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α-Acylamino-β-lactone N-Acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing Acid Amidase Inhibitors Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles: Improvement of the Physical Stability and Protection of Human Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040686. [PMID: 35453371 PMCID: PMC9028182 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is an N-terminal cysteine hydrolase that preferentially catalyzes the hydrolysis of endogenous lipid mediators such as palmitoylethanolamide, which has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective and antinociceptive properties by engaging peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. A few potent NAAA inhibitors have been developed, including α-acylamino-β-lactone derivatives, which are very strong and effective, but they have limited chemical and plasmatic stability, compromising their use as systemic agents. In the present study, as an example of a molecule belonging to the chemical class of N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)amide NAAA inhibitors, URB866 was entrapped in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles in order to increase its physical stability. The data show a monomodal pattern and a significant time- and temperature-dependent stability of the molecule-loaded nanoparticles, which also demonstrated a greater ability to effectively retain the compound. The nanoparticles improved the photostability of URB866 with respect to that of the free molecule and displayed a better antioxidant profile on various cell lines at the molecule concentration of 25 μM. Overall, these results prove that the use of polymeric nanoparticles could be a useful strategy for overcoming the instability of α-acylamino-β-lactone NAAA inhibitors, allowing the maintenance of their characteristics and activity for a longer time.
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2
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Malamas MS, Pavlopoulos S, Alapafuja SO, Farah SI, Zvonok A, Mohammad KA, West J, Perry NT, Pelekoudas DN, Rajarshi G, Shields C, Chandrashekhar H, Wood J, Makriyannis A. Design and Structure-Activity Relationships of Isothiocyanates as Potent and Selective N-Acylethanolamine-Hydrolyzing Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5956-5972. [PMID: 33900772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines are signaling lipid molecules implicated in pathophysiological conditions associated with inflammation and pain. N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) favorably hydrolyzes lipid palmitoylethanolamide, which plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory and pain processes. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies encompassing the isothiocyanate pharmacophore have produced potent low nanomolar inhibitors for hNAAA, while exhibiting high selectivity (>100-fold) against other serine hydrolases and cysteine peptidases. We have followed a target-based structure-activity relationship approach, supported by computational methods and known cocrystals of hNAAA. We have identified systemically active inhibitors with good plasma stability (t1/2 > 2 h) and microsomal stability (t1/2 ∼ 15-30 min) as pharmacological tools to investigate the role of NAAA in inflammation, pain, and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spiro Pavlopoulos
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shakiru O Alapafuja
- MAK Scientific LLC, 151 South Bedford Street, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, United States
| | - Shrouq I Farah
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander Zvonok
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Khadijah A Mohammad
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jay West
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nicholas Thomas Perry
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dimitrios N Pelekoudas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Girija Rajarshi
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christina Shields
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Honrao Chandrashekhar
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jodi Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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3
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Scott TA, Batey SFD, Wiencek P, Chandra G, Alt S, Francklyn CS, Wilkinson B. Immunity-Guided Identification of Threonyl-tRNA Synthetase as the Molecular Target of Obafluorin, a β-Lactone Antibiotic. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2663-2671. [PMID: 31675206 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To meet the ever-growing demands of antibiotic discovery, new chemical matter and antibiotic targets are urgently needed. Many potent natural product antibiotics which were previously discarded can also provide lead molecules and drug targets. One such example is the structurally unique β-lactone obafluorin, produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 39502. Obafluorin is active against both Gram-positive and -negative pathogens; however, the biological target was unknown. We now report that obafluorin targets threonyl-tRNA synthetase, and we identify a homologue, ObaO, which confers immunity to the obafluorin producer. Disruption of obaO in P. fluorescens ATCC 39502 results in obafluorin sensitivity, whereas expression in sensitive E. coli strains confers resistance. Enzyme assays demonstrate that E. coli threonyl-tRNA synthetase is fully inhibited by obafluorin, whereas ObaO is only partly susceptible, exhibiting a very unusual partial inhibition mechanism. Altogether, our data highlight the utility of an immunity-guided approach for the identification of an antibiotic target de novo and will ultimately enable the generation of improved obafluorin variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Scott
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Sibyl F. D. Batey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Patrick Wiencek
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Silke Alt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Christopher S. Francklyn
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
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4
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Malamas MS, Farah SI, Lamani M, Pelekoudas DN, Perry NT, Rajarshi G, Miyabe CY, Chandrashekhar H, West J, Pavlopoulos S, Makriyannis A. Design and synthesis of cyanamides as potent and selective N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115195. [PMID: 31761726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibition represents an exciting novel approach to treat inflammation and pain. NAAA is a cysteine amidase which preferentially hydrolyzes the endogenous biolipids palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). PEA is an endogenous agonist of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), which is a key regulator of inflammation and pain. Thus, blocking the degradation of PEA with NAAA inhibitors results in augmentation of the PEA/PPAR-α signaling pathway and regulation of inflammatory and pain processes. We have prepared a new series of NAAA inhibitors exploring the azetidine-nitrile (cyanamide) pharmacophore that led to the discovery of highly potent and selective compounds. Key analogs demonstrated single-digit nanomolar potency for hNAAA and showed >100-fold selectivity against serine hydrolases FAAH, MGL and ABHD6, and cysteine protease cathepsin K. Additionally, we have identified potent and selective dual NAAA-FAAH inhibitors to investigate a potential synergism between two distinct anti-inflammatory molecular pathways, the PEA/PPAR-α anti-inflammatory signaling pathway,1-4 and the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 pathways which are known for their antiinflammatory and antinociceptive properties.5-8 Our ligand design strategy followed a traditional structure-activity relationship (SAR) approach and was supported by molecular modeling studies of reported X-ray structures of hNAAA. Several inhibitors were evaluated in stability assays and demonstrated very good plasma stability (t1/2 > 2 h; human and rodents). The disclosed cyanamides represent promising new pharmacological tools to investigate the potential role of NAAA inhibitors and dual NAAA-FAAH inhibitors as therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammation and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Shrouq I Farah
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Manjunath Lamani
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dimitrios N Pelekoudas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nicholas Thomas Perry
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Girija Rajarshi
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christina Yume Miyabe
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Honrao Chandrashekhar
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jay West
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Spiro Pavlopoulos
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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5
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Butler E, Florentino L, Cornut D, Gomez-Campillos G, Liu H, Regan AC, Thomas EJ. Synthesis of macrocyclic precursors of the vioprolides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6935-6960. [PMID: 30226509 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01756e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vioprolides are novel depsipeptides that have not been synthesized. However, they have been identified as important targets for synthesis because of their novel biological activities and challenging chemical structures. Following early work on the synthesis of a modified tetrapeptide that contained both the (E)-dehydrobutyrine and thiazoline components of vioprolide D, problems were encountered in taking an (E)-dehydrobutyrine containing intermediate further into the synthesis. A second approach to vioprolides and analogues was therefore investigated in which (E)- and (Z)-dehydrobutyrines were to be introduced by selenoxide elimination very late in the synthesis. A convergent approach to advanced macrocyclic precursors of the vioprolides was then completed using a modified hexapeptide and a dipeptidyl glycerate. In this work, it was necessary to protect the 2-hydroxyl group of the glycerate as its acetate and not as its 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonate. Preliminary studies were carried out on the introduction of the required dehydrobutyrine and thiazoline components into advanced intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eibhlin Butler
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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6
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Molecular mechanism of activation of the immunoregulatory amidase NAAA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10032-E10040. [PMID: 30301806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811759115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide is a bioactive lipid that strongly alleviates pain and inflammation in animal models and in humans. Its signaling activity is terminated through degradation by N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), a cysteine hydrolase expressed at high levels in immune cells. Pharmacological inhibitors of NAAA activity exert profound analgesic and antiinflammatory effects in rodent models, pointing to this protein as a potential target for therapeutic drug discovery. To facilitate these efforts and to better understand the molecular mechanism of action of NAAA, we determined crystal structures of this enzyme in various activation states and in complex with several ligands, including both a covalent and a reversible inhibitor. Self-proteolysis exposes the otherwise buried active site of NAAA to allow catalysis. Formation of a stable substrate- or inhibitor-binding site appears to be conformationally coupled to the interaction of a pair of hydrophobic helices in the enzyme with lipid membranes, resulting in the creation of a linear hydrophobic cavity near the active site that accommodates the ligand's acyl chain.
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7
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Inflammation-restricted anti-inflammatory activities of a N -acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitor F215. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Bottemanne P, Muccioli GG, Alhouayek M. N-acylethanolamine hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibition: tools and potential therapeutic opportunities. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1520-1529. [PMID: 29567427 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) (e.g., N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-arachidonoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine) are bioactive lipids involved in many physiological processes including pain, inflammation, anxiety, cognition and food intake. Two enzymes are responsible for the hydrolysis of NAEs and therefore regulate their endogenous levels and effects: fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). As discussed here, extensive biochemical characterization of NAAA was carried out over the years that contributed to a better understanding of NAAA enzymology. An increasing number of studies describe the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of NAAA inhibitors. Recent medicinal chemistry efforts have led to the development of potent and stable inhibitors that enable studying the effects of NAAA inhibition in preclinical disease models, notably in the context of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bottemanne
- BPBL Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- BPBL Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- BPBL Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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9
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Petracca R, Ponzano S, Bertozzi S, Sasso O, Piomelli D, Bandiera T, Bertozzi F. Progress in the development of β-lactams as N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA) inhibitors: Synthesis and SAR study of new, potent N-O-substituted derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 126:561-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Ren J, Li Y, Ke H, Li Y, Yang L, Yu H, Huang R, Lu C, Qiu Y. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of oxazolidone derivatives as highly potent N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing PEA degradation by inhibition of NAAA is a novel strategy for the treatment of inflammation and pain. We reported the discovery of oxazolidone derivative as highly potent NAAA inhibitors, including 2f, 3h, 3i and 3j.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Science
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Yanting Li
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Longhe Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- State Oceanic Administration
- Xiamen 361005
- P. R. China
| | - Helin Yu
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Canzhong Lu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials
- Haixi Institutes
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
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11
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Romeo E, Pontis S, Ponzano S, Bonezzi F, Migliore M, Di Martino S, Summa M, Piomelli D. Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27911411 DOI: 10.3791/54652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical probe that targets the enzyme's active sites. A reporter tag introduced into the probe allows for the detection of the labeled enzyme by in-gel fluorescence scanning, protein blot, fluorescence microscopy, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Here, we describe the preparation and use of the compound ARN14686, a click chemistry activity-based probe (CC-ABP) that selectively recognizes the enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA). NAAA is a cysteine hydrolase that promotes inflammation by deactivating endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonists such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). NAAA is synthesized as an inactive full-length proenzyme, which is activated by autoproteolysis in the acidic pH of the lysosome. Localization studies have shown that NAAA is predominantly expressed in macrophages and other monocyte-derived cells, as well as in B-lymphocytes. We provide examples of how ARN14686 can be used to detect and quantify active NAAA ex vivo in rodent tissues by protein blot and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Romeo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| | - Silvia Pontis
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| | - Stefano Ponzano
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| | - Fabiola Bonezzi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| | - Marco Migliore
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| | | | - Maria Summa
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine;
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12
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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13
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Nuzzi A, Fiasella A, Ortega JA, Pagliuca C, Ponzano S, Pizzirani D, Bertozzi SM, Ottonello G, Tarozzo G, Reggiani A, Bandiera T, Bertozzi F, Piomelli D. Potent α-amino-β-lactam carbamic acid ester as NAAA inhibitors. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 111:138-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Interference with acute nausea and anticipatory nausea in rats by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition through a PPARα and CB1 receptor mechanism, respectively: a double dissociation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3841-8. [PMID: 26297326 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition elevates anandamide (AEA), which acts on cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) receptors, as well as N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), which act on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Here, we determine the mechanism of action of FAAH inhibition on acute and anticipatory nausea (AN). OBJECTIVE We compared the effectiveness and mechanism of action of two FAAH inhibitors, URB597 and PF-3845, to reduce acute nausea and AN in rodent models of conditioned gaping. MATERIALS AND METHODS For assessment of acute nausea, rats were pretreated with vehicle (VEH), URB597 (0.3 and 10 mg/kg, experiment 1a) or PF-3845 (10 mg/kg, experiment 1b) 120 min prior to a saccharin-lithium chloride (LiCl) pairing. To assess the CB1 receptor or PPARα mediation of the effect of PF-3845 on acute nausea, rats were also pretreated with rimonabant or MK886, respectively. For assessment of AN, following four pairings of a novel context with LiCl, rats received a pretreatment of VEH, URB597 (0.3 mg/kg, experiment 2a), or PF-3845 (10, 20 mg/kg, experiment 2b) 120 min prior to placement in the AN context. To assess the CB1 receptor or PPARα mediation of the effect, rats were also pretreated with rimonabant or MK886, respectively. RESULTS PF-3845 (10 mg/kg, but not URB597 0.3 or 10 mg/kg) suppressed acute nausea via PPARα, but not CB1 receptors. URB597 (0.3 and 10 mg/kg) or PF-3845 (10 and 20 mg/kg) reduced AN via CB1 receptors, but not PPARα. CONCLUSIONS FAAH inhibition reduces acute nausea and AN through PPARα and CB1 receptor mediated effects, respectively.
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15
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Romeo E, Ponzano S, Armirotti A, Summa M, Bertozzi F, Garau G, Bandiera T, Piomelli D. Activity-Based Probe for N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2057-2064. [PMID: 26102511 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a lysosomal cysteine hydrolase involved in the degradation of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs), a family of endogenous lipid signaling molecules that includes oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). Among the reported NAAA inhibitors, α-amino-β-lactone (3-aminooxetan-2-one) derivatives have been shown to prevent FAE hydrolysis in innate-immune and neural cells and to reduce reactions to inflammatory stimuli. Recently, we disclosed two potent and selective NAAA inhibitors, the compounds ARN077 (5-phenylpentyl-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-4-oxo-oxetan-3-yl]carbamate) and ARN726 (4-cyclohexylbutyl-N-[(S)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl]carbamate). The former is active in vivo by topical administration in rodent models of hyperalgesia and allodynia, while the latter exerts systemic anti-inflammatory effects in mouse models of lung inflammation. In the present study, we designed and validated a derivative of ARN726 as the first activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probe for the in vivo detection of NAAA. The newly synthesized molecule 1 is an effective in vitro and in vivo click-chemistry activity based probe (ABP), which is able to capture the catalytically active form of NAAA in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing human NAAA as well as in rat lung tissue. Competitive ABPP with 1 confirmed that ARN726 and ARN077 inhibit NAAA in vitro and in vivo. Compound 1 is a useful new tool to identify activated NAAA both in vitro and in vivo and to investigate the physiological and pathological roles of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Romeo
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Ponzano
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Garau
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Departments
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry, University of California, 3216 Gillespie Neuroscience Facility, Irvine, California 92697-4621, United States
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16
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Potential analgesic effects of a novel N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitor F96 through PPAR-α. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13565. [PMID: 26310614 PMCID: PMC4550851 DOI: 10.1038/srep13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological blockade of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) activity is an available approach for inflammation and pain control through restoring the ability of endogenous PEA. But the recently reported NAAA inhibitors suffer from the chemical and biological unstable properties, which restrict functions of NAAA inhibition in vivo. It is still unrevealed whether systematic inhibition of NAAA could modulate PEA-mediated pain signalings. Here we reported an oxazolidinone imide compound 3-(6-phenylhexanoyl) oxazolidin-2-one (F96), which potently and selectively inhibited NAAA activity (IC50 = 270 nM). Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of F96 (3–30 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced ear edema and restored PEA levels of ear tissues in 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced ear edema models. Furthermore, F96 inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and increased spared nerve injury induced tactile allodynia thresholds in a dose-dependent manner. Pharmacological effects of F96 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on various animal models were abolished in PPAR-α−/− mice, and were prevented by PPAR-α antagonist MK886 but not by canabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonist Rimonabant nor canabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) antagonist SR144528. Zebrafish embryos experiments showed better security and lower toxicity for F96 than ibuprofen. These results revealed that F96 might be useful in treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain by NAAA inhibition depending on PPAR-α receptors.
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17
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Barbierato M, Zusso M, Bruschetta G, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Giusti P. N-Palmitoylethanolamine and Neuroinflammation: a Novel Therapeutic Strategy of Resolution. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1034-42. [PMID: 26055231 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is fundamentally a protective cellular response aimed at removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process. However, when prolonged, it can override the bounds of physiological control and becomes destructive. Inflammation is a key element in the pathobiology of chronic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, spinal cord injury, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Glia, key players in such nervous system disorders, are not only capable of expressing a pro-inflammatory phenotype but respond also to inflammatory signals released from cells of immune origin such as mast cells. Chronic inflammatory processes may be counteracted by a program of resolution that includes the production of lipid mediators endowed with the capacity to switch off inflammation. These naturally occurring lipid signaling molecules include the N-acylethanolamines, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (an endocannabinoid), and its congener N-palmitoylethanolamine (palmitoylethanolamide or PEA). PEA may play a role in maintaining cellular homeostasis when faced with external stressors provoking, for example, inflammation. PEA is efficacious in mast cell-mediated models of neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic pain and is neuroprotective in models of stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson disease. PEA in micronized/ultramicronized form shows superior oral efficacy in inflammatory pain models when compared to naïve PEA. Intriguingly, while PEA has no antioxidant effects per se, its co-ultramicronization with the flavonoid luteolin is more efficacious than either molecule alone. Inhibiting or modulating the enzymatic breakdown of PEA represents a complementary therapeutic approach to treat neuroinflammation. This review is intended to discuss the role of mast cells and glia in neuroinflammation and strategies to modulate their activation based on leveraging natural mechanisms with the capacity for self-defense against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "Egidio Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy,
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18
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Petracca R, Bertozzi F, Ponzano S, Bandiera T. 2-Oxopyridine-1-carboxylates, highly reactive carbamoylating agents of β-hydroxy α-aminoacids. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Ponzano S, Berteotti A, Petracca R, Vitale R, Mengatto L, Bandiera T, Cavalli A, Piomelli D, Bertozzi F, Bottegoni G. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and 3D QSAR Study of 2-Methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic Acid Esters as N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10101-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501455s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ponzano
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Berteotti
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rita Petracca
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Romina Vitale
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luisa Mengatto
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Department of
Pharmacology, and Department of Biological
Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4621, United States
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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20
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Endocannabinoids, related compounds and their metabolic routes. Molecules 2014; 19:17078-106. [PMID: 25347455 PMCID: PMC6271436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid mediators able to bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, the primary molecular targets responsible for the pharmacological effects of the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. These bioactive lipids belong mainly to two classes of compounds: N-acylethanolamines and acylesters, being N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively, their main representatives. During the last twenty years, an ever growing number of fatty acid derivatives (endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds) have been discovered and their activities biological is the subject of intense investigations. Here, the most recent advances, from a therapeutic point of view, on endocannabinoids, related compounds, and their metabolic routes will be reviewed.
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21
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Fiasella A, Nuzzi A, Summa M, Armirotti A, Tarozzo G, Tarzia G, Mor M, Bertozzi F, Bandiera T, Piomelli D. 3-Aminoazetidin-2-one derivatives as N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors suitable for systemic administration. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1602-14. [PMID: 24828120 PMCID: PMC4224963 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a cysteine hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of endogenous lipid mediators such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). PEA has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in animals by engaging peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α). Thus, preventing PEA degradation by inhibiting NAAA may provide a novel approach for the treatment of pain and inflammatory states. Recently, 3-aminooxetan-2-one compounds were identified as a class of highly potent NAAA inhibitors. The utility of these compounds is limited, however, by their low chemical and plasma stabilities. In the present study, we synthesized and tested a series of N-(2-oxoazetidin-3-yl)amides as a novel class of NAAA inhibitors with good potency and improved physicochemical properties, suitable for systemic administration. Moreover, we elucidated the main structural features of 3-aminoazetidin-2-one derivatives that are critical for NAAA inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Fiasella
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Andrea Nuzzi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Maria Summa
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Glauco Tarozzo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino „Carlo Bo“, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (Italy)
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale della Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma (Italy)
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, 3216 Gillespie Neuroscience Facility Irvine, California 92697–4621 (United States)
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22
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Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. Harnessing the anti-inflammatory potential of palmitoylethanolamide. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1632-9. [PMID: 24952959 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) ligand that exerts anti-inflammatory, analgesic and neuroprotective actions. PEA is synthetized from phospholipids through the sequential actions of N-acyltransferase and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-preferring phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), and its actions are terminated by its hydrolysis by two enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolysing acid amidase (NAAA). Here, we review the impact of PEA administration in inflammatory and neurodegenerative settings and the differential role of FAAH and NAAA in controlling PEA levels. Recent studies with NAAA inhibitors put forth this enzyme as capable of increasing PEA levels in vivo in inflammatory processes, and identified it as an interesting target for drug discovery research. Thus, PEA hydrolysis inhibitors could constitute potential therapeutic alternatives in chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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23
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Bandiera T, Ponzano S, Piomelli D. Advances in the discovery of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:11-7. [PMID: 24798679 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a cysteine amidase that hydrolyzes saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides, such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). PEA has been shown to exert analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by engaging peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. Like other fatty acid ethanolamides, PEA is not stored in cells, but produced on demand from cell membrane precursors, and its actions are terminated by intracellular hydrolysis by either fatty acid amide hydrolase or NAAA. Endogenous levels of PEA and OEA have been shown to decrease during inflammation. Modulation of the tissue levels of PEA by inhibition of enzymes responsible for the breakdown of this lipid mediator may represent therefore a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pain and inflammation. While a large number of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase have been discovered, few compounds have been reported to inhibit NAAA activity. Here, we describe the most representative NAAA inhibitors and briefly highlight their pharmacological profile. A recent study has shown that a NAAA inhibitor attenuated heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia caused by local inflammation or nerve damage in animal models of pain and inflammation. This finding encourages further exploration of the pharmacology of NAAA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ponzano
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-4625, USA.
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24
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Rahman IAS, Tsuboi K, Uyama T, Ueda N. New players in the fatty acyl ethanolamide metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:1-10. [PMID: 24747663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acyl ethanolamides represent a class of endogenous bioactive lipid molecules and are generally referred to as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). NAEs include palmitoylethanolamide (anti-inflammatory and analgesic substance), oleoylethanolamide (anorexic substance), and anandamide (endocannabinoid). The endogenous levels of NAEs are mainly regulated by enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis and degradation. In mammalian tissues, the major biosynthetic pathway starts from glycerophospholipids and is composed of two enzyme reactions. The first step is N-acylation of ethanolamine phospholipids catalyzed by Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and the second step is the release of NAEs from N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). As for the degradation of NAEs, fatty acid amide hydrolase plays the central role. However, recent studies strongly suggest the involvement of other enzymes in the NAE metabolism. These enzymes include members of the HRAS-like suppressor family (also called phospholipase A/acyltransferase family), which were originally discovered as tumor suppressors but can function as Ca(2+)-independent NAPE-forming N-acyltransferases; multiple enzymes involved in the NAPE-PLD-independent multi-step pathways to generate NAE from NAPE, which came to light by the analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice; and a lysosomal NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase as a second NAE hydrolase. These newly recognized enzymes may become the targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Here, we focus on recent enzymological findings in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Ara Sonia Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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