1
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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2
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Yang X, Dou S, Zhang Q, Yang R, Liu Z, Li G, Niu Z. N,
N
‐heterocyclic Ancillary Ligands for Enhanced Photoluminescence Quantum Yields of Orange/Red‐Emitting 1‐(4‐(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isoquinoline‐Based Iridium (III) Complexes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Han Yang
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Shao‐Bin Dou
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Rui‐Lian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Gao‐Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Zhi‐Gang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
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3
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Elgar CE, Otaif HY, Zhang X, Zhao J, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Iridium(III) Sensitisers and Energy Upconversion: The Influence of Ligand Structure upon TTA-UC Performance. Chemistry 2021; 27:3427-3439. [PMID: 33242225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Six substituted ligands based upon 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)quinoline-4-carboxylate and 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)quinoline-4-carboxylate have been synthesised in two steps from a range of commercially available isatin derivatives. These species are shown to be effective cyclometallating ligands for IrIII , yielding complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2 (bipy)]PF6 (where C^N=cyclometallating ligand; bipy=2,2'-bipyridine). X-ray crystallographic studies on three examples demonstrate that the complexes adopt a distorted octahedral geometry wherein a cis-C,C and trans-N,N coordination mode is observed. Intraligand torsional distortions are evident in all cases. The IrIII complexes display photoluminescence in the red part of the visible region (668-693 nm), which is modestly tuneable through the ligand structure. The triplet lifetimes of the complexes are clearly influenced by the precise structure of the ligand in each case. Supporting computational (DFT) studies suggest that the differences in observed triplet lifetime are likely due to differing admixtures of ligand-centred versus MLCT character instilled by the facets of the ligand structure. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) measurements demonstrate that the complexes based upon the 1-naphthyl derived ligands are viable photosensitisers with upconversion quantum efficiencies of 1.6-6.7 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Elgar
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Haleema Y Otaif
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Joseph M Beames
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
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4
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Stonelake T, Phillips KA, Otaif HY, Edwardson ZC, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigation of Color Tuning in Deep-Red Luminescent Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2266-2277. [PMID: 32013422 PMCID: PMC7145353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A series of heteroleptic, neutral iridium(III) complexes of the form [Ir(L)2(N^O)] (where L = cyclometalated 2,3-disubstituted quinoxaline and N^O = ancillary picolinate or pyrazinoate) are described in terms of their synthesis and spectroscopic properties, with supporting computational analyses providing additional insight into the electronic properties. The 10 [Ir(L)2(N^O)] complexes were characterized using a range of analytical techniques (including 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR and IR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry). One of the examples was structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction. The redox properties were determined using cyclic voltammetry, and the electronic properties were investigated using UV-vis, time-resolved luminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopies. The complexes are phosphorescent in the red region of the visible spectrum (λem = 633-680 nm), with lifetimes typically of hundreds of nanoseconds and quantum yields ca. 5% in aerated chloroform. A combination of spectroscopic and computational analyses suggests that the long-wavelength absorption and emission properties of these complexes are strongly characterized by a combination of spin-forbidden metal-to-ligand charge-transfer and quinoxaline-centered transitions. The emission wavelength in these complexes can thus be controlled in two ways: first, substitution of the cyclometalating quinoxaline ligand can perturb both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels (LUMO, Cl atoms on the ligand induce the largest bathochromic shift), and second, the choice of the ancillary ligand can influence the HOMO energy (pyrazinoate stabilizes the HOMO, inducing hypsochromic shifts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
M. Stonelake
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - Kaitlin A. Phillips
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - Haleema Y. Otaif
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | | | - Peter N. Horton
- U.K.
National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and
Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Simon J. Coles
- U.K.
National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and
Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Joseph M. Beames
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
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5
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Lee LC, Cheung HM, Liu H, Lo KK. Exploitation of Environment‐Sensitive Luminophores in the Design of Sydnone‐Based Bioorthogonal Imaging Reagents. Chemistry 2018; 24:14064-14068. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho‐Cheung Lee
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Hugo Man‐Hin Cheung
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Hua‐Wei Liu
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam‐Wing Lo
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
- Center of Functional PhotonicsCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
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6
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Langdon-Jones EE, Ward BD, Pope SJ. Synthesis and luminescence properties of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes incorporating conjugated benzotriazole units. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Fernández-Moreira V, Gimeno MC. Heterobimetallic Complexes for Theranostic Applications. Chemistry 2018; 24:3345-3353. [PMID: 29334153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The design of more efficient anticancer drugs requires a deeper understanding of their biodistribution and mechanism of action. Cell imaging agents could help to gain insight into biological processes and, consequently, the best strategy for attaining suitable scaffolds in which both biological and imaging properties are maximized. A new concept arises in this field that is the combination of two metal fragments as collaborative partners to provide the precise emissive properties to visualize the cell as well as the optimum cytotoxic activity to build more potent and selective chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Fernández-Moreira
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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You Y. Recent Progress on the Exploration of the Biological Utility of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
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9
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Gitlina AY, Ivonina MV, Sizov VV, Starova GL, Pushkarev AP, Volyniuk D, Tunik SP, Koshevoy IO, Grachova EV. A rare example of a compact heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(iii) complex demonstrating well-separated dual emission. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7578-7586. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cationic heteroleptic Ir(iii) complexes [Ir(C^N)2(NN)][PF6] exhibit unique singlet–triplet dual emission in solution with two well separated emission bands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria V. Ivonina
- St. Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- 198504 St. Petersburg
- Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Sizov
- St. Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- 198504 St. Petersburg
- Russia
| | - Galina L. Starova
- St. Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- 198504 St. Petersburg
- Russia
| | - Anatoly P. Pushkarev
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials
- ITMO University
- 197101 St. Petersburg
- Russia
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- 50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- St. Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- 198504 St. Petersburg
- Russia
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- University of Eastern Finland
- Department of Chemistry
- 80101 Joensuu
- Finland
| | - Elena V. Grachova
- St. Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- 198504 St. Petersburg
- Russia
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10
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Venkatesh V, Berrocal-Martin R, Wedge CJ, Romero-Canelón I, Sanchez-Cano C, Song JI, Coverdale JPC, Zhang P, Clarkson GJ, Habtemariam A, Magennis SW, Deeth RJ, Sadler PJ. Mitochondria-targeted spin-labelled luminescent iridium anticancer complexes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8271-8278. [PMID: 29568475 PMCID: PMC5857930 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria generate energy but malfunction in many cancer cells, hence targeting mitochondrial metabolism is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Here we have designed cyclometallated iridium(iii) complexes, containing one TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) spin label [C43H43N6O2Ir1·PF6]˙ (Ir-TEMPO1) and two TEMPO spin labels [C52H58N8O4Ir1·PF6]˙ (Ir-TEMPO2). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed spin-spin interactions between the TEMPO units in Ir-TEMPO2. Both Ir-TEMPO1 and Ir-TEMPO2 showed bright luminescence with long lifetimes (ca. 35-160 ns); while Ir-TEMPO1 displayed monoexponential decay kinetics, the biexponential decays measured for Ir-TEMPO2 indicated the presence of more than one energetically-accessible conformation. This observation was further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The antiproliferative activity of Ir-TEMPO2 towards a range of cancer cells was much greater than that of Ir-TEMPO1, and also the antioxidant activity of Ir-TEMPO2 is much higher against A2780 ovarian cancer cells when compared with Ir-TEMPO1. Most notably Ir-TEMPO2 was particularly potent towards PC3 human prostate cancer cells (IC50 = 0.53 μM), being ca. 8× more active than the clinical drug cisplatin, and ca. 15× more selective towards cancer cells versus normal cells. Confocal microscopy showed that both Ir-TEMPO1 and Ir-TEMPO2 localise in the mitochondria of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore-560012 , India
| | | | - Christopher J Wedge
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH , UK .
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
- School of Pharmacy , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston B15 2TT , UK
| | | | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | | | - Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Steven W Magennis
- School of Chemistry , WestCHEM , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK .
| | - Robert J Deeth
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
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11
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Phosphorogenic sensors for biothiols derived from cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridine complexes containing a dinitrophenyl ether moiety. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:412-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Mietke T, Cruchter T, Winterling E, Tripp M, Harms K, Meggers E. Suzuki Cross-Coupling for Post-Complexation Derivatization of Non-Racemic Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:12363-12371. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mietke
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Thomas Cruchter
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Erik Winterling
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Matthias Tripp
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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Li SPY, Yip AMH, Liu HW, Lo KKW. Installing an additional emission quenching pathway in the design of iridium(III)-based phosphorogenic biomaterials for bioorthogonal labelling and imaging. Biomaterials 2016; 103:305-313. [PMID: 27429251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, photophysical and electrochemical behaviour and biological labelling applications of new phosphorogenic bioorthogonal probes derived from iridium(III) polypyridine complexes containing a 1,2,4,5-tetrazine moiety. In contrast to common luminescent cyclometallated iridium(III) polypyridine complexes, these tetrazine complexes are almost non-emissive due to effective Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and/or photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the excited iridium(III) polypyridine unit to the appended tetrazine moiety. However, they exhibited significant emission enhancement upon reacting with (1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethanol (BCN-OH) (ca. 19.5-121.9 fold) and BCN-modified bovine serum albumin (BCN-BSA) (ca. 140.8-1133.7 fold) as a result of the conversion of the tetrazine unit to a non-quenching pyridazine derivative. The complexes were applied to image azide-modified glycans in live cells using a homobifunctional crosslinker, 1,13-bis((1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethyloxycarbonylamino)-4,7,10-trioxatridecane (bis-BCN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Po-Yam Li
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex Man-Hei Yip
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Helms M, Wang C, Orth B, Harms K, Meggers E. Proline and α-Methylproline as Chiral Auxiliaries for the Synthesis of Enantiopure Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Helms
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Chuanyong Wang
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Barbara Orth
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen China
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15
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Lo KKW. Luminescent Iridium(III) and Rhenium(I) Complexes as Biomolecular Probes and Imaging Reagents. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Lo KKW. Luminescent Rhenium(I) and Iridium(III) Polypyridine Complexes as Biological Probes, Imaging Reagents, and Photocytotoxic Agents. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2985-95. [PMID: 26161527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the interactions of transition metal complexes with biological molecules have been extensively studied, the use of luminescent transition metal complexes as intracellular sensors and bioimaging reagents has not been a focus of research until recently. The main advantages of luminescent transition metal complexes are their high photostability, long-lived phosphorescence that allows time-resolved detection, and large Stokes shifts that can minimize the possible self-quenching effect. Also, by the use of transition metal complexes, the degree of cellular uptake can be readily determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For more than a decade, we have been interested in the development of luminescent transition metal complexes as covalent labels and noncovalent probes for biological molecules. We argue that many transition metal polypyridine complexes display triplet charge transfer ((3)CT) emission that is highly sensitive to the local environment of the complexes. Hence, the biological labeling and binding interactions can be readily reflected by changes in the photophysical properties of the complexes. In this laboratory, we have modified luminescent tricarbonylrhenium(I) and bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridine complexes of general formula [Re(bpy-R(1))(CO)3(py-R(2))](+) and [Ir(ppy-R(3))2(bpy-R(4))](+), respectively, with reactive functional groups and used them to label the amine and sulfhydryl groups of biomolecules such as oligonucleotides, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Additionally, using a range of biological substrates such as biotin, estradiol, and indole, we have designed luminescent rhenium(I) and iridium(III) polypyridine complexes as noncovalent probes for biological receptors. The interesting results generated from these studies have prompted us to investigate the possible applications of luminescent transition metal complexes in intracellular systems. Thus, in the past few years, we have developed an interest in the cytotoxic activity, cellular uptake, and bioimaging applications of these complexes. Additionally, we and other research groups have demonstrated that many transition metal complexes have facile cellular uptake and organelle-localization properties and that their cytotoxic activity can be readily controlled. For example, complexes that can target the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus have been identified. We anticipate that this selective localization property can be utilized in the development of intracellular sensors and bioimaging reagents. Thus, we have functionalized luminescent rhenium(I) and iridium(III) polypyridine complexes with various pendants, including molecule-binding moieties, sugar molecules, bioorthogonal functional groups, and polymeric chains such as poly(ethylene glycol) and polyethylenimine, and examined their potentials as biological reagents. This Account describes our design of luminescent rhenium(I) and iridium(III) polypyridine complexes and explains how they can serve as a new generation of biological reagents for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and
Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Zhang KY, Liu HW, Tang MC, Choi AWT, Zhu N, Wei XG, Lau KC, Lo KKW. Dual-Emissive Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Polypyridine Complexes as Ratiometric Biological Probes and Organelle-Selective Bioimaging Reagents. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6582-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Alex Wing-Tat Choi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Nianyong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Guang Wei
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeters Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon,
Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Jiang K, Sun S, Zhang L, Lu Y, Wu A, Cai C, Lin H. Red, Green, and Blue Luminescence by Carbon Dots: Full-Color Emission Tuning and Multicolor Cellular Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jiang K, Sun S, Zhang L, Lu Y, Wu A, Cai C, Lin H. Red, Green, and Blue Luminescence by Carbon Dots: Full-Color Emission Tuning and Multicolor Cellular Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5360-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1255] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lo KKW, Tso KKS. Functionalization of cyclometalated iridium(iii) polypyridine complexes for the design of intracellular sensors, organelle-targeting imaging reagents, and metallodrugs. Inorg Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qi00002e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We summarize the biological applications of selected organometallic iridium(iii) complexes as intracellular sensors, organelle-targeting imaging reagents, and metallodrugs.
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Choi AWT, Yim VMW, Liu HW, Lo KKW. Rhenium(I) Polypyridine Diamine Complexes as Intracellular Phosphorogenic Sensors: Synthesis, Characterization, Emissive Behavior, Biological Properties, and Nitric Oxide Sensing. Chemistry 2014; 20:9633-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes for Bioimaging. LUMINESCENT AND PHOTOACTIVE TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES AS BIOMOLECULAR PROBES AND CELLULAR REAGENTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2014_166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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