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Kumar R, Pereira RS, Zanetti C, Minciacchi VR, Merten M, Meister M, Niemann J, Dietz MS, Rüssel N, Schnütgen F, Tamai M, Akahane K, Inukai T, Oellerich T, Kvasnicka HM, Pfeifer H, Nicolini FE, Heilemann M, Van Etten RA, Krause DS. Specific, targetable interactions with the microenvironment influence imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2020; 34:2087-2101. [PMID: 32439895 PMCID: PMC7387317 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapy resistance in leukemia may be due to cancer cell-intrinsic and/or -extrinsic mechanisms. Mutations within BCR-ABL1, the oncogene giving rise to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), lead to resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), and some are associated with clinically more aggressive disease and worse outcome. Using the retroviral transduction/transplantation model of CML and human cell lines we faithfully recapitulate accelerated disease course in TKI resistance. We show in various models, that murine and human imatinib-resistant leukemia cells positive for the oncogene BCR-ABL1T315I differ from BCR-ABL1 native (BCR-ABL1) cells with regards to niche location and specific niche interactions. We implicate a pathway via integrin β3, integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and its role in deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin as causative of these differences. We demonstrate a trend towards a reduced BCR-ABL1T315I+ tumor burden and significantly prolonged survival of mice with BCR-ABL1T315I+ CML treated with fibronectin or an ILK inhibitor in xenogeneic and syngeneic murine transplantation models, respectively. These data suggest that interactions with ECM proteins via the integrin β3/ILK-mediated signaling pathway in BCR-ABL1T315I+ cells differentially and specifically influence leukemia progression. Niche targeting via modulation of the ECM may be a feasible therapeutic approach to consider in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Raquel S Pereira
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Costanza Zanetti
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Valentina R Minciacchi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maximilian Merten
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Melanie Meister
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julian Niemann
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marina S Dietz
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Rüssel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Schnütgen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Minori Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Michael Kvasnicka
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heike Pfeifer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franck E Nicolini
- Department of Hematology and INSERM U 1052, CRCL, Centre Léon Bérard, 69373, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard A Van Etten
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Daniela S Krause
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Hamid AB, Petreaca RC. Secondary Resistant Mutations to Small Molecule Inhibitors in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040927. [PMID: 32283832 PMCID: PMC7226513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary resistant mutations in cancer cells arise in response to certain small molecule inhibitors. These mutations inevitably cause recurrence and often progression to a more aggressive form. Resistant mutations may manifest in various forms. For example, some mutations decrease or abrogate the affinity of the drug for the protein. Others restore the function of the enzyme even in the presence of the inhibitor. In some cases, resistance is acquired through activation of a parallel pathway which bypasses the function of the drug targeted pathway. The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) produced a compendium of resistant mutations to small molecule inhibitors reported in the literature. Here, we build on these data and provide a comprehensive review of resistant mutations in cancers. We also discuss mechanistic parallels of resistance.
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Ng AY, Tu C, Shen S, Xu D, Oursler MJ, Qu J, Yang S. Comparative Characterization of Osteoclasts Derived From Murine Bone Marrow Macrophages and RAW 264.7 Cells Using Quantitative Proteomics. JBMR Plus 2018; 2:328-340. [PMID: 30460336 PMCID: PMC6237207 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells differentiated from macrophage/monocyte precursors in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). In vitro models are principally based on primary bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), but RAW 264.7 cells are frequently used because they are widely available, easy to culture, and more amenable to genetic manipulation than primary cells. Increasing evidence, however, has shown that the vastly different origins of these two cell types may have important effects on cell behavior. In particular, M-CSF is a prerequisite for the differentiation of BMMs, by promoting survival and proliferation and priming the cells for RANKL induction. RAW 264.7 cells readily form osteoclasts in the presence of RANKL, but M-CSF is not required. Based on these key differences, we sought to understand their functional implications and how it might affect osteoclast differentiation and related signaling pathways. Using a robust and high-throughput proteomics strategy, we quantified the global protein changes in osteoclasts derived from BMMs and RAW 264.7 cells at 1, 3, and 5 days of differentiation. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD009610. Correlation analysis of the proteomes demonstrated low concordance between the two cell types (R2 ≈ 0.13). Bioinformatics analysis indicate that RANKL-dependent signaling was intact in RAW 264.7 cells, but biological processes known to be dependent on M-CSF were significantly different, including cell cycle control, cytoskeletal organization, and apoptosis. RAW 264.7 cells exhibited constitutive activation of Erk and Akt that was dependent on the activity of Abelson tyrosine kinase, and the timing of Erk and Akt activation was significantly different between BMMs and RAW 264.7 cells. Our findings provide the first evidence for major discrepancies between BMMs and RAW 264.7 cells, indicating that careful consideration is needed when using the RAW 264.7 cell line for studying M-CSF-dependent signaling and functions. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yh Ng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA.,Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Buffalo NY USA
| | - Chengjian Tu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Buffalo NY USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Shichen Shen
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Buffalo NY USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Merry J Oursler
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism, Nutrition, and Diabetes Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Jun Qu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Buffalo NY USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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4
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Ali MAM. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in the Era of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: An Evolving Paradigm of Molecularly Targeted Therapy. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 20:315-33. [PMID: 27220498 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm, characterized by the unrestrained expansion of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. CML was the first malignancy in which a unique chromosomal abnormality was identified and a pathophysiologic association was suggested. The hallmark of CML is a reciprocal chromosomal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22, t(9; 22)(q34; q11), creating a derivative 9q+ and a shortened 22q-. The latter, known as the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, harbors the breakpoint cluster region-abelson (BCR-ABL) fusion gene, encoding the constitutively active BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase that is necessary and sufficient for initiating CML. The successful implementation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the treatment of CML remains a flagship for molecularly targeted therapy in cancer. TKIs have changed the clinical course of CML; however, some patients nonetheless demonstrate primary or secondary resistance to such therapy and require an alternative therapeutic strategy. Therefore, the assessment of early response to treatment with TKIs has become an important tool in the clinical monitoring of CML patients. Although mutations in the BCR-ABL have proven to be the most prominent mechanism of resistance to TKIs, other mechanisms-either rendering the leukemic cells still dependent on BCR-ABL activity or supporting oncogenic properties of the leukemic cells independent of BCR-ABL signaling-have been identified. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of CML pathogenesis; recommendations for diagnostic tools, treatment strategies, and management guidelines; and highlights the BCR-ABL-dependent and -independent mechanisms that contribute to the development of resistance to TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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5
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Zhao CJ, Du SK, Dang XB, Gong M. Expression of Paxillin is Correlated with Clinical Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1989-95. [PMID: 26159303 PMCID: PMC4509415 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Paxillin in colorectal carcinoma and its significance in clinical prognosis. Material/Methods Tissue specimens from 242 colorectal cancer patients who underwent radical resection were collected in Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital from 2010 to 2014. The mRNA levels of Paxillin in colorectal cancer tissue and tissue adjacent to carcinoma of 62 patients were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the expression of Paxillin in 242 samples of paraffin-embedded tissues. Results The mRNA and protein level of Paxillin in colorectal cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in the tissue adjacent to carcinoma (P<0.001 and P=0.003, respectively). The expression of Paxillin was significantly correlated to tumor histological grade (P<0.001), tumor size (P=0.01), serum CA199 level (P<0.001), the clinical TNM stage (P<0.001), and distant metastasis (P<0.001). Survival analysis showed that the prognosis of the patients with high expression of Paxillin was poorer than those with low expression of Paxillin (P=0.03). Cox proportional hazards model with stepwise selection showed that age, Paxillin expression level, and the clinical TNM stage were independent prognostic factors influencing survival for patients (P=0.01, P=0.004 and P<0.001, respectively). Conclusions Paxillin was expressed at significantly higher levels in colorectal cancer tissues and might serve as a potential prognostic indicator in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-jin Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Shuang-kuan Du
- Department of Emergency, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xing-bo Dang
- Department of Emergency, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital of Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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6
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Xu HL, Wang ZJ, Liang XM, Li X, Shi Z, Zhou N, Bao JK. In silico identification of novel kinase inhibitors targeting wild-type and T315I mutant ABL1 from FDA-approved drugs. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1524-37. [PMID: 24691568 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The constitutively active fusion protein BCR-ABL1 is the major cause of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and selective inhibition of ABL1 is a promising approach for the treatment of CML. Reported drugs worked well in clinical practice, such as imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib and bosutinib. However, resistance arises due to ABL1 mutation in patients, especially the T315I gate-keeper mutation. Thus, wide spectrum drugs targeting ABL1 are urgently needed. In order to screen potential drugs targeting wild-type ABL1 and T315I mutant ABL1, 1408 FDA approved small molecule drugs were subjected to molecular docking. With subsequent molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation and energy decomposition, we identified chlorhexidine and sorafenib as potential "new use" drugs targeting wild-type ABL1, while nicergoline and plerixafor targeted T315I ABL1. Meanwhile, we also found that residues located in the ATP-binding site and A-loop motif played key roles in drug discovery towards ABL1. These findings may not only serve as a paradigm for the repositioning of existing approved drugs, but also instill new vitality to ABL1-targeted anti-CML therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-long Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Key laboratory of Bio-resources, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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7
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Serine and proline-rich ligands enriched via phage-display technology show preferential binding to BCR/ABL expressing cells. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2014; 7:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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8
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Schmidt S, Wolf D. Role of gene-expression profiling in chronic myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 2:93-103. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in oncology. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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10
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Nogalski MT, Chan GCT, Stevenson EV, Collins-McMillen DK, Yurochko AD. The HCMV gH/gL/UL128-131 complex triggers the specific cellular activation required for efficient viral internalization into target monocytes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003463. [PMID: 23853586 PMCID: PMC3708883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established that HCMV acts as a specific ligand engaging and activating cellular integrins on monocytes. As a result, integrin signaling via Src activation leads to the functional activation of paxillin required for efficient viral entry and for the biological changes in monocytes needed for viral dissemination. These biological/molecular changes allow HCMV to use monocytes as "vehicles" for systemic spread and the establishment of lifelong persistence. However, it remains unresolved how HCMV specifically induces this observed monocyte activation. It was previously demonstrated that the HCMV gH/gL/UL128-131 glycoprotein complex facilitates viral entry into biologically relevant cell types. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex promotes this process is unknown. We now show that only HCMV virions possessing the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex are capable of activating integrin/Src/paxillin-signaling in monocytes. In fibroblasts, this signaling is reversed, such that virus lacking the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex is the only virus able to induce the paxillin activation cascade. The presence of the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex also may have an inhibitory effect on integrin-mediated signaling pathway in fibroblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the presence of the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex on the viral envelope, through its activation of the integrin/Src/paxillin pathway, is necessary for efficient HCMV internalization into monocytes and that appropriate actin and dynamin regulation is critical for this entry process. Importantly, productive infection in monocyte-derived macrophages was seen only in cells exposed to HCMV expressing the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex. From our data, the HCMV gH/gL/U128-131 complex emerges as the specific ligand driving the activation of the receptor-mediated signaling required for the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and, consequently, for efficient and productive internalization of HCMV into monocytes. To our knowledge, our studies demonstrate a possible molecular mechanism for why the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex dictates HCMV tropism and why the complex is lost as clinical isolates are passaged in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej T. Nogalski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gary C. T. Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Emily V. Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Donna K. Collins-McMillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
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Kuželová K, Pluskalová M, Grebeňová D, Pavlásková K, Halada P, Hrkal Z. Changes in cell adhesivity and cytoskeleton-related proteins during imatinib-induced apoptosis of leukemic JURL-MK1 cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:1413-25. [PMID: 20830748 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fusion protein Bcr-Abl, which is the molecular cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) interacts in multiple points with signaling pathways regulating the cellular adhesivity and cytoskeleton architecture and dynamics. We explored the effects of imatinib mesylate, an inhibitor of Bcr-Abl protein used in front-line CML therapy, on the adhesivity of JURL-MK1 cells to fibronectin and searched for underlying changes in the cell proteome. As imatinib induces apoptosis of JURL-MK1 cells, we used three different caspase inhibitors to discriminate between direct consequences of Bcr-Abl inhibition and secondary changes related to the apoptosis. Imatinib treatment caused a transient increase in JURL-MK1 cell adhesivity to fibronectin, possibly due to the switch off of Bcr-Abl activity. Subsequently, we observed a number of changes including a decrease in cell adhesivity, F-actin decomposition, reduction of integrin β1, CD44, and paxillin expression levels and a marked increase in cofilin phophorylation at Ser3. These events were generally related to the proceeding apoptosis but they differed in their sensitivity to the individual caspase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuželová
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic.
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12
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Roeder I, Glauche I. Pathogenesis, treatment effects, and resistance dynamics in chronic myeloid leukemia--insights from mathematical model analyses. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 86:17-27. [PMID: 17661001 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models and simulation studies are powerful tools to investigate dynamic properties of complex systems. Specifically, they can be used to test alternative hypotheses on underlying biological mechanisms for their consistency with real data and therefore to effectively guide the design of new experimental strategies or clinical trials. In this study, we present an overview of recently published mathematical approaches applied to the description of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We discuss three different fields relevant to clinical issues: the pathogenesis of the malignancy, the treatment effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, and the process of acquired treatment resistance highlighting both the differences and the consistencies in the proposed hypotheses and the resulting conclusions. The mathematical models presented agree that CML can adequately be described as a clonal competition between normal and leukemic stem cells for a common resource. Furthermore, a certain therapeutic effect of imatinib on leukemic stem cells turned out to be necessary to consistently explain clinical data on the long-term response of CML patients under imatinib treatment. However, the approaches described cannot resolve the question whether or not this effect is sufficient to ultimately eradicate malignant stem cells. A number of different hypotheses have been proposed concerning the initiation and the dynamics of treatment-resistant malignant stem cell clones. The theoretical results clearly indicate that further experimental effort with the particular focus on the quantitative monitoring of resistant clones will be required to definitely distinguish between these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Roeder
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Palmi C, Fazio G, Cassetti A, Aloisi A, Villa A, Biondi A, Cazzaniga G. TEL/ARG induces cytoskeletal abnormalities in 293T cells. Cancer Lett 2006; 241:79-86. [PMID: 16310306 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified TEL/ARG as a novel fusion transcript consisting of the oligomerization domain of TEL and the kinase domain of ARG, in a case of acute myeloid leukemia. We report here the existence of an alternatively spliced TEL/ARG transcript lacking part of a F-actin binding domain of ARG, and the phenotype of TEL/ARG expressing 293T cells. In 293T cells, both TEL/ARG forms co-localized with the cellular beta-actin and were associated with a morphologic change of the cells, consisting in cell rounding and detachment from the tissue culture plastic. We identified the Rho inhibitor p190RhoGAP, a critical regulator of cellular adhesion, as a target of the aberrant kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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14
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Ambrogio C, Voena C, Manazza AD, Piva R, Riera L, Barberis L, Costa C, Tarone G, Defilippi P, Hirsch E, Boeri Erba E, Mohammed S, Jensen ON, Palestro G, Inghirami G, Chiarle R. p130Cas mediates the transforming properties of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Blood 2005; 106:3907-16. [PMID: 16105984 PMCID: PMC1895100 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocations of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene have been described in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs) and in stromal tumors. The most frequent translocation, t(2;5), generates the fusion protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Along with transformation, NPM-ALK induces morphologic changes in fibroblasts and lymphoid cells, suggesting a direct role of ALK in cell shaping. In this study, we used a mass-spectrometry-based proteomic approach to search for proteins involved in cytoskeleton remodeling and identified p130Cas (p130 Crk-associated substrate) as a novel interactor of NPM-ALK. In 293 cells and in fibroblasts as well as in human ALK-positive lymphoma cell lines, NPM-ALK was able to bind p130Cas and to induce its phosphorylation. Both of the effects were dependent on ALK kinase activity and on the adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), since no binding or phosphorylation was found with the kinase-dead mutant NPM-ALK(K210R) or in the presence of a Grb2 dominant-negative protein. Phosphorylation of p130Cas by NPM-ALK was partially independent from Src (tyrosine kinase pp60c-src) kinase activity, as it was still detectable in Syf-/- cells. Finally, p130Cas-/- (also known as Bcar1-/-) fibroblasts expressing NPM-ALK showed impaired actin filament depolymerization and were no longer transformed compared with wild-type cells, indicating an essential role of p130Cas activation in ALK-mediated transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ambrogio
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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15
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Abstract
N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) has been reported to have anticancer properties such as counteractions against mutagens and prevention of tumor progression by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, here we report that NAC can enhance the anchorage-independent growth of cells transformed by activated ABL tyrosine kinases or Ras. This effect was not dependent on loss of focal adhesion kinase activation. NAC rescued cell growth that was suppressed by heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 inhibitors possibly by chemical modification of their quinone moiety. NAC rendered Rat1/BCR-ABL cells resistance to a Ras inhibitor manumycin in soft agar colony formation. In the absence of Hsp90 inhibitors, NAC stimulated the activation of MAP kinase in BCR-ABL-transformed but not in the parental Rat1 cells. We propose that NAC should be used carefully in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiGuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Zhang Z, Li M, Rayburn ER, Hill DL, Zhang R, Wang H. Oncogenes as Novel Targets for Cancer Therapy (Part I). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:173-90. [PMID: 15952871 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200505030-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past 10 years, progress made in cancer biology, genetics, and biotechnology has led to a major transition in cancer drug design and development. There has been a change from an emphasis on non-specific, cytotoxic agents to specific, molecular-based therapeutics. Mechanism-based therapy is designed to act on cellular and molecular targets that are causally involved in the formation, growth, and progression of human cancers. These agents, which may have greater selectivity for cancer versus normal cells, and which may produce better anti-tumor efficacy and lower host toxicity, can be small molecules, natural or engineered peptides, proteins, antibodies, or synthetic nucleic acids (e.g. antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, and siRNAs). Novel targets are identified and validated by state-of-the-art approaches, including high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, and gene expression arrays, which increase the speed and efficiency of drug discovery and development. Examples of oncogene-based, molecular therapeutics that show promising clinical activity include trastuzumab (Herceptin), imatinib (Gleevec), and gefitinib (Iressa). However, the full potential of oncogenes as novel targets for cancer therapy has not been realized and many challenges remain, from the validation of novel targets, to the design of specific agents, to the evaluation of these agents in both preclinical and clinical settings. In maximizing the benefits of molecular therapeutics in monotherapy or combination therapy of cancer, it is necessary to have an understanding of the underlying molecular abnormalities and mechanisms involved. This is the first part of a four-part review in which we discuss progress made in the last decade as it relates to the discovery of novel oncogenes and signal transduction pathways, in the context of their potential as targets for cancer therapy. This part delineates the latest discoveries about the potential use of growth factors and protein tyrosine kinases as targets for therapy. Later parts focus on intermediate signaling pathways, transcription factors, and proteins involved in cell cycle, DNA damage, and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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