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Steiner MA, Botticelli L, Bergamini G, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Gatfield J, Williams JT, Treiber A, Vaillant C, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV. Evaluating the efficacy of the selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist nivasorexant in an animal model of binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:1418-1432. [PMID: 38456603 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Test the efficacy of the selective orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist (SO1RA) nivasorexant in an animal model of binge-eating disorder (BED) and study its dose-response relationship considering free brain concentrations and calculated OX1R occupancy. Compare nivasorexant's profile to that of other, structurally diverse SO1RAs. Gain understanding of potential changes in orexin-A (OXA) neuropeptide and deltaFosB (ΔFosB) protein expression possibly underlying the development of the binge-eating phenotype in the rat model used. METHOD Binge-like eating of highly palatable food (HPF) in rats was induced through priming by intermittent, repeated periods of dieting and access to HPF, followed by an additional challenge with acute stress. Effects of nivasorexant were compared to the SO1RAs ACT-335827 and IDOR-1104-2408. OXA expression in neurons and neuronal fibers as well as ΔFosB and OXA-ΔFosB co-expression was studied in relevant brain regions using immuno- or immunofluorescent histochemistry. RESULTS All SO1RAs dose-dependently reduced binge-like eating with effect sizes comparable to the positive control topiramate, at unbound drug concentrations selectively blocking brain OX1Rs. Nivasorexant's efficacy was maintained upon chronic dosing and under conditions involving more frequent stress exposure. Priming for binge-like eating or nivasorexant treatment resulted in only minor changes in OXA or ΔFosB expression in few brain areas. DISCUSSION Selective OX1R blockade reduced binge-like eating in rats. Neither ΔFosB nor OXA expression proved to be a useful classifier for their binge-eating phenotype. The current results formed the basis for a clinical phase II trial in BED, in which nivasorexant was unfortunately not efficacious compared with placebo. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Nivasorexant is a new investigational drug for the treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED). It underwent clinical testing in a phase II proof of concept trial in humans but was not efficacious compared with placebo. The current manuscript investigated the drug's efficacy in reducing binge-like eating behavior of a highly palatable sweet and fat diet in a rat model of BED, which initially laid the foundation for the clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Botticelli
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bergamini
- CNS Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - John Gatfield
- CNS Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jodi T Williams
- CNS Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- CNS Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Lambert DG, Hirota K. Danavorexton (TAK-925): an orexin receptor 2 agonist as a new 'arousal' agent. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:466-468. [PMID: 38346840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A preclinical study in animals has further characterised a new 'arousal' agent. Danavorexton (TAK-925) is an agonist for orexin receptor 2 where it promotes recovery from inhalational and i.v. anaesthesia and opioid sedation. Although danavorexton reverses opioid sedation, it does not compromise analgesia. This could be a useful addition to the postoperative drug cupboard.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Leicester, UK.
| | - Kazuyoshi Hirota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Bergamini G, Durkin S, Steiner MA. Selective orexin 1 receptor antagonism does not affect effort-based responding for sucrose reward in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2024; 38:305-308. [PMID: 38327032 DOI: 10.1177/02698811241229523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In rodents, orexin neuropeptides regulate motivation and reward-seeking via orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) signaling in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. This role is clearly established for rewards inherent to drugs of abuse but less so for natural rewards. Reported effects of the selective OX1R antagonist (SO1RA) SB-334867 on motivation for palatable food are ambiguous. In our experimental conditions neither SB-334867, nor two additional, structurally different SO1RAs, ACT-335827 and the clinical development candidate nivasorexant, affected effort-based responding for sucrose in rats. The positive control lisdexamfetamine, approved for psychiatric disorders associated with altered reward sensitivity such as binge eating disorder, increased effort-based responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bergamini
- CNS Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Sean Durkin
- CNS Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Williams JT, Bolli MH, Brotschi C, Sifferlen T, Steiner MA, Treiber A, Gatfield J, Boss C. Discovery of Nivasorexant (ACT-539313): The First Selective Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist (SO1RA) Investigated in Clinical Trials. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2337-2348. [PMID: 38331429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The orexin system consists of two neuropeptides (orexins A and B) and two receptors (OX1 and OX2). Selective OX1 receptor antagonists (SO1RA) are gaining interest for their potential use in the treatment of CNS disorders, including substance abuse, eating, obsessive compulsive, or anxiety disorders. While blocking OX2 reduces wakefulness, the expected advantage of selectively antagonizing OX1 is the ability to achieve clinical efficacy without the promotion of sleep. Herein we report our discovery efforts starting from a dual orexin receptor antagonist and describe a serendipitous finding that triggered a medicinal chemistry program that culminated in the identification of the potent SO1RA ACT-539313. Efficacy in a rat model of schedule-induced polydipsia supported the decision to select the compound as a preclinical candidate. Nivasorexant (20) represents the first SO1RA to enter clinical development and completed a first proof of concept phase II clinical trial in binge eating disorder in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi T Williams
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martin H Bolli
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christine Brotschi
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Michel A Steiner
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Groenink L, Verdouw PM, Zhao Y, Ter Heegde F, Wever KE, Bijlsma EY. Pharmacological modulation of conditioned fear in the fear-potentiated startle test: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2361-2401. [PMID: 36651922 PMCID: PMC10593622 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Fear conditioning is an important aspect in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. The fear-potentiated startle test is based on classical fear conditioning and over the years, a broad range of drugs have been tested in this test. Synthesis of the available data may further our understanding of the neurotransmitter systems that are involved in the expression of conditioned fear. METHODS Following a comprehensive search in Medline and Embase, we included 68 research articles that reported on 103 drugs, covering 56 different drug classes. The systematic review was limited to studies using acute, systemic drug administration in naive animals. RESULTS Qualitative data synthesis showed that most clinically active anxiolytics, but not serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, reduced cued fear. Anxiogenic drugs increased fear potentiation in 35% of the experiments, reduced fear potentiation in 29% of the experiments, and were without effect in 29% of the experiments. Meta-analyses could be performed for five drug classes and showed that benzodiazepines, buspirone, 5-HT1A agonists, 5-HT1A antagonists, and mGluR2,3 agonists reduced cued conditioned fear. The non-cued baseline startle response, which may reflect contextual anxiety, was only significantly reduced by benzodiazepines and 5-HT1A antagonists. No associations were found between drug effects and methodological characteristics, except for strain. CONCLUSIONS The fear-potentiated startle test appears to have moderate to high predictive validity and may serve as a valuable tool for the development of novel anxiolytics. Given the limited available data, the generally low study quality and high heterogeneity additional studies are warranted to corroborate the findings of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucianne Groenink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - P Monika Verdouw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yulong Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freija Ter Heegde
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley E Wever
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Y Bijlsma
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bonifazi A, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Saab E, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Quaglia W. Targeting orexin receptors: Recent advances in the development of subtype selective or dual ligands for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1607-1667. [PMID: 37036052 DOI: 10.1002/med.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Orexin-A and orexin-B, also named hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are two hypothalamic neuropeptides highly conserved across mammalian species. Their effects are mediated by two distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely orexin receptor type 1 (OX1-R) and type 2 (OX2-R), which share 64% amino acid identity. Given the wide expression of OX-Rs in different central nervous system and peripheral areas and the several pathophysiological functions in which they are involved, including sleep-wake cycle regulation (mainly mediated by OX2-R), emotion, panic-like behaviors, anxiety/stress, food intake, and energy homeostasis (mainly mediated by OX1-R), both subtypes represent targets of interest for many structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaigns carried out by pharmaceutical companies and academies. However, before 2017 the research was predominantly directed towards dual-orexin ligands, and limited chemotypes were investigated. Analytical characterizations, including resolved structures for both OX1-R and OX2-R in complex with agonists and antagonists, have improved the understanding of the molecular basis of receptor recognition and are assets for medicinal chemists in the design of subtype-selective ligands. This review is focused on the medicinal chemistry aspects of small molecules acting as dual or subtype selective OX1-R/OX2-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last years, including radiolabeled OX-R ligands for molecular imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands in different neuropsychiatric diseases, such as sleep, mood, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as pain, have been discussed. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Elizabeth Saab
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Ghosh S, Vashisth K, Ghosh S, Han SS, Bhaskar R, Sinha JK. From sleep to cancer to neurodegenerative disease: the crucial role of Hsp70 in maintaining cellular homeostasis and potential therapeutic implications. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37643058 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2252509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental process essential for reparatory and restorative mechanisms in all organisms. Recent research has linked sleep to various pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration, which are associated with various molecular changes in different cellular environments. Despite the potential significance of various molecules, the HSPA1A or Hsp70 protein, which has possible connections with sleep and different neuropsychological and pathological disorders, has been explored the least. This paper explores the potential for manipulating and discovering drugs related to the Hsp70 protein to alleviate sleep problems and improve the prognosis for various other health issues. This paper discusses the critical role of Hsp70 in cancer, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, sleep, and its regulation at the structural level through allosteric mechanisms and different substrates. The significant impact of Hsp70's connection to various conditions suggests that existing sleep medicine could be used to improve such conditions, leading to improved outcomes, minimized research costs, and a new direction for current research. Overall, this paper highlights the potential of Hsp70 protein as a key therapeutic target for developing new drugs for the treatment of sleep disorders, cancer, neurodegeneration, and other related pathological conditions. Further research into the molecular mechanisms of Hsp70 regulation and its interactions with other cellular pathways is necessary to develop targeted treatments for these conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida, India
- ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Soumya Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida, India
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Katoh K, Kutsumura N, Yamamoto N, Nagumo Y, Saitoh T, Ishikawa Y, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Tanimura R, Yanagisawa M, Nagase H. Essential structure of orexin 1 receptor antagonist YNT-707: Conversion of the 16-cyclopropylmethyl group to the 16-sulfonamide group in D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128550. [PMID: 35041942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The five-membered D-ring nalfurafine (D-nor-nalfurafine) derivatives with a 16-sulfonamide group were synthesized. Conversion of the 16-cyclopropylmethyl group to the 16-benzenesulfonamide group in the D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives drastically improved the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist activities. The intramolecular hydrogen bond between the 14-hydroxy and the 16-sulfonamide groups may play an important role in increasing the probability that the 6-amide group would be located at the lower side of the C-ring, leading to an active conformation for OX1R. The assay results and the conformational analyses of the 14-OH, 14-H, and 14-dehydrated D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives suggested that the 14- and 16-substituents of the D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives had a greater effect on the affinities for the OX1R than did the 14- and 17-substituents of nalfurafine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Katoh
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Noriki Kutsumura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoshi Yamamoto
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuji Tanimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 10-1, Tebiro 6-choume, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of MIRAI in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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Lessel U, Ferrara M, Heine N, Marelli C, Carrettoni L, Pfau R, Schmidt E, Riether D. Identification of Highly Selective Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonists Driven by Structure-Based Design. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5893-5905. [PMID: 34817173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OX1 receptor antagonists are of interest to treat, for example, substance abuse disorders, personality disorders, eating disorders, or anxiety-related disorders. However, known dual OX1/OX2 receptor antagonists are not suitable due to their sleep-inducing effects; therefore, we were interested in identifying a highly OX1 selective antagonist with a sufficient window to OX2-mediated effects. Herein, we describe the design of highly selective OX1 receptor antagonists driven by the X-ray structure of OX1 with suvorexant, a dual OX1/OX2 receptor antagonist. Moderately selective OX1 antagonists comprising a [2.2.1]-bicyclic scaffold served as our starting point. Based on our binding mode hypothesis, we postulated which part of the scaffold points toward one of the regions where the two binding pockets differ. Structural changes in this part resulted in a modified core with higher inherent selectivity compared to the [2.2.1]-bicyclic template. The structure-based design, synthesis, and hit-to-lead evaluation of this novel OX1 receptor-selective scaffold are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Lessel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Marco Ferrara
- Boehringer Ingelheim Research Italia S.a.s. di BI IT S.r.l., Via Giovanni Lorenzini 8, 20139 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Niklas Heine
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Chiara Marelli
- Boehringer Ingelheim Research Italia S.a.s. di BI IT S.r.l., Via Giovanni Lorenzini 8, 20139 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Carrettoni
- Boehringer Ingelheim Research Italia S.a.s. di BI IT S.r.l., Via Giovanni Lorenzini 8, 20139 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Roland Pfau
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Esther Schmidt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Doris Riether
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Coleman P, de Lecea L, Gotter A, Hagan J, Hoyer D, Kilduff T, Kukkonen JP, Porter R, Renger J, Siegel JM, Sutcliffe G, Upton N, Winrow CJ. Orexin receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3. IUPHAR/BPS GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY CITE 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34927075 DOI: 10.2218/gtopdb/f51/2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexin receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Orexin receptors [42]) are activated by the endogenous polypeptides orexin-A and orexin-B (also known as hypocretin-1 and -2; 33 and 28 aa) derived from a common precursor, preproorexin or orexin precursor, by proteolytic cleavage and some typical peptide modifications [109]. Currently the only orexin receptor ligands in clinical use are suvorexant and lemborexant, which are used as hypnotics. Orexin receptor crystal structures have been solved [134, 133, 54, 117, 46].
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11
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Multiple-dose clinical pharmacology of the selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist ACT-539313. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110166. [PMID: 33159976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Compounds that selectively target orexin-1 receptors may be beneficial for the treatment of various disorders. The role of selective orexin-1 receptor antagonists (1-SORAs) in addictive behavior and stress/anxiety-related disturbances has been demonstrated in animals. ACT-539313, an orally active, potent 1-SORA, has been assessed in a clinical single-ascending dose study and exhibited good safety and tolerability. In the two reported studies on ACT-539313, multiple-dose pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), safety, and tolerability were investigated and in a proof-of-mechanism study a CO2 challenge was applied as pharmacological model for induction of anxiety and panic symptoms (sequential inhalation of air, 7.5% CO2, and 35% CO2). METHODS Two double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multiple-dose studies included 58 healthy male and female subjects. In Study 1, multiple-ascending oral doses of 30, 100, and 200 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) ACT-539313 were investigated in 3 dose groups of 8 or 12 subjects (of whom 2 received placebo per dose group). Study 2 was conducted as a randomized two-way crossover design, enrolling 21 male and 9 female subjects who received 200 mg ACT-539313 or matching placebo b.i.d. for 2.5 days followed by a CO2 challenge, with a washout period in between. PK, PD (objective and subjective measures of sedation, alertness, effects on central nervous system (CNS), and anxiety/panic symptoms), safety, and tolerability were assessed. RESULTS At steady state, ACT-539313 was rapidly absorbed with a median time to maximum plasma concentration of 1.8-2.3 h and eliminated with a mean half-life of 3.8-6.5 h. Overall exposure increased dose-proportionally. In Study 1, PD effects confirmed activity of ACT-539313 on the CNS, without consistent or marked effects of sedation, reduced alertness or visuo-motor impairment. In the CO2 challenge, cortisol concentrations were lower during initial air inhalation after treatment with ACT-539313 compared to placebo, while no difference was detected after CO2 inhalation. Trends for lower scores in subjective anxiety assessments were observed for ACT-539313. Besides reports of stress related to the challenge, the most frequently reported adverse events were somnolence and headache. No clinically relevant effects in other safety assessments were observed. CONCLUSIONS Multiple-dose administration of ACT-539313 was safe and well tolerated up to multiple doses of 200 mg b.i.d. The drug's PK properties as well as the pattern of a decrease in stress-related symptoms after the CO2 challenge support further investigations of ACT-539313.
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12
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Sun Y, Tisdale RK, Kilduff TS. Hypocretin/Orexin Receptor Pharmacology and Sleep Phases. FRONTIERS OF NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 45:22-37. [PMID: 34052813 DOI: 10.1159/000514963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretins/orexins are two excitatory neuropeptides, alternately called HCRT1 or orexin-A and HCRT2 or orexin-B, that are the endogenous ligands for two G-protein-coupled receptors, HCRTR1/OX1R and HCRTR2/OX2R. Shortly after the discovery of this system, degeneration of hypocretin/orexin-producing neurons was implicated in the etiology of the sleep disorder narcolepsy. The involvement of this system in a disorder characterized by the loss of control over arousal state boundaries also suggested its role as a critical component of endogenous sleep-wake regulatory circuitry. The broad projections of the hypocretin/orexin-producing neurons, along with differential expression of the two receptors in the projection fields of these neurons, suggest distinct roles for these receptors. While HCRTR1/OX1R is associated with regulation of motivation, reward, and autonomic functions, HCRTR2/OX2R is strongly linked to sleep-wake control. The association of hypocretin/orexin with these physiological processes has led to intense interest in the therapeutic potential of compounds targeting these receptors. Agonists and antagonists for the hypocretin/orexin receptors have shown potential for the treatment of disorders of excessive daytime somnolence and nocturnal hyperarousal, respectively, with the first antagonists approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014 and 2019 for the treatment of insomnia. These and related compounds have also been useful tools to advance hypocretin/orexin neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Ryan K Tisdale
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
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Nonclinical pharmacology of daridorexant: a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2693-2708. [PMID: 34415378 PMCID: PMC8455402 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent a novel type of sleep medication that provide an alternative to the traditionally used positive allosteric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators. Daridorexant is a new DORA that exhibited in phase 3 trials in insomnia not only a beneficial effect on sleep variables, measured objectively and assessed subjectively, but also an improvement in daytime functioning. Daridorexant was discovered through a tailored research program aimed at identifying an optimized sleep-promoting molecule with pharmacokinetic properties appropriate for covering the whole night while avoiding next-morning residual activity at efficacious doses. By specific binding to both orexin receptors, daridorexant inhibits the actions of the wake-promoting orexin (also called hypocretin) neuropeptides. This mechanism avoids a more widespread inhibition of neuronal pathways and associated side effects that are intrinsic to positive allosteric GABA-A receptor modulators. Here, we review the general pharmacology of daridorexant, based on nonclinical pharmacology studies of daridorexant, unpublished or already described, or based on work with other DORAs. Some unique features of daridorexant will be highlighted, such as the promotion of natural and surmountable sleep, the preservation of memory and cognition, the absence of tolerance development or risk of physical dependence, and how it can benefit daytime functioning.
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14
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Préville C, Bonaventure P, Koudriakova T, Lord B, Nepomuceno D, Rizzolio M, Mani N, Coe KJ, Ndifor A, Dugovic C, Dvorak CA, Coate H, Pippel DJ, Fitzgerald A, Allison B, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI, Shireman BT. Substituted Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes as Selective Orexin-1 Antagonists: Discovery of JNJ-54717793. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2002-2009. [PMID: 33062185 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin system consists of two neuropeptides (orexin-A and orexin-B) that exert their mode of action on two receptors (orexin-1 and orexin-2). While the role of the orexin-2 receptor is established as an important modulator of sleep wake states, the role of the orexin-1 receptor is believed to play a role in addiction, panic, or anxiety. In this manuscript, we describe the optimization of a nonselective substituted azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) into orally bioavailable, brain penetrating, selective orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonists. This resulted in the discovery of our first candidate for clinical development, JNJ-54717793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Préville
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pascal Bonaventure
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Diane Nepomuceno
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michele Rizzolio
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Neelakandha Mani
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin J. Coe
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anthony Ndifor
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christine Dugovic
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Curt A. Dvorak
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Heather Coate
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Pippel
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anne Fitzgerald
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brett Allison
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Timothy W. Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas I. Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brock T. Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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15
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Muehlan C, Vaillant C, Zenklusen I, Kraehenbuehl S, Dingemanse J. Clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of insomnia disorders. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1063-1078. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1817380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Muehlan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Vaillant
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Zenklusen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Kraehenbuehl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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16
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Guo B, Xiu J, Shen Y, Li Q. Synthesis and biological activity evaluation of azacycloheptane sulfonamide derivatives as potential orexin receptor antagonists. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30683-30691. [PMID: 35516053 PMCID: PMC9056352 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05068g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the orexin signaling system is crucial for the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle, inhibitors of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors are of significant interest in the treatment of insomnia. Herein, a series of novel azacycloheptane sulfonamide derivatives were designed and synthesized, and all the compounds were evaluated as potential orexin receptor inhibitors by FLIPR Tetra calcium assay. A majority of the tested azacycloheptane sulfonamide derivatives showed OX1R and OX2R inhibitory activity. Chloro-substituted derivatives functionalized at the C5 or C6 position of the benzoxazole group exhibited better inhibitory activity for OX1R and OX2R than unsubstituted derivatives functionalized at C5 or C6. In addition, phenyl group modification had positive effects on the inhibitory activities, and an electron-withdrawing fluorine group at the ortho or meta position of the phenyl ring improved the OX2R inhibitory activity of the derivatives. This suggests that azacycloheptane sulfonamide derivatives are promising scaffolds for the development of OX1R and OX2R antagonists. Azacycloheptane sulfonamide derivatives are promising scaffolds for the development of OX1R and OX2R antagonists.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Jingya Xiu
- Jiangsu Nhwaluokang Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd. Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Yi Shen
- Jiangsu Nhwaluokang Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd. Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Qingeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
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Decker AM, Mathews KM, Blough BE, Gilmour BP. Validation of a High-Throughput Calcium Mobilization Assay for the Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 26:140-150. [PMID: 32734809 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220945279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is widely expressed in monoaminergic nuclei in the central nervous system and has therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, including drug addiction and schizophrenia. Thus, identification of novel hTAAR1 ligands is critical to advancing our knowledge of hTAAR1 function and to the development of therapeutics for a wide range of diseases. Herein we describe the development of a robust, 3-addition high-throughput screening (HTS) calcium mobilization assay using stable CHO-Gαq16-hTAAR1 cells, which functionally couple hTAAR1 to the promiscuous Gαq16 protein and thus allow signal transduction to occur through mobilization of internal calcium. Our previously established 96-well hTAAR1 assay was first miniaturized to the 384-well format and optimized to provide an assay with a Z' factor of 0.84, which is indicative of a robust HTS assay. Using the 3-addition protocol, 22,000 compounds were screened and yielded a ~1% agonist hit rate and a ~0.2% antagonist hit rate. Of the antagonist hits, two confirmed hits are the most potent hTAAR1 antagonists identified to date (IC50 = 206 and 281 nM). While scientists have been studying hTAAR1 for years, the lack of suitable hTAAR1 antagonists has been a major roadblock for studying the basic pharmacology of hTAAR1. Thus, these new ligands will serve as valuable tools to study hTAAR1-mediated signaling mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and in vivo functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly M Mathews
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brian P Gilmour
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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18
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Structure-based development of a subtype-selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18059-18067. [PMID: 32669442 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002704117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are neuropeptides that activate the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors OX1R and OX2R. The orexin system plays an important role in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and the regulation of feeding and emotions. The nonselective orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant has been the first drug on the market targeting the orexin system and is prescribed for the treatment of insomnia. Subtype-selective OX1R antagonists are valuable tools to further investigate the functions and physiological role of the OX1R in vivo and promising lead compounds for the treatment of drug addiction, anxiety, pain or obesity. Starting from the OX1R and OX2R crystal structures bound to suvorexant, we exploited a single amino acid difference in the orthosteric binding site by using molecular docking and structure-based drug design to optimize ligand interactions with the OX1R while introducing repulsive interactions with the OX2R. A newly established enantiospecific synthesis provided ligands showing up to 75-fold selectivity for the OX1R over the OX2R subtype. The structure of a new OX1R antagonist with subnanomolar affinity (JH112) was determined by crystallography in complex with the OX1R and corresponded closely to the docking-predicted geometry. JH112 exhibits high selectivity over a panel of different GPCRs, is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and acts as slowly diffusing and insurmountable antagonist for Gq protein activation and in particular β-arrestin-2 recruitment at OX1R. This study demonstrates the potential of structure-based drug design to develop more subtype-selective GPCR ligands with potentially reduced side effects and provides an attractive probe molecule and lead compound.
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Kaufmann P, Ort M, Golor G, Kornberger R, Dingemanse J. First-in-human study with ACT-539313, a novel selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1377-1386. [PMID: 32067262 PMCID: PMC7319015 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The orexin system is involved in anxiety behaviour and corresponding physiological reactions and constitutes a target for treatment of anxiety disorders. ACT-539313 is a potent, selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist being developed for the treatment of anxiety disorders. This first-in-human study investigated its single-dose pharmacokinetics (PK) including food effect, pharmacodynamics (PD), safety and tolerability. METHODS This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study included 40 healthy male subjects. Ascending oral doses of 10-400 mg ACT-539313 were investigated in 5 dose groups of 8 subjects (of whom 2 received placebo per dose group). At 100 mg, subjects received ACT-539313 in fasted and fed conditions in a fixed sequential design. PK, PD (objective and subjective measures of sedation and effects on central nervous system), safety and tolerability were assessed. RESULTS In fasted conditions, ACT-539313 was rapidly absorbed (median time to maximum plasma concentration [Cmax ] 0.7-3.5 h) and cleared from plasma with a mean terminal half-life of 3.3-5.7 h across dose levels. A 1.63-fold (90% confidence interval: 1.26-2.11) increase in Cmax and no change in area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity was observed under fed compared to fasted conditions. No relevant PD signals were detected except for a trend of reduced saccadic peak velocity around time to Cmax . The most commonly reported adverse events were somnolence and headache. All adverse events were transient and of mild or moderate intensity. No treatment-related effects on vital signs, clinical laboratory or 12-lead electrocardiogram were observed. CONCLUSIONS ACT-539313 exhibits good safety and tolerability at single doses of up to and including 400 mg that warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priska Kaufmann
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyIdorsia Pharmaceuticals LtdAllschwilSwitzerland
| | - Marion Ort
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyIdorsia Pharmaceuticals LtdAllschwilSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyIdorsia Pharmaceuticals LtdAllschwilSwitzerland
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20
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Futamura A, Suzuki R, Tamura Y, Kawamoto H, Ohmichi M, Hino N, Tokumaru Y, Kirinuki S, Hiyoshi T, Aoki T, Kambe D, Nozawa D. Discovery of ORN0829, a potent dual orexin 1/2 receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Calva CB, Fadel JR. Intranasal administration of orexin peptides: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential for age-related cognitive dysfunction. Brain Res 2020; 1731:145921. [PMID: 30148983 PMCID: PMC6387866 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including narcolepsy and age-related dementias. Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches to cognitive enhancement are few in number and limited in efficacy. Thus, novel treatment strategies are needed. The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) system, a central integrator of physiological function, plays an important role in modulating cognition. Several single- and dual-orexin receptor antagonists are available for various clinical and preclinical applications, but the paucity of orexin agonists has limited the ability to research their therapeutic potential. To circumvent this hurdle, direct intranasal administration of orexin peptides is being investigated as a prospective treatment for cognitive dysfunction, narcolepsy or other disorders in which deficient orexin signaling has been implicated. Here, we describe the possible mechanisms and therapeutic potential of intranasal orexin delivery. Combined with the behavioral evidence that intranasal orexin-A administration improves cognitive function in narcoleptic and sleep-deprived subjects, our neurochemical studies in young and aged animals highlights the capacity for intranasal orexin administration to improve age-related deficits in neurotransmission. In summary, we highlight prior and original work from our lab and from others that provides a framework for the use of intranasal orexin peptides in treating cognitive dysfunction, especially as it relates to age-related cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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22
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Bai P, Bai S, Placzek MS, Lu X, Fiedler SA, Ntaganda B, Wey HY, Wang C. A New Positron Emission Tomography Probe for Orexin Receptors Neuroimaging. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051018. [PMID: 32106419 PMCID: PMC7179119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The orexin receptor (OX) is critically involved in motivation and sleep−wake regulation and holds promising therapeutic potential in various mood disorders. To further investigate the role of orexin receptors (OXRs) in the living human brain and to evaluate the treatment potential of orexin-targeting therapeutics, we herein report a novel PET probe ([11C]CW24) for OXRs in the brain. CW24 has moderate binding affinity for OXRs (IC50 = 0.253 μM and 1.406 μM for OX1R and OX2R, respectively) and shows good selectivity to OXRs over 40 other central nervous system (CNS) targets. [11C]CW24 has high brain uptake in rodents and nonhuman primates, suitable metabolic stability, and appropriate distribution and pharmacokinetics for brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. [11C]CW24 warrants further evaluation as a PET imaging probe of OXRs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (P.B.); (X.L.)
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.F.); (B.N.); (H.-Y.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sha Bai
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.F.); (B.N.); (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Michael S. Placzek
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.F.); (B.N.); (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (P.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Stephanie A. Fiedler
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.F.); (B.N.); (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Brenda Ntaganda
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.F.); (B.N.); (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.F.); (B.N.); (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.F.); (B.N.); (H.-Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Saitoh T, Seki K, Nakajima R, Yamamoto N, Kutsumura N, Nagumo Y, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Ogawa Y, Ishikawa Y, Yanagisawa M, Nagase H. Essential structure of orexin 1 receptor antagonist YNT-707, part V: Structure-activity relationship study of the substituents on the 17-amino group. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126893. [PMID: 31879208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The morphinan-type orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonists such as YNT-707 (2) and YNT-1310 (3) show potent and extremely high selective antagonistic activity against OX1R. In the course of our studies of the essential structure of 2, we identified new scaffolds by simplification of the morphinan skeleton. However, the new chemical entities carrying the D-ring removed scaffold showed insufficient activity. To improve the activity of these derivatives, we investigated the effect of substituents mainly focused on the 17-nitrogen group. The 17-N-substituted derivatives, as well as the cyclic derivatives, were synthesized and examined the OX1R antagonistic activity. The assay results showed the interesting relationship between the OX1R antagonistic activity and the substituents on the 17-nitrogen: the antagonistic activity was increased as the bulkiness of 17-substituents increased. Finally, the 17-N-Boc derivative 14a showed the most potent OX1R antagonistic activity (Ki = 14.8 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazunori Seki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Naoshi Yamamoto
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Noriki Kutsumura
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of Mirai in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Calva CB, Fayyaz H, Fadel JR. Effects of Intranasal Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Administration on Neuronal Activation, Neurochemistry, and Attention in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:362. [PMID: 32038222 PMCID: PMC6987046 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function represents a key determinative factor for independent functioning among the elderly, especially among those with age-related cognitive disorders. However; existing pharmacotherapeutic tactics for treating these disorders provide only modest benefits on cognition. The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) system is uniquely positioned, anatomically and functionally, to integrate physiological functions that support proper cognition. The ongoing paucity of orexin receptor agonists has mired the ability to study their potential as cognitive enhancers. Fortunately, intranasal administration of native orexin peptides circumvents this issue and others concerning peptide transport into the central nervous system (CNS). To investigate the ability of intranasal orexin-A (OxA) administration to improve the anatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral substrates of age-related cognitive dysfunction, these studies utilized a rodent model of aging combined with acute intranasal administration of saline or OxA. Here, intranasal OxA increases c-Fos expression in several telencephalic brain regions that mediate important cognitive functions, increases prefrontal cortical acetylcholine efflux, and alters set-shifting-mediated attentional function in rats. Ultimately, these studies provide a framework for the possible mechanisms and therapeutic potential of intranasal OxA in treating age-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Habiba Fayyaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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Essential structure of orexin 1 receptor antagonist YNT-707, Part IV: The role of D-ring in 4,5-epoxymorphinan on the orexin 1 receptor antagonistic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2655-2658. [PMID: 31375290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonists carrying a morphinan skeleton such as YNT-707 (2) and YNT-1310 (3) showed potent and extremely high selective antagonistic activity against OX1R. In the course of our study of the essential structure of YNT-707 for high binding affinity against OX1R, we prepared derivatives of 2 without the D- and 4,5-epoxy rings to clarify the roles of these structural determinants toward OX1R antagonistic activity. The D- and 4,5-epoxy rings played important roles for the active orientation of the 17-sulfonamide and 6-amide side chains. Finally, we identified the simple structure required for selective OX1R antagonistic activity in the complex morphinan skeleton, which is expected to be a useful scaffold for further design of OX1R ligands.
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Li Q, Zhang C, Ren Y. Molecular modeling technology studies of novel pyrazoylethylbenzamide derivatives as selective orexin receptor 1 antagonists. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abreu AR, Molosh AI, Johnson PL, Shekhar A. Role of medial hypothalamic orexin system in panic, phobia and hypertension. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145942. [PMID: 30205108 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orexin has been implicated in a number of physiological functions, including arousal, regulation of sleep, energy metabolism, appetitive behaviors, stress, anxiety, fear, panic, and cardiovascular control. In this review, we will highlight research focused on orexin system in the medial hypothalamic regions of perifornical (PeF) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and describe the role of this hypothalamic neuropeptide in the behavioral expression of panic and consequent fear and avoidance responses, as well as sympathetic regulation and possible development of chronic hypertension. We will also outline recent data highlighting the clinical potential of single and dual orexin receptor antagonists for neuropsychiatric conditions including panic, phobia, and cardiovascular conditions, such as in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R Abreu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrei I Molosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Philip L Johnson
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Perrey DA, Zhang Y. Therapeutics development for addiction: Orexin-1 receptor antagonists. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145922. [PMID: 30148984 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orexin system includes the neuropeptides orexin A and B and the cognate receptors of orexin-1 (OX1) and -2 (OX2) and has been indicated in a number of important physiological processes. It is generally accepted that the OX1 receptor is mainly involved in motivation and reward and the OX2 receptor in the modulation of sleep/wake cycle and energy homeostasis. A variety of OX1 selective antagonists (1-SORAs) have been disclosed in the literature and some of them have been evaluated as potential therapeutics for addiction treatment. In this review we summarize all OX1 antagonists reported thus far based on their core structure. Several dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) and OX2 selective antagonist (2-SORAs) have also been recently evaluated in reward and addiction models. While DORAs may seem pharmacologically advantageous for alcohol addiction given the recent findings on the OX2 receptor in reward and alcohol consumption, 1-SORAs are the better options for other drugs of addiction such as cocaine due to the absence of the sedative effects inherently associated with dual antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Calva CB, Fayyaz H, Fadel JR. Increased acetylcholine and glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex following intranasal orexin-A (hypocretin-1). J Neurochem 2018; 145:232-244. [PMID: 29250792 PMCID: PMC5924451 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area are integrators of physiological function. Previous work from our laboratory and others has shown the importance of orexin transmission in cognition. Age-related reductions in markers of orexin function further suggest that this neuropeptide may be a useful target for the treatment of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Intranasal administration of orexin-A (OxA) has shown promise as a therapeutic option for cognitive dysfunction. However, the neurochemical mechanisms of intranasal OxA administration are not fully understood. Here, we use immunohistochemistry and in vivo microdialysis to define the effects of acute intranasal OxA administration on: (i) activation of neuronal populations in the cortex, basal forebrain, and brainstem and (ii) acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 rats. Acute intranasal administration of OxA significantly increased c-Fos expression, a marker for neuronal activation, in the PFC and in subpopulations of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of acute intranasal OxA on neurotransmitter efflux in the PFC and found that intranasal OxA significantly increased both ACh and glutamate efflux in this region. These findings were independent from any changes in c-Fos expression in orexin neurons, suggesting that these effects are not resultant from direct activation of orexin neurons. In total, these data indicate that intranasal OxA may enhance cognition through activation of distinct neuronal populations in the cortex and basal forebrain and through increased neurotransmission of ACh and glutamate in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B. Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
| | - Habiba Fayyaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
| | - Jim R. Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
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Perrey DA, Decker AM, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Evaluation of Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonists with Improved Solubility and CNS Permeability. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:587-602. [PMID: 29129052 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides playing important roles in many functions including the motivation of addictive behaviors. Blockade of the orexin-1 receptor has been suggested as a potential strategy for the treatment of drug addiction. We have previously reported OX1 receptor antagonists based on the tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold with excellent OX1 potency and selectivity; however, these compounds had high lipophilicity (clogP > 5) and low to moderate solubility. In an effort to improve their properties, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogues where the 7-position substituents known to favor OX1 potency and selectivity were retained, and groups of different nature were introduced at the 1-position where substitution was generally tolerated as demonstrated in previous studies. Compound 44 with lower lipophilicity (clogP = 3.07) displayed excellent OX1 potency ( Ke = 5.7 nM) and selectivity (>1,760-fold over OX2) in calcium mobilization assays. In preliminary ADME studies, 44 showed excellent kinetic solubility (>200 μM), good CNS permeability ( Papp = 14.7 × 10-6 cm/sec in MDCK assay), and low drug efflux (efflux ratio = 3.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Nguyen AL, Khatri HR, Woods JR, Baldwin CS, Fronczek FR, Colby DA. Magnesium-Promoted Additions of Difluoroenolates to Unactivated Imines. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3109-3118. [PMID: 29446944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many synthetic methods to produce fluorinated and trifluoromethylated organic structures, the construction of difluoromethylated compounds remains a synthetic challenge. We have discovered that unactivated imines will react with difluoroenolates under exceedingly mild conditions when using magnesium salts and organic bases. We have applied this approach to the iminoaldol reaction to produce difluoromethylene groups as α,α-difluoro-β-amino-carbonyl groups. This method provides synthetically useful quantities of difficult to access α,α-difluoro-β-aminoketones without the need of protecting groups or the use of activated imines. Moreover, we have applied this strategy to create analogues of the dual orexin receptor antagonist, almorexant, in only two synthetic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Nguyen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Hari R Khatri
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - James R Woods
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Cassidy S Baldwin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - David A Colby
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
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Futamura A, Nozawa D, Araki Y, Tamura Y, Tokura S, Kawamoto H, Tokumaru Y, Kakihara S, Aoki T, Ohtake N. Identification of highly selective and potent orexin receptor 1 antagonists derived from a dual orexin receptor 1/2 antagonist based on the structural framework of pyrazoylethylbenzamide. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5203-5215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery of the orexin system represents the single major progress in the sleep field of the last three to four decades. The two orexin peptides and their two receptors play a major role in arousal and sleep/wake cycles. Defects in the orexin system lead to narcolepsy with cataplexy in humans and dogs and can be experimentally reproduced in rodents. At least six orexin receptor antagonists have reached Phase II or Phase III clinical trials in insomnia, five of which are dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) that target both OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX2Rs). All clinically tested DORAs induce and maintain sleep: suvorexant, recently registered in the USA and Japan for insomnia, represents the first hypnotic principle that acts in a completely different manner from the current standard medications. It is clear, however, that in the clinic, all DORAs promote sleep primarily by increasing rapid eye movement (REM) and are almost devoid of effects on slow-wave (SWS) sleep. At present, there is no consensus on whether the sole promotion of REM sleep has a negative impact in patients suffering from insomnia. However, sleep onset REM (SOREM), which has been documented with DORAs, is clearly an undesirable effect, especially for narcoleptic patients and also in fragile populations (e.g. elderly patients) where REM-associated loss of muscle tone may promote an elevated risk of falls. Debate thus remains as to the ideal orexin agent to achieve a balanced increase in REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Here, we review the evidence that an OX2R antagonist should be at least equivalent, or perhaps superior, to a DORA for the treatment of insomnia. An OX2R antagonist may produce more balanced sleep than a DORA. Rodent sleep experiments show that the OX2R is the primary target of orexin receptor antagonists in sleep modulation. Furthermore, an OX2R antagonist should, in theory, have a lower narcoleptic/cataplexic potential. In the clinic, the situation remains equivocal, since OX2R antagonists are in early stages: MK-1064 has completed Phase I, and MIN202 is currently in clinical Phase II/III trials. However, data from insomnia patients have not yet been released. Promotional material suggests that balanced sleep is indeed induced by MIN-202, whereas in volunteers MK-1064 has been reported to act similarly to DORAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sanjida Mir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Bonaventure P, Dugovic C, Shireman B, Preville C, Yun S, Lord B, Nepomuceno D, Wennerholm M, Lovenberg T, Carruthers N, Fitz SD, Shekhar A, Johnson PL. Evaluation of JNJ-54717793 a Novel Brain Penetrant Selective Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonist in Two Rat Models of Panic Attack Provocation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 28649201 PMCID: PMC5465257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neurons originating in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic area are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli and have strong projections to anxiety and panic-associated circuitry. Recent studies support a role for the orexin system and in particular the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in coordinating an integrative stress response. However, no selective OX1R antagonist has been systematically tested in two preclinical models of using panicogenic stimuli that induce panic attack in the majority of people with panic disorder, namely an acute hypercapnia-panic provocation model and a model involving chronic inhibition of GABA synthesis in the perifornical hypothalamic area followed by intravenous sodium lactate infusion. Here we report on a novel brain penetrant, selective and high affinity OX1R antagonist JNJ-54717793 (1S,2R,4R)-7-([(3-fluoro-2-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)carbonyl]-N-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine). JNJ-54717793 is a high affinity/potent OX1R antagonist and has an excellent selectivity profile including 50 fold versus the OX2R. Ex vivo receptor binding studies demonstrated that after oral administration JNJ-54717793 crossed the blood brain barrier and occupied OX1Rs in the rat brain. While JNJ-54717793 had minimal effect on spontaneous sleep in rats and in wild-type mice, its administration in OX2R knockout mice, selectively promoted rapid eye movement sleep, demonstrating target engagement and specific OX1R blockade. JNJ-54717793 attenuated CO2 and sodium lactate induced panic-like behaviors and cardiovascular responses without altering baseline locomotor or autonomic activity. These data confirm that selective OX1R antagonism may represent a novel approach of treating anxiety disorders, with no apparent sedative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brock Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Cathy Preville
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie D. Fitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
| | - Philip L. Johnson
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
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Mieda M. The roles of orexins in sleep/wake regulation. Neurosci Res 2017; 118:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Carrive P, Kuwaki T. Orexin and Central Modulation of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 33:157-196. [PMID: 27909989 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexin makes an important contribution to the regulation of cardiorespiratory function. When injected centrally under anesthesia, orexin increases blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic nerve activity, and the amplitude and frequency of respiration. This is consistent with the location of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus and the distribution of orexin terminals at all levels of the central autonomic and respiratory network. These cardiorespiratory responses are components of arousal and are necessary to allow the expression of motivated behaviors. Thus, orexin contributes to the cardiorespiratory response to acute stressors, especially those of a psychogenic nature. Consequently, upregulation of orexin signaling, whether it is spontaneous or environmentally induced, can increase blood pressure and lead to hypertension, as is the case for the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the hypertensive BPH/2J Schlager mouse. Blockade of orexin receptors will reduce blood pressure in these animals, which could be a new pharmacological approach for the treatment of some forms of hypertension. Orexin can also magnify the respiratory reflex to hypercapnia in order to maintain respiratory homeostasis, and this may be in part why it is upregulated during obstructive sleep apnea. In this pathological condition, blockade of orexin receptors would make the apnea worse. To summarize, orexin is an important modulator of cardiorespiratory function. Acting on orexin signaling may help in the treatment of some cardiovascular and respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Carrive
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Stump CA, Cooke AJ, Bruno J, Cabalu TD, Gotter AL, Harell CM, Kuduk SD, McDonald TP, O’Brien J, Renger JJ, Williams PD, Winrow CJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of highly potent and selective orexin 1 receptor antagonists (1-SORAs) suitable for in vivo interrogation of orexin 1 receptor pharmacology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5809-5814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Orexin, Stress and Central Cardiovascular Control. A Link with Hypertension? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 74:376-392. [PMID: 27477446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Orexin, the arousal peptide, originates from neurons located in an area of the dorsal hypothalamus well known for integrating defense responses and their cardiovascular component. Orexin neurons, which are driven in large part by the limbic forebrain, send projections to many regions in the brain, including regions involved in cardiovascular control, as far down as sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. Central injections of orexin evoke sympathetically mediated cardiovascular responses. Conversely, blockade of orexin receptors reduce the cardiovascular responses to acute stressors, preferentially of a psychological nature. More importantly, lasting upregulation of orexin signaling can lead to a hypertensive state. This can be observed in rats exposed to chronic stress as well as in strains known to display spontaneous hypertension such as the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) or the hypertensive BPH/2J Schlager mouse. Thus, there is a link between orexin, stress and hypertension, and orexin upregulation could be a factor in the development of essential hypertension. Orexin receptor antagonists have anti-hypertensive effects that could be of clinical use.
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Kumar A, Chanana P, Choudhary S. Emerging role of orexin antagonists in insomnia therapeutics: An update on SORAs and DORAs. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:231-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Locus Coeruleus and Tuberomammillary Nuclei Ablations Attenuate Hypocretin/Orexin Antagonist-Mediated REM Sleep. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0018-16. [PMID: 27022631 PMCID: PMC4801942 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0018-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypocretin 1 and 2 (Hcrts; also known as orexin A and B), excitatory neuropeptides synthesized in cells located in the tuberal hypothalamus, play a central role in the control of arousal. Hcrt inputs to the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC NE) system and the posterior hypothalamic histaminergic tuberomammillary nuclei (TMN HA) are important efferent pathways for Hcrt-induced wakefulness. The LC expresses Hcrt receptor 1 (HcrtR1), whereas HcrtR2 is found in the TMN. Although the dual Hcrt/orexin receptor antagonist almorexant (ALM) decreases wakefulness and increases NREM and REM sleep time, the neural circuitry that mediates these effects is currently unknown. To test the hypothesis that ALM induces sleep by selectively disfacilitating subcortical wake-promoting populations, we ablated LC NE neurons (LCx) or TMN HA neurons (TMNx) in rats using cell-type-specific saporin conjugates and evaluated sleep/wake following treatment with ALM and the GABAA receptor modulator zolpidem (ZOL). Both LCx and TMNx attenuated the promotion of REM sleep by ALM without affecting ALM-mediated increases in NREM sleep. Thus, eliminating either HcrtR1 signaling in the LC or HcrtR2 signaling in the TMN yields similar effects on ALM-induced REM sleep without affecting NREM sleep time. In contrast, neither lesion altered ZOL efficacy on any measure of sleep–wake regulation. These results contrast with those of a previous study in which ablation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons attenuated ALM-induced increases in NREM sleep time without affecting REM sleep, indicating that Hcrt neurotransmission influences distinct aspects of NREM and REM sleep at different locations in the sleep–wake regulatory network.
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Abstract
Much of the understanding of the hypocretin/orexin (HCRT/OX) system in sleep-wake regulation came from narcolepsy-cataplexy research. The neuropeptides hypocretin-1 and -2/orexin-A and -B (HCRT-1 and -2/OX-A and -B, respectively), as we know, are intimately involved in the regulation wakefulness. The HCRT/OX system regulates sleep-wake control through complex interactions between monoaminergic/cholinergic (wake-promoting) and gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (sleep-promoting) neuronal systems. Deficiency of HCRT/OX results in loss of sleep-wake control or stability with consequent unstable transitions between wakefulness to nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep. This manifests clinically as abnormal daytime sleepiness with sleep attacks and cataplexy. Research on the development of HCRT/OX agonists and antagonists for the treatment of sleep disorders has dramatically increased with the US Food and Drug Administration approval of the first-in-class dual HCRT/OX receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. This review focuses on the origin, mechanisms of HCRT/OX receptors, clinical progress, and applications for the treatment of sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Sleep Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Cao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Sleep Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Suchý M, Li AX, Milne M, Bartha R, Hudson RHE. DOTMA-based amides (DOTMAMs) as a platform for the development of PARACEST MRI contrast agents. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11741d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic methodology leading to previously unknown DOTMA-based secondary amides (DOTMAMs) has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Suchý
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- Center for Functional and Metabolic Mapping
| | - A. X. Li
- Center for Functional and Metabolic Mapping
- Robarts Research Institute
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - M. Milne
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - R. Bartha
- Center for Functional and Metabolic Mapping
- Robarts Research Institute
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - R. H. E. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research
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Boss C, Roch C. Substituted cyclopentanes, tetrahydrofurans and pyrrolidines as orexin-1-receptor antagonists for treatment of various CNS disorders (WO2015/055994; WO2015/124932; WO2015/124934). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 26:409-15. [PMID: 26593218 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1124087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The three patent applications WO2015/055994, WO2015/124932 and WO2015/124934 from Takeda Pharmaceuticals describe antagonists for the orexin-1 receptor, based on saturated substituted five-membered carbo- or heterocycles. According to the patent applications, the compounds have utility in therapeutic areas such as schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, anxiety or addiction disorders, among others. The patent applications together describe almost 300 examples, and for most of them activity data, determined by Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR) technology on the orexin-1 as well as the orexin-2 receptor, are disclosed. Structurally, the building blocks used to prepare the compounds are reminiscent of other orexin antagonist programs recently disclosed in the literature. However, the templates used are novel in the orexin antagonist field and are probably the key feature for the selectivity of the derivatives towards the orexin-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- a Drug Discovery, Chemistry Technologies and Lead Discovery , Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd ., Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- b Drug Discovery, CNS Pharmacology , Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd ., Allschwil , Switzerland
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46
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Abstract
The orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors are two G protein-coupled receptors that bind the neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B. Dual antagonism of the receptors by small molecules is clinically efficacious in the treatment of insomnia, where the most advanced molecule suvorexant has recently been approved. The scope of this article is to review the small molecule orexin receptor antagonist patent literature between January 2012 and January 2014.
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Roecker AJ, Cox CD, Coleman PJ. Orexin Receptor Antagonists: New Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Insomnia. J Med Chem 2015; 59:504-30. [PMID: 26317591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system, composed of two G-protein coupled receptors, orexins 1 and 2, and two neuropeptide agonists, orexins A and B, has captured the attention of the scientific community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, anxiety, and sleep/wake disorders. Genetic evidence in rodents, dogs, and humans was revealed between 1999 and 2000, demonstrating a causal link between dysfunction or deletion of the orexin system and narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by hypersomnolence during normal wakefulness. These findings encouraged efforts to discover agonists to treat narcolepsy and, alternatively, antagonists to treat insomnia. This perspective will focus on the discovery and development of structurally diverse orexin antagonists suitable for preclinical pharmacology studies and human clinical trials. The work described herein culminated in the 2014 FDA approval of suvorexant as a first-in-class dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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48
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Beig MI, Horiuchi J, Dampney RAL, Carrive P. Both Ox1R and Ox2R orexin receptors contribute to the cardiorespiratory response evoked from the perifornical hypothalamus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:1059-67. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza I Beig
- School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Jouji Horiuchi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Toyo University; Kawagoe Saitama Japan
| | - Roger AL Dampney
- School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute for Biomedical Research; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Pascal Carrive
- School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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49
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The orexin (hypocretin) system is an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide-G-protein-coupled receptor system, consisting of two neuropeptides the orexin-A and the orexin-B peptides as well as two receptors the orexin-1 and the orexin-2 receptors. The orexin system is crucially involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm, states of wakefulness and arousal and the modulation of emotions and has attracted the interest of many researchers which resulted in an enormous amount of insight, mainly in the field of antagonists. Clinical proof of concept was obtained with dual orexin receptor antagonists in primary insomnia. Merck's suvorexant got FDA approval on 13 August 2014 for the treatment of insomnia. AREAS COVERED The patent applications from Thomson Reuters Integrity Database (covering 2010-August 2014) are summarized, analyzed and discussed in the review. EXPERT OPINION Intense patenting activities have been observed over the past 3 years in the field of orexin antagonists. Several compounds have been investigated in clinical trials mainly for the treatment of primary insomnia. The advantage of orexin antagonists, based on animal pharmacology results, is the promotion and maintenance of physiological sleep which should avoid hangover phenomena reported as side effects of approved treatments. Many other potential treatment options are mentioned for orexin antagonists of different selectivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil/ BL , Switzerland
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50
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Recent trends in orexin research—2010 to 2015. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2875-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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