically, mTOR activity controls the developmentally programmed upregulation of the prodifferentiation factors Fyn and Quaking, whereas the expression of the differentiation repressor Gpr17 was elevated by mTOR inhibition. These data reveal a distinct signature of mTOR-regulated protein expression during OPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Tyler
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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24
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Pereira CV, Lebiedzinska M, Wieckowski MR, Oliveira PJ. Regulation and protection of mitochondrial physiology by sirtuins. Mitochondrion 2011; 12:66-76. [PMID: 21787885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The link between sirtuin activity and mitochondrial biology has recently emerged as an important field. This conserved family of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase proteins has been described to be particularly involved in metabolism and longevity. Recent studies on protein acetylation have uncovered a high number of acetylated mitochondrial proteins indicating that acetylation/deacetylation processes may be important not only for the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis but also for metabolic dysfunction in the context of various diseases such as metabolic syndrome/diabetes and cancer. The functional involvement of sirtuins as sensors of the redox/nutritional state of mitochondria and their role in mitochondrial protection against stress are hereby described, suggesting that pharmacological manipulation of sirtuins is a viable strategy against several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Sadoul K, Wang J, Diagouraga B, Khochbin S. The tale of protein lysine acetylation in the cytoplasm. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:970382. [PMID: 21151618 PMCID: PMC2997609 DOI: 10.1155/2011/970382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible posttranslational modification of internal lysines in many cellular or viral proteins is now emerging as part of critical signalling processes controlling a variety of cellular functions beyond chromatin and transcription. This paper aims at demonstrating the role of lysine acetylation in the cytoplasm driving and coordinating key events such as cytoskeleton dynamics, intracellular trafficking, vesicle fusion, metabolism, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sadoul
- 1INSERM, U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, 38700 Grenoble, France
- *Karin Sadoul:
| | - Jin Wang
- 1INSERM, U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, 38700 Grenoble, France
- 2State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Boubou Diagouraga
- 1INSERM, U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, 38700 Grenoble, France
| | - Saadi Khochbin
- 1INSERM, U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, 38700 Grenoble, France
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Perdiz D, Mackeh R, Poüs C, Baillet A. The ins and outs of tubulin acetylation: more than just a post-translational modification? Cell Signal 2010; 23:763-71. [PMID: 20940043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic polymers of α/β tubulin heterodimers that play key roles in cell division and in organizing cell cytoplasm. Although they have been discovered more than two decades ago, tubulin post-translational modifications recently gained a new interest as their role was increasingly highlighted in neuron differentiation and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we specifically focus on tubulin acetylation from its discovery to recent studies that provide new insights into how it is regulated in health and disease and how it impacts microtubule functions. Even though new mechanisms involving tubulin acetylation are regularly being uncovered, the molecular links between its location inside the microtubule lumen and its regulators and effectors is still poorly understood. This review highlights the emerging roles of tubulin acetylation in multiple cellular functions, ranging from cell motility, cell cycle progression or cell differentiation to intracellular trafficking and signalling. It also points out that tubulin acetylation should no longer be seen as a passive marker of microtubule stability, but as a broad regulator of microtubule functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Perdiz
- Univ. Paris Sud-11, UPRES EA4530 IFR IPSIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue JB Clément 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Luo J, Rodriguez-Sosa JR, Tang L, Bondareva A, Megee S, Dobrinski I. Expression pattern of acetylated alpha-tubulin in porcine spermatogonia. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:348-52. [PMID: 20043318 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogonial stem cells reside on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. The mechanisms responsible for maintenance of spermatogonia at the basement membrane are unclear. Since acetylated alpha-tubulin (Ac-alpha-Tu) is a component of long-lived, stable microtubules and deacetylation of alpha-tubulin enhances cell motility, we hypothesized that acetylation of alpha-tubulin might be associated with positioning of spermatogonia at the basement membrane. The expression pattern of Ac-alpha-Tu at different stages of testis development was characterized by immunohistochemistry for Ac-alpha-Tu and spermatogonia-specific proteins (PGP 9.5, DAZL). In immature pig testes, Ac-alpha-Tu was present exclusively in gonocytes at 1 week of age, and in a subset of spermatogonia at 10 weeks of age. At this age, spermatogonia are migrating toward the tubule periphery and Ac-alpha-Tu appeared polarized toward the basement membrane. In adult pig testes, Ac-alpha-Tu was detected in few single or paired spermatogonia at the basement membrane as well as in spermatids and spermatozoa. Only undifferentiated (DAZL-), proliferating (determined by BrdU incorporation) spermatogonia expressed high levels of Ac-alpha-Tu. Comparison with the expression pattern of beta-tubulin and tyrosinated alpha-tubulin confirmed that only Ac-alpha-Tu is specific to germ cells. The unique pattern of Ac-alpha-Tu in undifferentiated germ cells during postnatal development suggests that posttranslational modifications of microtubules may play an important role in recruiting and anchoring spermatogonia at the basement membrane. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 348-352, 2010. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Luo
- Center for Animal Transgenesis and Germ Cell Research, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Harting K, Knöll B. SIRT2-mediated protein deacetylation: An emerging key regulator in brain physiology and pathology. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:262-9. [PMID: 20004495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein function is considerably altered by posttranslational modification. In recent years, cycles of acetylation/deacetylation emerged as fundamental regulators adjusting biological activity of many proteins. Particularly, protein deacetylation by Sirtuins, a family of atypical histone deacetylases (HDACs), was demonstrated to regulate fundamental cell biological processes including gene expression, genome stability, mitosis, nutrient metabolism, aging, mitochondrial function and cell motility. Given this wealth of biological functions, perhaps not unexpectedly then, pharmacological compounds targeting Sirtuin activity are now prime therapeutic agents for alleviating severity of major diseases encompassing diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders in many organs. In this review, we will focus on the brain and its physiological and pathological processes governed by Sirtuin-mediated deacetylation. Besides discussing Sirtuin function in neurodegenerative diseases, emphasis will be given on the mounting evidence deciphering key developmental brain functions for Sirtuins in neuronal motility, neuroprotection and oligodendrocyte differentiation. In this respect, we will particularly highlight functions of the unconventional family member SIRT2 in post-mitotic neurons and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Harting
- Neuronal Gene Expression Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Copray S, Huynh JL, Sher F, Casaccia-Bonnefil P, Boddeke E. Epigenetic mechanisms facilitating oligodendrocyte development, maturation, and aging. Glia 2009; 57:1579-87. [PMID: 19373939 PMCID: PMC2760733 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The process of oligodendrocyte differentiation is regulated by a dynamic interaction between a genetic and an epigenetic program. Recent studies, addressing nucleosomal histone modifications have considerably increased our knowledge regarding epigenetic regulation of gene expression during oligodendrocyte development and aging. These results have generated new hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the decreased efficiency of endogenous remyelination in response to demyelinating injuries with increasing age. In this review, we present an overview of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression at specific stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation as well as the changes that occur with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjef Copray
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, TheNetherlands
| | - Jimmy Long Huynh
- Department of Neuroscience, and Genetics and Genomics Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Falak Sher
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, TheNetherlands
| | - Patrizia Casaccia-Bonnefil
- Department of Neuroscience, and Genetics and Genomics Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, TheNetherlands
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Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown but it manifests as a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease in the central nervous system (CNS). During chronic CNS inflammation, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) concentrations are altered by (T helper) Th1-derived cytokines through the coordinated induction of both indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and the ADP cyclase CD38 in pathogenic microglia and lymphocytes. While IDO activation may keep auto-reactive T cells in check, hyper-activation of IDO can leave neuronal CNS cells starving for extracellular sources of NAD. Existing data indicate that glia may serve critical functions as an essential supplier of NAD to neurons during times of stress. Administration of pharmacological doses of non-tryptophan NAD precursors ameliorates pathogenesis in animal models of MS. Animal models of MS involve artificially stimulated autoimmune attack of myelin by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or by viral-mediated demyelination using Thieler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). The Wld(S) mouse dramatically resists razor axotomy mediated axonal degeneration. This resistance is due to increased efficiency of NAD biosynthesis that delays stress-induced depletion of axonal NAD and ATP. Although the Wld(S) genotype protects against EAE pathogenesis, TMEV-mediated pathogenesis is exacerbated. In this review, we contrast the role of NAD in EAE versus TMEV demyelinating pathogenesis to increase our understanding of the pharmacotherapeutic potential of NAD signal transduction pathways. We speculate on the importance of increased SIRT1 activity in both PARP-1 inhibition and the potentially integral role of neuronal CD200 interactions through glial CD200R with induction of IDO in MS pathogenesis. A comprehensive review of immunomodulatory control of NAD biosynthesis and degradation in MS pathogenesis is presented. Distinctive pharmacological approaches designed for NAD-complementation or targeting NAD-centric proteins (SIRT1, SIRT2, PARP-1, GPR109a, and CD38) are outlined towards determining which approach may work best in the context of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Todd Penberthy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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Shepard BD, Joseph RA, Kannarkat GT, Rutledge TM, Tuma DJ, Tuma PL. Alcohol-induced alterations in hepatic microtubule dynamics can be explained by impaired histone deacetylase 6 function. Hepatology 2008; 48:1671-9. [PMID: 18697214 PMCID: PMC2965519 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have been using polarized, hepatic WIF-B cells to examine ethanol-induced liver injury. These cells polarize in culture and maintain numerous liver-specific activities including the ability to metabolize alcohol. Previously, we found that microtubules were more highly acetylated and more stable in ethanol-treated WIF-B cells and that increased microtubule acetylation required ethanol metabolism and was likely mediated by acetaldehyde. This study was aimed at identifying the mechanism responsible for increased microtubule acetylation. We examined the expression of two known microtubule deacetylases, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and Sirtuin T2 (SirT2), in WIF-B cells. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and assays using the SirT2 inhibitor nicotinamide revealed that WIF-B cells do not express SirT2. In contrast, HDAC6 was highly expressed in WIF-B cells. Addition of trichostatin A (TSA), an HDAC6 inhibitor, induced microtubule acetylation to the same extent as in ethanol-treated cells (approximately threefold). Although immunofluorescence labeling revealed that HDAC6 distribution did not change in ethanol-treated cells, immunoblotting showed HDAC6 protein levels slightly decreased. HDAC6 solubility was increased in nocodazole-treated cells, suggesting impaired microtubule binding. Direct microtubule binding assays confirmed this hypothesis. The decreased microtubule binding was partially prevented by 4-methyl pyrazole, indicating the effect was in part mediated by acetaldehyde. Interestingly, HDAC6 from ethanol-treated cells was able to bind and deacetylate exogenous tubulin to the same extent as control, suggesting that ethanol-induced tubulin modifications prevented HDAC6 binding to endogenous microtubules. CONCLUSION We propose that lower HDAC6 levels combined with decreased microtubule binding lead to increased tubulin acetylation in ethanol-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe D. Shepard
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC
| | - Rohan A. Joseph
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Dean J. Tuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE
| | - Pamela L. Tuma
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC
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