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Catani JPP, Smet A, Ysenbaert T, Vuylsteke M, Bottu G, Mathys J, Botzki A, Cortes-Garcia G, Strugnell T, Gomila R, Hamberger J, Catalan J, Ustyugova IV, Farrell T, Stegalkina S, Ray S, LaRue L, Saelens X, Vogel TU. The antigenic landscape of human influenza N2 neuraminidases from 2009 until 2017. eLife 2024; 12:RP90782. [PMID: 38805550 PMCID: PMC11132685 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Human H3N2 influenza viruses are subject to rapid antigenic evolution which translates into frequent updates of the composition of seasonal influenza vaccines. Despite these updates, the effectiveness of influenza vaccines against H3N2-associated disease is suboptimal. Seasonal influenza vaccines primarily induce hemagglutinin-specific antibody responses. However, antibodies directed against influenza neuraminidase (NA) also contribute to protection. Here, we analysed the antigenic diversity of a panel of N2 NAs derived from human H3N2 viruses that circulated between 2009 and 2017. The antigenic breadth of these NAs was determined based on the NA inhibition (NAI) of a broad panel of ferret and mouse immune sera that were raised by infection and recombinant N2 NA immunisation. This assessment allowed us to distinguish at least four antigenic groups in the N2 NAs derived from human H3N2 viruses that circulated between 2009 and 2017. Computational analysis further revealed that the amino acid residues in N2 NA that have a major impact on susceptibility to NAI by immune sera are in proximity of the catalytic site. Finally, a machine learning method was developed that allowed to accurately predict the impact of mutations that are present in our N2 NA panel on NAI. These findings have important implications for the renewed interest to develop improved influenza vaccines based on the inclusion of a protective NA antigen formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Portela Catani
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical BiotechnologyGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Anouk Smet
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical BiotechnologyGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tine Ysenbaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical BiotechnologyGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tod Strugnell
- Sanofi, Research North AmericaCambridgeUnited States
| | - Raul Gomila
- Sanofi, Research North AmericaCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - John Catalan
- Sanofi, Research North AmericaCambridgeUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Satyajit Ray
- Sanofi, Research North AmericaCambridgeUnited States
| | - Lauren LaRue
- Sanofi, Research North AmericaCambridgeUnited States
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical BiotechnologyGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
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2
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Romeo R, Legnani L, Chiacchio MA, Giofrè SV, Iannazzo D. Antiviral Compounds to Address Influenza Pandemics: An Update from 2016-2022. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2507-2549. [PMID: 37691217 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230907093501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the world has gained experience of the dangerous effects of pandemic events caused by emerging respiratory viruses. In particular, annual epidemics of influenza are responsible for severe illness and deaths. Even if conventional influenza vaccines represent the most effective tool for preventing virus infections, they are not completely effective in patients with severe chronic disease and immunocompromised and new small molecules have emerged to prevent and control the influenza viruses. Thus, the attention of chemists is continuously focused on the synthesis of new antiviral drugs able to interact with the different molecular targets involved in the virus replication cycle. To date, different classes of influenza viruses inhibitors able to target neuraminidase enzyme, hemagglutinin protein, Matrix-2 (M2) protein ion channel, nucleoprotein or RNAdependent RNA polymerase have been synthesized using several synthetic strategies comprising the chemical modification of currently used drugs. The best results, in terms of inhibitory activity, are in the nanomolar range and have been obtained from the chemical modification of clinically used drugs such as Peramivir, Zanamivir, Oseltamir, Rimantadine, as well as sialylated molecules, and hydroxypyridinone derivatives. The aim of this review is to report, covering the period 2016-2022, the most recent routes related to the synthesis of effective influenza virus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Laura Legnani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Salvatore V Giofrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Contrada di Dio, Messina, 98166, Italy
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Yadav Y, Tyagi R, Kumar R, Sagar R. Conformationally locked sugar derivatives and analogues as potential neuraminidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115410. [PMID: 37120995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus remains a major health concern for mankind because it tends to mutate frequently and cause high morbidity. Influenza prevention and treatment are greatly aided by the use of antivirals. One such class of antivirals is neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), effective against influenza viruses. A neuraminidase on the virus's surface serves a vital function in viral propogation by assisting in the release of viruses from infected host cells. Neuraminidase inhibitors are the backbone in stoping such virus propagation thus helps in the treatment of influenza viruses infections. Two NAI medicines are licensed globally: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu™) and Zanamivir (Relanza™). There are two molecules that have acquired Japanese approval recently: Peramivir and Laninamivir, whereas Laninamivir octanoate is in Phase III clinical trials. The need for novel NAIs is due to frequent mutations in viruses and the rise in resistance against existing medication. The NA inhibitors (NAIs) are designed to have (oxa)cyclohexene scaffolds (a sugar scaffold) to mimic the oxonium transition state in the enzymatic cleavage of sialic acid. This review discusses in details and comprises all such conformationally locked (oxa)cyclohexene scaffolds and their analogues which have been recently designed and synthesized as potential neuraminidase inhibitors, thus as antiviral molecules. The structure-activity relationship of such diverese molecules has also been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yadav
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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4
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Prevalence and mechanisms of evolutionary contingency in human influenza H3N2 neuraminidase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6443. [PMID: 36307418 PMCID: PMC9616408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) of human influenza H3N2 virus has evolved rapidly and been accumulating mutations for more than half-century. However, biophysical constraints that govern the evolutionary trajectories of NA remain largely elusive. Here, we show that among 70 natural mutations that are present in the NA of a recent human H3N2 strain, >10% are deleterious for an ancestral strain. By mapping the permissive mutations using combinatorial mutagenesis and next-generation sequencing, an extensive epistatic network is revealed. Biophysical and structural analyses further demonstrate that certain epistatic interactions can be explained by non-additive stability effect, which in turn modulates membrane trafficking and enzymatic activity of NA. Additionally, our results suggest that other biophysical mechanisms also contribute to epistasis in NA evolution. Overall, these findings not only provide mechanistic insights into the evolution of human influenza NA and elucidate its sequence-structure-function relationship, but also have important implications for the development of next-generation influenza vaccines.
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Abstract
Depending on the strain, influenza A virus causes animal, zoonotic, pandemic, or seasonal influenza with varying degrees of severity. Two surface glycoprotein spikes, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are the most important influenza A virus antigens. NA plays an important role in the propagation of influenza virus by removing terminal sialic acid from sialyl decoy receptors and thereby facilitating the release of viruses from traps such as in mucus and on infected cells. Some NA inhibitors have become widely used drugs for treatment of influenza. However, attempts to develop effective and safe NA inhibitors that can be used for treatment of anti-NA drugs-resistant influenza viruses have continued. In this chapter, we describe the following updates on influenza A NA inhibitor development: (i) N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)-based derivatives, (ii) covalent NA inhibitors, (iii) sulfo-sialic acid analogs, (iv) N-acetyl-6-sulfo-β-D-glucosaminide-based inhibitors, (v) inhibitors targeting the 150-loop of group 1 NAs, (vi) conjugation inhibitors, (vii) acylhydrazone derivatives, (viii) monoclonal antibodies, (ix) PVP-I, and (x) natural products. Finally, we provide future perspectives on the next-generation anti-NA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiromasa Kiyota
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Zaman M, Huber VC, Heiden DL, DeHaan KN, Chandra S, Erickson D, Ozberk V, Pandey M, Bailly B, Martin G, Langshaw EL, Zaid A, von Itzstein M, Good MF. Combinatorial liposomal peptide vaccine induces IgA and confers protection against influenza virus and bacterial super-infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1337. [PMID: 34527244 PMCID: PMC8432089 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The upper respiratory tract is the major entry site for Streptococcus pyogenes and influenza virus. Vaccine strategies that activate mucosal immunity could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality because of these pathogens. The severity of influenza is significantly greater if a streptococcal infection occurs during the viraemic period and generally viral infections complicated by a subsequent bacterial infection are known as super-infections. We describe an innovative vaccine strategy against influenza virus:S. pyogenes super-infection. Moreover, we provide the first description of a liposomal multi-pathogen-based platform that enables the incorporation of both viral and bacterial antigens into a vaccine and constitutes a transformative development. Methods Specifically, we have explored a vaccination strategy with biocompatible liposomes that express conserved streptococcal and influenza A virus B-cell epitopes on their surface and contain encapsulated diphtheria toxoid as a source of T-cell help. The vaccine is adjuvanted by inclusion of the synthetic analogue of monophosphoryl lipid A, 3D-PHAD. Results We observe that this vaccine construct induces an Immunoglobulin A (IgA) response in both mice and ferrets. Vaccination reduces viral load in ferrets from influenza challenge and protects mice from both pathogens. Notably, vaccination significantly reduces both mortality and morbidity associated with a super-infection. Conclusion The vaccine design is modular and could be adapted to include B-cell epitopes from other mucosal pathogens where an IgA response is required for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Dustin L Heiden
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Katerina N DeHaan
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Sanyogita Chandra
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Demi Erickson
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Benjamin Bailly
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Gael Martin
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Emma L Langshaw
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Ali Zaid
- The Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics GroupMenzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in ArbovirusesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | | | - Michael F Good
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
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7
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Bowles WHD, Gloster TM. Sialidase and Sialyltransferase Inhibitors: Targeting Pathogenicity and Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:705133. [PMID: 34395532 PMCID: PMC8358268 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.705133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialidases (SAs) and sialyltransferases (STs), the enzymes responsible for removing and adding sialic acid to other glycans, play essential roles in viruses, bacteria, parasites, and humans. Sialic acid is often the terminal sugar on glycans protruding from the cell surface in humans and is an important component for recognition and cell function. Pathogens have evolved to exploit this and use sialic acid to either “cloak” themselves, ensuring they remain undetected, or as a mechanism to enable release of virus progeny. The development of inhibitors against SAs and STs therefore provides the opportunity to target a range of diseases. Inhibitors targeting viral, bacterial, or parasitic enzymes can directly target their pathogenicity in humans. Excellent examples of this can be found with the anti-influenza drugs Zanamivir (Relenza™, GlaxoSmithKline) and Oseltamivir (Tamiflu™, Roche and Gilead), which have been used in the clinic for over two decades. However, the development of resistance against these drugs means there is an ongoing need for novel potent and specific inhibitors. Humans possess 20 STs and four SAs that play essential roles in cellular function, but have also been implicated in cancer progression, as glycans on many cancer cells are found to be hyper-sialylated. Whilst much remains unknown about how STs function in relation to disease, it is clear that specific inhibitors of them can serve both as tools to gain a better understanding of their activity and form the basis for development of anti-cancer drugs. Here we review the recent developments in the design of SA and ST inhibitors against pathogens and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H D Bowles
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey M Gloster
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Mahal A, Duan M, Zinad DS, Mohapatra RK, Obaidullah AJ, Wei X, Pradhan MK, Das D, Kandi V, Zinad HS, Zhu Q. Recent progress in chemical approaches for the development of novel neuraminidase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1804-1840. [PMID: 35424082 PMCID: PMC8693540 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is the main cause of an infectious disease called influenza affecting the respiratory system including the throat, nose and lungs. Neuraminidase inhibitors are reagents used to block the enzyme called neuraminidase to prevent the influenza infection from spreading. Neuraminidase inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of influenza infection, but still there is a need to develop more potent agents for the more effective treatment of influenza. Complications of the influenza disease lead to death, and one of these complications is drug resistance; hence, there is an urgent need to develop more effective agents. This review focuses on the recent advances in chemical synthesis pathways used for the development of new neuraminidase agents along with the medicinal aspects of chemically modified molecules, including the structure-activity relationship, which provides further rational designs of more active small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahal
- Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, College of Health Technology, Cihan University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences South China Botanical Garden Guangzhou 510650 People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou HC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510663 People's Republic of China
| | - Meitao Duan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics Guangzhou 510515 People's Republic of China
| | - Dhafer S Zinad
- Applied Science Department, University of Technology Baghdad 10001 Iraq
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering Keonjhar Odisha 758002 India
| | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences South China Botanical Garden Guangzhou 510650 People's Republic of China
| | - Manoj K Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering Keonjhar Odisha 758002 India
| | - Debadutta Das
- Department of Chemistry, Sukanti Degree College Subarnapur Odisha 767017 India
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences Karimnagar Telangana India
| | - Hany S Zinad
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Iraq Natural History Museum and Research Centre (INHM), University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq
| | - Quanhong Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics Guangzhou 510515 People's Republic of China
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9
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Lipničanová S, Chmelová D, Ondrejovič M, Frecer V, Miertuš S. Diversity of sialidases found in the human body - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:857-868. [PMID: 31945439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases are enzymes essential for numerous organisms including humans. Hydrolytic sialidases (EC 3.2.1.18), trans-sialidases and anhydrosialidases (intramolecular trans-sialidases, EC 4.2.2.15) are glycoside hydrolase enzymes that cleave the glycosidic linkage and release sialic acid residues from sialyl substrates. The paper summarizes diverse sialidases present in the human body and their potential impact on development of antiviral compounds - inhibitors of viral neuraminidases. It includes a brief overview of catalytic mechanisms of action of sialidases and describes the origin of sialidases in the human body. This is followed by description of the structure and function of sialidase families with a special focus on the GH33 and GH34 families. Various effects of sialidases on human body are also briefly described. Modulation of sialidase activity may be considered a useful tool for effective treatment of various diseases. In some cases, it is desired to completely suppress the activity of sialidases by suitable inhibitors. Specific sialidase inhibitors are useful for the treatment of influenza, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, different types of cancer, or heart defects. Challenges and future directions are shortly depicted in the final part of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Lipničanová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Chmelová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslav Ondrejovič
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Vladimír Frecer
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovakia; ICARST n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Miertuš
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; ICARST n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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10
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Optimization of medium composition for propagation of recombinant Escherichia coli. NOVA BIOTECHNOLOGICA ET CHIMICA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/nbec-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecombinant protein production in heterologous hosts often seems a simpler and more effective way than its production by natural producer. The secretion of recombinant protein inEscherichia colihas many advantages comparing to than in insect or mammalian cells. The important factor for high-level recombinant protein production is the sufficient amount ofE. colibiomass. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize the composition of propagation medium resulting in the maximum biomass yield of recombinantE. colias the part of fermentation strategy for neuraminidase (NA) production. Three independent variables including glucose, asparagine and phosphate concentrations, and four dependent variables, such as biomass yield, residual concentrations of glucose or asparagine and pH of the propagation medium after fermentation, were chosen to the optimization by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions for the maximum biomass yield expressed as dry cell weight (DCW) (16.57±0.55 g DCW.L−1) were as follows: glucose concentration of 39.37 mM, asparagine concentration of 62.68 mM and phosphate concentration of 14.80 mM. For this model, the predicted values for the responses are close to the experimental values. The yield of desired pET15b-neu plasmid fromE. colicells cultivated in optimized propagation medium was almost 23 % higher than in commonly used Luria-Bertani (LB) medium suggesting that asparagine may be involved in the induction of plasmid amplification.
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11
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Shie JJ, Fang JM. Development of effective anti-influenza drugs: congeners and conjugates - a review. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:84. [PMID: 31640786 PMCID: PMC6806523 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a long-standing health problem. For treatment of seasonal flu and possible pandemic infections, there is a need to develop new anti-influenza drugs that have good bioavailability against a broad spectrum of influenza viruses, including the resistant strains. Relenza™ (zanamivir), Tamiflu™ (the phosphate salt of oseltamivir), Inavir™ (laninamivir octanoate) and Rapivab™ (peramivir) are four anti-influenza drugs targeting the viral neuraminidases (NAs). However, some problems of these drugs should be resolved, such as oral availability, drug resistance and the induced cytokine storm. Two possible strategies have been applied to tackle these problems by devising congeners and conjugates. In this review, congeners are the related compounds having comparable chemical structures and biological functions, whereas conjugate refers to a compound having two bioactive entities joined by a covalent bond. The rational design of NA inhibitors is based on the mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the sialic acid (Neu5Ac)-terminated glycoprotein. To improve binding affinity and lipophilicity of the existing NA inhibitors, several methods are utilized, including conversion of carboxylic acid to ester prodrug, conversion of guanidine to acylguanidine, substitution of carboxylic acid with bioisostere, and modification of glycerol side chain. Alternatively, conjugating NA inhibitors with other therapeutic entity provides a synergistic anti-influenza activity; for example, to kill the existing viruses and suppress the cytokines caused by cross-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. .,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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12
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Earley DF, Bailly B, Maggioni A, Kundur AR, Thomson RJ, Chang CW, von Itzstein M. Efficient Blocking of Enterovirus 71 Infection by Heparan Sulfate Analogues Acting as Decoy Receptors. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1708-1717. [PMID: 31307190 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, for which there is no antiviral therapy. We have developed densely sulfated disaccharide heparan sulfate (HS) analogues that are potent small molecule inhibitors of EV71 infection, binding to the viral capsid and acting as decoy receptors to block early events of virus replication. The simplified structures, more potent than defined HS disaccharides and with no significant anticoagulant activity, offer promise as anti-EV71 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Earley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Benjamin Bailly
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Avinash R. Kundur
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Robin J. Thomson
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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