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Saeed S, Shahzadi I, Zahoor AF, Al-Mutairi AA, Kamal S, Faisal S, Irfan A, Al-Hussain SA, Muhammed MT, Zaki MEA. Exploring theophylline-1,2,4-triazole tethered N-phenylacetamide derivatives as antimicrobial agents: unraveling mechanisms via structure-activity relationship, in vitro validation, and in silico insights. Front Chem 2024; 12:1372378. [PMID: 38645776 PMCID: PMC11026557 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1372378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Theophylline, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, serves as a promising focal point for medicinal researchers aiming to create derivatives with diverse pharmacological applications. In this work, we present an improved synthetic method for a range of theophylline-1,2,4-triazole-S-linked N-phenyl acetamides (4a‒g) utilizing ultrasound-assisted synthetic approach. The objective was to assess the effectiveness of synthesized theophylline-1,2,4-triazoles (4a‒g) as inhibitors of HCV serine protease and as antibacterial agents against B. subtilis QB-928 and E. coli AB-274. Theophylline-1,2,4-triazoles were obtained in good to excellent yields (69%-95%) in a shorter time than conventional approach. 4-Chlorophenyl moiety containing theophylline-1,2,4-triazole 4c displayed significantly higher inhibitory activity against HCV serine protease enzyme (IC50 = 0.015 ± 0.25 mg) in comparison to ribavirin (IC50 = 0.165 ± 0.053 mg), but showed excellent binding affinity (-7.55 kcal/mol) with the active site of serine protease, better than compound 4c (-6.90 kcal/mol) as well as indole-based control compound 5 (-7.42 kcal/mol). In terms of percentage inhibition of serine protease, 2-chlorophenyl compound 4b showed the maximum percentage inhibition (86%), more than that of the 3,4-dichlorophenyl compound 4c (76%) and ribavirin (81%). 3,4-Dimethylphenyl-based theophylline-1,2,4-triazole 4g showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC = 0.28 ± 0.50 μg/mL) against the B. subtilis bacterial strain as compared to the standard drug penicillin (MIC = 1 ± 1.50 μg/mL). The other 4-methylphenyl theophylline-1,2,4-triazole 4e (MIC = 0.20 ± 0.08 μg/mL) displayed the most potent antibacterial potential against E. coli in comparison to the standard drug penicillin (MIC = 2.4 ± 1.00 μg/mL). Molecular docking studies further helped in an extensive understanding of all of the interactions between compounds and the enzyme active site, and DFT studies were also employed to gain insights into the molecular structure of the synthesized compounds. The results indicated that theophylline-linked triazole derivatives 4b and 4c showed promise as leading contenders in the fight against the HCV virus. Moreover, compounds 4e and 4g demonstrated potential as effective chemotherapeutic agents against E. coli and B. subtilis, respectively. To substantiate these findings, additional in vivo studies and clinical trials are imperative, laying the groundwork for their integration into future drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irum Shahzadi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamal A. Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shagufta Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shah Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Tilahun Muhammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mathias F, Kabri Y, Brun D, Primas N, Di Giorgio C, Vanelle P. Synthesis and Anti- Trypanosoma cruzi Biological Evaluation of Novel 2-Nitropyrrole Derivatives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072163. [PMID: 35408570 PMCID: PMC9000427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human American trypanosomiasis, called Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi protozoan infection, represents a major public health problem, with about 7000 annual deaths in Latin America. As part of the search for new and safe anti-Trypanosoma cruzi derivatives involving nitroheterocycles, we report herein the synthesis of ten 1-substituted 2-nitropyrrole compounds and their biological evaluation. After an optimization phase, a convergent synthesis methodology was used to obtain these new final compounds in two steps from the 2-nitropyrrole starting product. All the designed derivatives follow Lipinski’s rule of five. The cytotoxicity evaluation on CHO cells showed no significant cytotoxicity, except for compound 3 (CC50 = 24.3 µM). Compound 18 appeared to show activity against T. cruzi intracellular amastigotes form (EC50 = 3.6 ± 1.8 µM) and good selectivity over the vero host cells. Unfortunately, this compound 18 showed an insufficient maximum effect compared to the reference drug (nifurtimox). Whether longer duration treatments may eliminate all parasites remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mathias
- Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (F.M.); (Y.K.); (D.B.); (N.P.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Pharmacie Usage Intérieur, Hôpital Nord, Chemin-des-Bourrely, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Youssef Kabri
- Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (F.M.); (Y.K.); (D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Damien Brun
- Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (F.M.); (Y.K.); (D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (F.M.); (Y.K.); (D.B.); (N.P.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Hôpital de la Conception, 147, Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Laboratoire de Mutagénèse Environnementale, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille University, IMBE UMR 7263, Avignon University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (F.M.); (Y.K.); (D.B.); (N.P.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Hôpital de la Conception, 147, Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-9183-5580
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3
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Zhou W, Tang J, Zhou X, Liu J. Tyrosinase inhibition by novel benzimidazole-thione Schiff base derivatives. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220210100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Tyrosinase is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to dopaquinone, which is related to melanoma, neurodegenerative disorders, freckles, pigmented acne and age spots. Controlling the tyrosinase activity could be an important way for treating overproduction of melanin.
Objective:
The development of safe and specific tyrosinase inhibitors could be used to treat hypermelanosis.
Methods:
5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2(3H)-thione was synthesized from 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine and carbon disulfide. The nitro group of 5-nitro-1H- S-1 ESI-HRMS
benzo[d]imidazole-2(3H)-thione was reduced with iron powder. The 5-amino-1H-benzo[d]imidazole- 2(3H)-thione Schiff base derivatives were obtained by the reaction of 5-amino-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2(3H)-thione with substituted benzaldehyde. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities were investigated. The studies of kinetic analysis, metal-chelating properties, docking and cytotoxicity were also performed.
Results:
All of the compounds showed strong tyrosinase inhibitory activities with 5-((4-nitrobenzylidene) amino)-1H-benzo [d]imidazole-2(3H)-thione (S-4) as the best tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 4.8 ± 1.4 nM. Compound S-4 exhibited mixed type inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase, with Ki 15 nM and Kis 42 nM. Copper binding to S-4 was detected spectrophotometrically and 1-100 ìÌ S-4 displayed negligible cytotoxicity to murine B16 melanoma cells.
Conclusion:
Our results demonstrated that these benzimidazolethione Schiff base derivatives might be promising candidates as tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shao Shui Xi Road, Shaoyang 422100, China
| | - Junyuan Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou,Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Xinchong Zhou
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shao Shui Xi Road, Shaoyang 422100, China
| | - Jinbing Liu
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shao Shui Xi Road, Shaoyang 422100, China
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Rakhmonova D, Gapurova L, Razzoqova S, Kadirova S, Torambetov B, Kadirova Z, Shishkina S. 5-Amino-1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione: molecular, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 78:231-234. [PMID: 35145757 PMCID: PMC8819443 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and crystal structures of the anhydrous form of 5-amino-1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione were determined. Hirshfeld surfaces and fingerprint plots were studied. The title compound, C7H7N3S, which has potential biological activity, can be used as a ligand in metal complexation. This compound exists as the thione tautomer in the crystal phase, which is confirmed by the study of its molecular structure. The amino group has pyramidal configuration. In the crystal phase, the two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit form tetramers as a result of N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds. These tetramers are linked by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains/tubes in the [010] direction. The Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the highest contribution to the total surface is provided by H⋯H interactions as well as S⋯H/H⋯S and C⋯H/H⋯C contacts associated with X—H⋯S hydrogen bonds and X—H⋯C(π) interactions.
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5
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Voss S, Nitsche C. Targeting the protease of West Nile virus. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1262-1272. [PMID: 34458734 PMCID: PMC8372202 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus infections can cause severe neurological symptoms. During the last 25 years, cases have been reported in Asia, North America, Africa, Europe and Australia (Kunjin). No West Nile virus vaccines or specific antiviral therapies are available to date. Various viral proteins and host-cell factors have been evaluated as potential drug targets. The viral protease NS2B-NS3 is among the most promising viral targets. It releases viral proteins from a non-functional polyprotein precursor, making it a critical factor of viral replication. Despite strong efforts, no protease inhibitors have reached clinical trials yet. Substrate-derived peptidomimetics have facilitated structural elucidations of the active protease state, while alternative compounds with increased drug-likeness have recently expanded drug discovery efforts beyond the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saan Voss
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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6
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Asiri YI, Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, Mabkhot YN, Hassan MZ. Benzothiazoles as potential antiviral agents. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1459-1480. [PMID: 32705690 PMCID: PMC7405065 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The recent viral pandemic poses a unique challenge for healthcare providers. Despite the remarkable progress, the number of novel antiviral agents in the pipeline is woefully inadequate against the evolving virulence and drug resistance of current viruses. This highlights the urgent need for new and improved vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutic agents to obviate the viral pandemic. KEY FINDINGS Benzothiazole plays a pivotal role in the design and development of antiviral drugs. This is evident from the fact that it comprises many clinically useful agents. The current review is aimed to provide an insight into the recent development of benzothiazole-based antiviral agents, with a special focus on their structure-activity relationships and lead optimisation. One hundred and five articles were initially identified, and from these studies, 64 potential novel lead molecules and main findings were highlighted in this review. SUMMARY We hope this review will provide a logical perspective on the importance of improving the future designs of novel broad-spectrum benzothiazole-based antiviral agents to be used against emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya I Asiri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullatif B Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Z Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. El‐Sebaey
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls) Al-Azhar University Youssef Abbas street, Nasr City Cairo Egypt
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8
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Tan L, Zhou Q, Yan W, Sun J, Kozikowski AP, Zhao S, Huang XP, Cheng J. Design and Synthesis of Bitopic 2-Phenylcyclopropylmethylamine (PCPMA) Derivatives as Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4579-4602. [PMID: 32282200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylcyclopropylmethylamine (PCPMA) analogues have been reported as selective serotonin 2C agonists. On the basis of the same scaffold, we designed and synthesized a series of bitopic derivatives as dopamine D3R ligands. A number of these new compounds show a high binding affinity for D3R with excellent selectivity. Compound (1R,2R)-22e and its enantiomer (1S,2S)-22e show a comparable binding affinity for the D3R, but the former is a potent D3R agonist, while the latter acts as an antagonist. Molecular docking studies revealed different binding poses of the PCPMA moiety within the orthosteric binding pocket of the D3R, which might explain the different functional profiles of the enantiomers. Compound (1R,2R)-30q shows a high binding affinity for the D3R (Ki = 2.2 nM) along with good selectivity, as well as good bioavailability and brain penetration properties in mice. These results reveal that the PCPMA scaffold may serve as a privileged scaffold for the design of aminergic GPCR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jian Sun
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Alan P Kozikowski
- StarWise Therapeutics LLC, 2020 North Lincoln Park West, Chicago Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
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9
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Zhang X, Chen F, Petrella A, Chacón-Huete F, Covone J, Tsai TW, Yu CC, Forgione P, Kwan DH. A High-Throughput Glycosyltransferase Inhibition Assay for Identifying Molecules Targeting Fucosylation in Cancer Cell-Surface Modification. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:715-724. [PMID: 30831024 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In cancers, increased fucosylation (attachment of fucose sugar residues) on cell-surface glycans, resulting from the abnormal upregulation of the expression of specific fucosyltransferase enzymes (FUTs), is one of the most important types of glycan modifications associated with malignancy. Fucosylated glycans on cell surfaces are involved in a multitude of cellular interactions and signal regulation in normal biological processes, as well as in disease. For example, sialyl LewisX is a fucosylated cell-surface glycan that is abnormally abundant in some cancers where it has been implicated in facilitating metastasis, allowing circulating tumor cells to bind to the epithelial tissue within blood vessels and invade into secondary sites by taking advantage of glycan-mediated interactions. To identify inhibitors of FUT enzymes as potential cancer therapeutics, we have developed a novel high-throughput assay that makes use of a fluorogenically labeled oligosaccharide as a probe of fucosylation. This probe, which consists of a 4-methylumbelliferyl glycoside, is recognized and hydrolyzed by specific glycoside hydrolase enzymes to release fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone, yet when the probe is fucosylated prior to treatment with the glycoside hydrolases, hydrolysis does not occur and no fluorescent signal is produced. We have demonstrated that this assay can be used to measure the inhibition of FUT enzymes by small molecules, because blocking fucosylation will allow glycosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the labeled oligosaccharide to produce a fluorescent signal. Employing this assay, we have screened a focused library of small molecules for inhibitors of a human FUT enzyme involved in the synthesis of sialyl LewisX and demonstrated that our approach can be used to identify potent FUT inhibitors from compound libraries in microtiter plate format.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Teng-Wei Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ching Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
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Xin YB, Li JJ, Zhang HJ, Ma J, Liu X, Gong GH, Tian YS. Synthesis and characterisation of (Z)-styrylbenzene derivatives as potential selective anticancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1554-1564. [PMID: 30244610 PMCID: PMC6161602 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1513925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify anticancer agents with high potency and low toxicity, a series of (Z)-styrylbenzene derivatives were synthesised and evaluated for anticancer activities using a panel of nine cancer cell lines and two noncancerous cell lines. Most derivatives exhibited significant anti-proliferative activities against five cancer cell lines, including MGC-803 and BEL-7402. (Z)-3-(p-Tolyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile (6h) showed a strong inhibitory effect on MGC-803 cells (IC50 < 0.01 µM) and exhibited stronger anti-proliferative activity than taxol (IC50 < 0.06 ± 0.01 µM). The IC50 value of 6h in L-02 cells was 10,000-fold higher than in MGC-803 cells. Compound 6h inhibited proliferation of BEL-7402 cells by arresting at the G2/M phase through up-regulation of cyclin B1 expression, down-regulation of cyclin A and D1 expression, and induction of apoptosis. In addition, 6h inhibited the migration of BEL-7402 cells and the formation of cell colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Bing Xin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hua Gong
- First Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, P.R. China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Shun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, P.R. China
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Abstract
The persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) infections throughout the USA since its inception in 1999 and its continuous spread throughout the globe calls for an urgent need of effective treatments and prevention measures. Although the licensing of several WNV vaccines for veterinary use provides a proof of concept, similar efforts on the development of an effective vaccine for humans remain still unsuccessful. Increased understanding of biology and pathogenesis of WNV together with recent technological advancements have raised hope that an effective WNV vaccine may be available in the near future. In addition, rapid progress in the structural and functional characterization of WNV and other flaviviral proteins have provided a solid base for the design and development of several classes of inhibitors as potential WNV therapeutics. Moreover, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies demonstrate an excellent efficacy against WNV in animal models and represent a promising class of WNV therapeutics. However, there are some challenges as to the design and development of a safe and efficient WNV vaccine or therapeutic. In this chapter, we discuss the current approaches, progress, and challenges toward the development of WNV vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antiviral drugs.
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Zhang T, Qin W, Zhu N, Han L, Wang L, Hong H. Metal sulfide: An efficient promoter for the synthesis of 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles from 2-haloanilines and carbon disulfide. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1356927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianmiao Zhang
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Weijing Qin
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Limin Han
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Liubo Wang
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Hong
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
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STD-NMR experiments identify a structural motif with novel second-site activity against West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:174-183. [PMID: 28927677 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. This mosquito-borne virus that is highly pathogenic to humans has been evolving into a global threat during the past two decades. Despite many efforts, neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available. The viral protease NS2B-NS3pro is essential for viral replication, and therefore it is considered a prime drug target. However, success in the development of specific NS2B-NS3pro inhibitors had been moderate so far. In the search for new structural motifs with binding affinity for NS2B-NS3pro, we have screened a fragment library, the Maybridge Ro5 library, employing saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments as readout. About 30% of 429 fragments showed binding to NS2B-NS3pro. Subsequent STD-NMR competition experiments using the known active site fragment A as reporter ligand yielded 14 competitively binding fragments, and 22 fragments not competing with A. In a fluorophore-based protease assay, all of these fragments showed inhibition in the micromolar range. Interestingly, 10 of these 22 fragments showed a notable increase of STD intensities in the presence of compound A suggesting cooperative binding. The most promising non-competitive inhibitors 1 and 2 (IC50 ∼ 500 μM) share a structural motif that may guide the development of novel second-site (potentially allosteric) inhibitors of NS2B-NS3pro. To identify the matching protein binding site, chemical shift perturbation studies employing 1H,15N-TROSY-HSQC experiments with uniformly 2H,15N-labeled protease were performed in the presence of 1, and in the concomitant absence or presence of A. The data suggest that 1 interacts with Met 52* of NS2B, identifying a secondary site adjacent to the binding site of A. Therefore, our study paves the way for the synthesis of novel bidentate NS2B-NS3pro inhibitors.
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Kouretova J, Hammamy MZ, Epp A, Hardes K, Kallis S, Zhang L, Hilgenfeld R, Bartenschlager R, Steinmetzer T. Effects of NS2B-NS3 protease and furin inhibition on West Nile and Dengue virus replication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:712-721. [PMID: 28385094 PMCID: PMC6445162 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1306521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DENV) replication depends on the viral NS2B-NS3 protease and the host enzyme furin, which emerged as potential drug targets. Modification of our previously described WNV protease inhibitors by basic phenylalanine analogs provided compounds with reduced potency against the WNV and DENV protease. In a second series, their decarboxylated P1-trans-(4-guanidino)cyclohexylamide was replaced by an arginyl-amide moiety. Compound 4-(guanidinomethyl)-phenylacetyl-Lys-Lys-Arg-NH2 inhibits the NS2B-NS3 protease of WNV with an inhibition constant of 0.11 µM. Due to the similarity in substrate specificity, we have also tested the potency of our previously described multibasic furin inhibitors. Their further modification provided chimeric inhibitors with additional potency against the WNV and DENV proteases. A strong inhibition of WNV and DENV replication in cell culture was observed for the specific furin inhibitors, which reduced virus titers up to 10,000-fold. These studies reveal that potent inhibitors of furin can block the replication of DENV and WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kouretova
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany.,b German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - M Zouhir Hammamy
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Anton Epp
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Stephanie Kallis
- c Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Linlin Zhang
- d Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany.,e German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- d Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany.,e German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- c Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany.,f German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- a Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University , Marburg , Germany.,b German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
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16
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Damião MCFCB, Galaverna R, Kozikowski AP, Eubanks J, Pastre JC. Telescoped continuous flow generation of a library of highly substituted 3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An integrated continuous flow process for the synthesis of 3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles is reported. A small library of 18 compounds was prepared in just 48 minutes of residence time in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renan Galaverna
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | | | - James Eubanks
- Division of Genetics and Development
- Krembil Research Institute
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
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17
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flaviviruses are major causes of infectious disease. The vast global, social and economic impact due to morbidity and mortality associated with diseases caused by these viruses urgently demands effective therapeutic interventions. There is currently no specific antiviral therapy available for the effective clinical treatment of infections by any of the flaviviridae. Development of more effective vaccines and antiviral agents for the prevention and treatment of most flavivirus infections remains a clear public health priority in the 21st century. AREAS COVERED This review describes some of the recent discoveries in the field of flavivirus inhibitor development, with a particular focus on targeting viral proteins. Emphasis is placed on the advances published during the 2012-2015 period. EXPERT OPINION The field of drug discovery targeting viral proteins has progressed slowly in recent years. New information, particularly on structures, location and mechanisms of action of established protein targets have been reported. There have also been studies on repurposing known drugs as templates for targeting flavivirus proteins and these hits could be promising templates for developing new more potent inhibitors. Further research should be conducted to improve in vitro assays that better reflect the conditions found in cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mei Kok
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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18
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Gao S, Zhang Y, Dong J, Chen N, Xu J. Synthesis of functionalized 5-substituted thiazolidine-2-thiones via adscititious xanthate-promoted radical cyclization of allyl(alkyl/aryl)dithiocarbamates. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1002-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An adscititious radical precursor-promoted cyclization is designed and realized in efficient synthesis of functionalized 5-substituted thiazolidine-2-thiones from alkyl allyl(alkyl/aryl)dithiocarbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Jun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
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19
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Vernekar SKV, Qiu L, Zhang J, Kankanala J, Li H, Geraghty RJ, Wang Z. 5'-Silylated 3'-1,2,3-triazolyl Thymidine Analogues as Inhibitors of West Nile Virus and Dengue Virus. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4016-28. [PMID: 25909386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DENV) are important human pathogens for which there are presently no vaccine or specific antivirals. We report herein a 5'-silylated nucleoside scaffold derived from 3'-azidothymidine (AZT) consistently and selectively inhibiting WNV and DENV at low micromolar concentrations. Further synthesis of various triazole bioisosteres demonstrated clear structure-activity relationships (SARs) in which the antiviral activity against WNV and DENV hinges largely on both the 5'-silyl group and the substituent of 3'-triazole or its bioisosteres. Particularly interesting is the 5' silyl group which turns on the antiviral activity against WNV and DENV while abrogating the previously reported antiviral potency against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). The antiviral activity was confirmed through a plaque assay where viral titer reduction was observed in the presence of selected compounds. Molecular modeling and competitive S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) binding assay suggest that these compounds likely confer antiviral activity via binding to methyltransferase (MTase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar V Vernekar
- †Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Li Qiu
- †Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- ‡Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Jayakanth Kankanala
- †Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Hongmin Li
- ‡Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, New York 12208, United States.,§Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Robert J Geraghty
- †Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- †Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Bhakat S, Karubiu W, Jayaprakash V, Soliman ME. A perspective on targeting non-structural proteins to combat neglected tropical diseases: Dengue, West Nile and Chikungunya viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:677-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Recent Advances in Targeting Dengue and West Nile Virus Proteases Using Small Molecule Inhibitors. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Lim SP, Shi PY. West Nile virus drug discovery. Viruses 2013; 5:2977-3006. [PMID: 24300672 PMCID: PMC3967157 DOI: 10.3390/v5122977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) in 1999 in the USA, and its continued spread throughout the Americas, parts of Europe, the Middle East and Africa, underscored the need for WNV antiviral development. Here, we review the current status of WNV drug discovery. A number of approaches have been used to search for inhibitors of WNV, including viral infection-based screening, enzyme-based screening, structure-based virtual screening, structure-based rationale design, and antibody-based therapy. These efforts have yielded inhibitors of viral or cellular factors that are critical for viral replication. For small molecule inhibitors, no promising preclinical candidate has been developed; most of the inhibitors could not even be advanced to the stage of hit-to-lead optimization due to their poor drug-like properties. However, several inhibitors developed for related members of the family Flaviviridae, such as dengue virus and hepatitis C virus, exhibited cross-inhibition of WNV, suggesting the possibility to re-purpose these antivirals for WNV treatment. Most promisingly, therapeutic antibodies have shown excellent efficacy in mouse model; one of such antibodies has been advanced into clinical trial. The knowledge accumulated during the past fifteen years has provided better rationale for the ongoing WNV and other flavivirus antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Pheng Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, Chromos 05-01, Singapore 138670, Singapore.
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23
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Gao Y, Samanta S, Cui T, Lam Y. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of West Nile virus protease inhibitors based on the 1,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted 1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-one scaffold. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1554-60. [PMID: 23868614 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a mosquito-borne pathogen that causes a large number of human infections each year. There are currently no vaccines or antiviral therapies available for human use against WNV. Therefore, efforts to develop new chemotherapeutics against this virus are highly desired. In this study, a WNV NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor with a 1,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted 1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-one scaffold was identified by screening a small library of nonpeptidic compounds. Optimization of this initial hit by the synthesis and screening of a focused library of compounds with this scaffold led to the identification of a novel uncompetitive inhibitor ((-)-1a16, IC₅₀ =2.2±0.7 μM) of the WNV NS2B-NS3 protease. Molecular docking of the chiral compound onto the WNV protease indicates that the R enantiomer of 1a16 interferes with the productive interactions between the NS2B cofactor and the NS3 protease domain and is thus the preferred isomer for inhibition of the WNV NS2B-NS3 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Gao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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