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Luo Y, Xu WB, Ma B, Wang Y. Novel Stemness-Related Gene Signature Predicting Prognosis and Indicating a Different Immune Microenvironment in HNSCC. Front Genet 2022; 13:822115. [PMID: 35360859 PMCID: PMC8963956 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.822115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is one of the most frequent cancers in the world, with an unfavorable prognosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been found to be responsible for HNSCC recurrence and therapeutic resistance.Methods: The stemness of HNSCC was measured using a stemness index based on mRNA expression (mRNAsi). Stemness-related genes were discovered using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis, and Cox regression, and a stemness-related prognostic index (SPI) was constructed. This research was based on TCGA and GSE65858.Results: Stemness was found upregulated in HNSCC compared with normal tissues. The risk score model including five stemness-related genes exhibited a good accuracy in predicting outcomes. High SPI predicted a shorter overall survival (OS) in HNSCC patients, in the meantime, also demonstrated a lower CD8+ T cell infiltration and a higher enrichment of macrophages and fibroblasts than the low-SPI group, focusing on several up-regulated pathways such as epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), MYC targets v1, E2F targets, mTORC1 signaling, hypoxia, MYC targets v2, angiogenesis, G2M checkpoint, and glycolysis.Conclusion: The SPI signature, which includes five stemness-related genes, could be utilized as a prognostic biomarker for HNSCC, implying that stemness may impact HNSCC immunologic profiles and be a feasible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Bo Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Wang,
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Wang Y, Fang Q, Tian L, Yuan Z, Tian L, Zhou Z. Expression and Regulatory Network Analysis of MiR-139-3p, a New Potential Serum Biomarker for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820920967. [PMID: 32356485 PMCID: PMC7225788 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820920967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent studies, microRNAs have been demonstrated as stable detectable biomarkers in blood for cancer. In addition, computer-aided biomarker discovery has now become an attractive paradigm for precision diagnosis. Methods: In this study, we identified and evaluated miR-139-3p as a biomarker for screening of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus database analyses. We identified possible miR-139-3p target genes through the predicted database and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma upregulated genes from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine key miR-139-3p targets and pathways associated with esophageal carcinoma. Finally, the expression and expected significance of hub genes were evaluated via the Genotype-Tissue Expression project. Results: MiR-139-3p was significantly downregulated in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma/esophageal carcinoma. In GSE 122497, the area under the curve-receiver operating characteristic value, sensitivity, and specificity for serum miR-139-3p were 0.754, 67.49%, and 80.00%, respectively. The pattern specification process, skeletal system development, and regionalization process were the most enriched interactions in esophageal carcinoma. In addition, Epstein-Barr virus infection, human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection, and human cytomegalovirus infection were identified as crucial pathways. Six hub genes (CD1A, FCGR2A, ANPEP, CD1B, membrane metalloendopeptidase, and TWIST1) were found, and FCGR2A and membrane metalloendopeptidase were further confirmed by genotype-tissue expression. High expression of membrane metalloendopeptidase correlated with a better overall survival but not with disease-free survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Conclusions: MiR-139-3p was identified as a candidate biomarker for predicting esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on network analysis. MiR-139-3p acted as a tumor suppressor by targeting membrane metalloendopeptidase in esophageal carcinoma, and low expression of membrane metalloendopeptidase may indicate a better prognosis of patients with esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qimei Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liru Tian
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Drug Administration Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chongqing Qianjiang Central Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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3
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Kanuka M, Ouchi F, Kato N, Katsuki R, Ito S, Miura K, Hikida M, Tamura T. Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation of Spinocerebellar Ataxia-Related CD10 Cysteine Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124237. [PMID: 32545905 PMCID: PMC7352294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is one of the most severe neurodegenerative diseases and is often associated with misfolded protein aggregates derived from the genetic mutation of related genes. Recently, mutations in CD10 such as C143Y have been identified as SCA type 43. CD10, also known as neprilysin or neuroendopeptidase, digests functional neuropeptides, such as amyloid beta, in the extracellular region. In this study, we explored the cellular behavior of CD10 C143Y to gain an insight into the functional relationship of the mutation and SCA pathology. We found that wild-type CD10 is expressed on the plasma membrane and exhibits endopeptidase activity in a cultured cell line. CD10 C143Y, however, forms a disulfide bond-mediated oligomer that does not appear by the wild-type CD10. Furthermore, the CD10 C143Y mutant was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the molecular chaperone BiP and was degraded through the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) process, in which representative ERAD factors including EDEM1, SEL1L, and Hrd1 participate in the degradation. Suppression of CD10 C143Y ERAD recovers intracellular transport but not enzymatic activity. Our results indicate that the C143Y mutation in CD10 negatively affects protein maturation and results in ER retention and following ERAD. These findings provide beneficial insight into SCA type 43 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kanuka
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Engineering and Resource, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (M.K.); (N.K.); (R.K.); (S.I.); (K.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Fuka Ouchi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan;
| | - Nagisa Kato
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Engineering and Resource, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (M.K.); (N.K.); (R.K.); (S.I.); (K.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Riko Katsuki
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Engineering and Resource, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (M.K.); (N.K.); (R.K.); (S.I.); (K.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Saori Ito
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Engineering and Resource, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (M.K.); (N.K.); (R.K.); (S.I.); (K.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Kohta Miura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Engineering and Resource, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (M.K.); (N.K.); (R.K.); (S.I.); (K.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Masaki Hikida
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Engineering and Resource, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (M.K.); (N.K.); (R.K.); (S.I.); (K.M.); (M.H.)
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan;
| | - Taku Tamura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Engineering and Resource, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan; (M.K.); (N.K.); (R.K.); (S.I.); (K.M.); (M.H.)
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-18-889-2377
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Membrane Metalloendopeptidase (MME) Suppresses Metastasis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) by Inhibiting FAK-RhoA Signaling Axis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1462-1472. [PMID: 31054987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a typical neoplastic disease and a frequent cause of death in China. Although great achievements have been made in diagnostic strategies and combination therapies in recent years, the prognosis of ESCC is still poor. Metastasis/recurrence has been the major factor responsible for poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanism of ESCC dissemination remains elusive. Membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that degrades a number of substrates. This study's results indicated that the down-regulation of MME is significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P < 0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). The down-regulation of MME in ESCC tumor tissues is correlated to poorer prognosis of the patients. Functional studies demonstrated that MME could significantly inhibit ESCC tumor cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo. MME overexpression could also interrupt ESCC tumor cell adhesion. Mechanistically, MME inhibits the phosphorylation of FAK thus interrupting the FAK-RhoA axis, which is important in cell movement. Taken together, these data show that MME regulates ESCC via FAK-RhoA axis. High expression of MME may indicate a beneficial outcome for patients.
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Parilla JH, Hull RL, Zraika S. Neprilysin Deficiency Is Associated With Expansion of Islet β-Cell Mass in High Fat-Fed Mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:523-530. [PMID: 29553871 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418765164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) is an endopeptidase known to modulate nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems via inactivation of regulatory peptides. In addition, it may also contribute to impaired glucose homeostasis as observed in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Specifically, we and others have shown that NEP is upregulated under conditions associated with T2D, whereas NEP deficiency and/or inhibition improves glucose homeostasis via enhanced glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β-cell function. Whether increased β-cell mass also occurs with lack of NEP activity is unknown. We sought to determine whether NEP deficiency confers beneficial effects on β- and α-cell mass in a mouse model of impaired glucose homeostasis. Wild-type and NEP-/- mice were fed low- or high-fat diet for 16 weeks, after which pancreatic β- and α-cell mass were assessed by immunostaining for insulin and glucagon, respectively. Following low-fat feeding, NEP-/- mice exhibited lower β- and α-cell mass compared with wild-type controls. A high-fat diet had no effect on these parameters in wild-type mice, but in NEP-/- mice, it resulted in the expansion of β-cell mass. Our findings support a role for NEP in modulating β-cell mass, making it an attractive T2D drug target that acts via multiple mechanisms to affect glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline H Parilla
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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6
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Abstract
Neprilysin has a major role in both the generation and degradation of bioactive peptides. LCZ696 (valsartan/sacubitril, Entresto), the first of the new ARNI (dual-acting angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin inhibitor) drug class, contains equimolar amounts of valsartan, an angiotensin-receptor blocker, and sacubitril, a prodrug for the neprilysin inhibitor LBQ657. LCZ696 reduced blood pressure more than valsartan alone in patients with hypertension. In the PARADIGM-HF study, LCZ696 was superior to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and LCZ696 was approved by the FDA for this purpose in 2015. This approval was the first for chronic neprilysin inhibition. The many peptides metabolized by neprilysin suggest many potential consequences of chronic neprilysin inhibitor therapy, both beneficial and adverse. Moreover, LBQ657 might inhibit enzymes other than neprilysin. Chronic neprilysin inhibition might have an effect on angio-oedema, bronchial reactivity, inflammation, and cancer, and might predispose to polyneuropathy. Additionally, inhibition of neprilysin metabolism of amyloid-β peptides might have an effect on Alzheimer disease, age-related macular degeneration, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Much of the evidence for possible adverse consequences of chronic neprilysin inhibition comes from studies in animal models, and the relevance of this evidence to humans is unknown. This Review summarizes current knowledge of neprilysin function and possible consequences of chronic neprilysin inhibition that indicate a need for vigilance in the use of neprilysin inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Campbell
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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7
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Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induces resistance to bortezomib in human multiple myeloma cells via a pathway involving the ETB receptor and upregulation of proteasomal activity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2141-58. [PMID: 27530445 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bortezomib (BTZ) is used for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). However, a significant proportion of patients may be refractory to the drug. This study aimed to investigate whether the endothelin (ET-1) axis may act as an escape mechanism to treatment with bortezomib in MM cells. METHODS NCI-H929 and RPMI-8226 (human MM cell lines) were cultured with or without ET-1, BTZ, and inhibitors of the endothelin receptors. ET-1 levels were determined by ELISA, while the protein levels of its receptors and of the PI3K and MAPK pathways' components by western blot. Effects of ET-1 on cell proliferation were studied by MTT and on the ubiquitin proteasome pathway by assessing the chymotryptic activity of the 20S proteasome in cell lysates. RESULTS Endothelin receptors A and B (ETAR and ETBR, respectively) were found to be expressed in both cell lines, with the RPMI-8226 cells that are considered resistant to BTZ, expressing higher levels of ETBR and in addition secreting ET-1. Treatment of the NCI-H929 cells with ET-1 increased proliferation, while co-incubation of these cells with ET-1 and BTZ decreased BTZ efficacy with concomitant upregulation of 20S proteasomal activity. Si-RNA silencing or chemical blockade of ETBR abrogated the protective effects of ET-1. Finally, data suggest that the predominant signaling pathway involved in ET-1/ETBR-induced BTZ resistance in MM cells may be the MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a possible role of the ET-1/ETBR axis in regulating the sensitivity of MM cells to BTZ. Thus, combining bortezomib with strategies to target the ET-1 axis could prove to be a novel promising therapeutic approach in MM.
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8
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Chatalic KL, Konijnenberg M, Nonnekens J, de Blois E, Hoeben S, de Ridder C, Brunel L, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, van Gent DC, Nock BA, Maina T, van Weerden WM, de Jong M. In Vivo Stabilization of a Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonist Enhances PET Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Prostate Cancer in Preclinical Studies. Theranostics 2016; 6:104-17. [PMID: 26722377 PMCID: PMC4679358 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A single tool for early detection, accurate staging, and personalized treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) would be a major breakthrough in the field of PCa. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) targeting peptides are promising probes for a theranostic approach for PCa overexpressing GRPR. However, the successful application of small peptides in a theranostic approach is often hampered by their fast in vivo degradation by proteolytic enzymes, such as neutral endopeptidase (NEP). Here we show for the first time that co-injection of a NEP inhibitor (phosphoramidon (PA)) can lead to an impressive enhancement of diagnostic sensitivity and therapeutic efficacy of the theranostic (68)Ga-/(177)Lu-JMV4168 GRPR-antagonist. Co-injection of PA (300 µg) led to stabilization of (177)Lu-JMV4168 in murine peripheral blood. In PC-3 tumor-bearing mice, PA co-injection led to a two-fold increase in tumor uptake of (68)Ga-/(177)Lu-JMV4168, 1 h after injection. In positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with (68)Ga-JMV4168, PA co-injection substantially enhanced PC-3 tumor signal intensity. Radionuclide therapy with (177)Lu-JMV4168 resulted in significant regression of PC-3 tumor size. Radionuclide therapy efficacy was confirmed by production of DNA double strand breaks, decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Increased survival rates were observed in mice treated with (177)Lu-JMV4168 plus PA as compared to those without PA. This data shows that co-injection of the enzyme inhibitor PA greatly enhances the theranostic potential of GRPR-radioantagonists for future application in PCa patients.
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Deng Y, Lu X, Wang L, Li T, Ding Y, Cao H, Zhang Y, Guo X, Yu G. Curcumin inhibits the AKT/NF-κB signaling via CpG demethylation of the promoter and restoration of NEP in the N2a cell line. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:649-57. [PMID: 24756894 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR), a non-toxic polyphenol from Curcuma longa, has been investigated as a potential therapy with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects for Alzheimer's disease (AD), which depicts features of chronic inflammatory environment resulting in cellular death. However, it remains largely unknown whether the anti-inflammatory effect of CUR in AD is associated with its property of CpG demethylation, which is another function of CUR with the most research interest during recent years. Neprilysin (NEP, EP24.11), a zinc-dependent metallopeptidase expressed relatively low in the brain, is emerging as a potent inhibitor of AKT/Protein Kinase B. In addition, hypermethylated promoter of NEP has been reported to be associated with decreases in NEP expression. In the present study, using bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BSP) assay, we showed that the CpG sites in NEP gene were hypermethylated both in wild-type mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells (N2a/wt) and N2a cells stably expressing human Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) (N2a/APPswe) associated with familial early onset AD. CUR treatment induced restoration of NEP gene via CpG demethylation. This CUR-mediated upregulation of NEP expression was also concomitant with the inhibition of AKT, subsequent suppression of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and its downstream pro-inflammatory targets including COX-2, iNOS in N2a/APPswe cells. This study represents the first evidence on a link between CpG demethylation effect on NEP and anti-inflammation ability of CUR that may provide a novel mechanistic insight into the anti-inflammatory actions of CUR as well as new basis for using CUR as a therapeutic intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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10
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Burdelski C, Matuszewska A, Kluth M, Koop C, Grupp K, Steurer S, Wittmer C, Minner S, Tsourlakis MC, Sauter G, Schlomm T, Simon R. Qualitative and Quantitative Requirements for Assessing Prognostic Markers in Prostate Cancer. MICROARRAYS 2014; 3:137-58. [PMID: 27600340 PMCID: PMC5003445 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays3020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular prognostic markers are urgently needed in order to improve therapy decisions in prostate cancer. To better understand the requirements for biomarker studies, we re-analyzed prostate cancer tissue microarray immunohistochemistry (IHC) data from 39 prognosis markers in subsets of 50 - >10,000 tumors. We found a strong association between the "prognostic power" of individual markers and the number of tissues that should be minimally included in such studies. The prognostic relevance of more than 90% of the 39 IHC markers could be detected if ≥6400 tissue samples were analyzed. Studying markers of tissue quality, including immunohistochemistry of ets-related gene (ERG) and vimentin, and fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), we found that 18% of tissues in our tissue microarray (TMA) showed signs of reduced tissue preservation and limited immunoreactivity. Comparing the results of Kaplan-Meier survival analyses or associations to ERG immunohistochemistry in subsets of tumors with and without exclusion of these defective tissues did not reveal statistically relevant differences. In summary, our study demonstrates that TMA-based marker validation studies using biochemical recurrence as an endpoint require at least 6400 individual tissue samples for establishing statistically relevant associations between the expression of molecular markers and patient outcome if weak to moderate prognosticators should also be reliably identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burdelski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Aleksandra Matuszewska
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christina Koop
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Grupp
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Corinna Wittmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Christina Tsourlakis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Urology, Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Kränkel N, Madeddu P. Helping the circulatory system heal itself: manipulating kinin signaling to promote neovascularization. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 7:215-9. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.7.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Mitra R, Chao OS, Nanus DM, Goodman OB. Negative regulation of NEP expression by hypoxia. Prostate 2013; 73:706-14. [PMID: 23138928 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a transmembrane cell surface peptidase present on prostatic epithelial cells that catalytically inactivates small peptide substrates. Neutral endopeptidase loss is associated with prostate cancer growth, progression, and increased angiogenesis. We examined whether NEP expression is regulated by hypoxia, frequently encountered in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS NEP expression was compared in prostate cancer cell lines cultured in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The NEP activity, protein levels, and mRNA levels were determined using enzyme assay, Western blotting and q-PCR analysis, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) was used to confirm the negative regulation of NEP at the transcriptional level by hypoxia responsive elements (HREs). RESULTS The results indicate that NEP expression was inhibited under hypoxic conditions in the NEP positive LNCaP, C4-2, and 22RV1 cells and human umbilical vascular endothelial (HUVEC) cells. NEP regulation appeared to be predominantly at the transcriptional level as NEP mRNA expression significantly reduced with hypoxia, concordant with the kinetics of protein levels, and NEP enzyme activity. A search of the NEP gene sequence revealed three putative HREs upstream of the NEP promoter. Two of the HREs demonstrated a specific reduction of shift in the presence of cobalt chloride; specificity of the binding sites was confirmed by ChIP. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a novel mechanism where hypoxia negatively regulates the tumor suppressor function of NEP in prostate cancer. The negative regulation of NEP is mediated by binding of the HIF1-α protein binding to the HREs present upstream of the NEP promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Mitra
- Cancer Research Program, Center for Diabetes and Obesity Prevention, Treatment, Research and Education, College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, NV, USA
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13
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The role of treatment modality on the utility of predictive tissue biomarkers in clinical prostate cancer: a systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23187933 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue biomarkers could pivotally improve clinical outcome prediction following prostate cancer therapy. Clinically, prostate cancer is managed by diverse treatment modalities whose individual influence on a biomarker's predictive ability is not well understood and poorly investigated in the literature. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review to assess the predictive value of biomarkers in different treatment contexts in prostate cancer. STUDY METHODOLOGY A literature search was performed using the MeSH headings "prostate neoplasms" and "biological markers". Rigorous selection criteria identified studies correlating expression with clinical outcomes from primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy (± neoadjuvant ADT). STUDY RESULTS Of 10,668 studies identified, 481 papers matched initial inclusion criteria. Following rescreening, 384 studies identified 236 individual tissue biomarkers, of which 29 were predictive on multivariate analysis in at least 2 independent cohorts. The majority were only tested in surgical cohorts. Only 8 predictive biomarkers were tested across all 3 treatments with Ki67 identified as universal predictive marker. p16 showed potential for treatment stratification between surgery and radiotherapy but needs further validation in independent studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite years of research, very few tissue biomarkers retain predictive value in independent validation across therapy context. Currently, none have conclusive ability to help treatment selection. Future biomarker research should consider the therapy context and use uniform methodology and evaluation criteria.
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Koffler J, Holzinger D, Sanhueza GA, Flechtenmacher C, Zaoui K, Lahrmann B, Grabe N, Plinkert PK, Hess J. Submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 3A expression is an unfavorable risk factor for the survival of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients after surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 270:1493-500. [PMID: 23053383 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-012-2201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, increased expression of the submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 3A (SMR3A) was found in recurrent tumors of an orthotopic floor-of-mouth mouse tumor model after surgery. However, SMR3A expression in the pathogenesis of human malignancy and its correlation with the clinical outcome have not been addressed so far. We analyzed tissue microarrays with specimens from oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients (n = 157) by immunohistochemistry and compared SMR3A expression with clinical and pathological features by statistical analysis. Strong SMR3A expression was found in almost 36 % of all primary OPSCCs. Although, SMR3A protein levels were not associated with any clinical or histopathological feature tested, univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant correlation between high SMR3A protein expression and poor progression-free (p = 0.02) and overall survival (p = 0.03). Furthermore, high SMR3A expression was an independent marker for poor clinical outcome [HR (SMR3A(high) vs. SMR3(low)) = 2.32; 95 % CI = 1.03-5.23] concerning overall survival in a multivariate analysis of OPSCC patients with surgery as primary therapy (n = 100). Our data demonstrate for the first time increased SMR3A protein expression in the pathogenesis of OPSCC, which serves as an unfavorable risk factor for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Koffler
- Experimental Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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IIDA KATSUYUKI, ZHENG RONG, SHEN RUOQIAN, NANUS DAVIDM. Adenoviral neutral endopeptidase gene delivery in combination with paclitaxel for the treatment of prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1192-8. [PMID: 22895534 PMCID: PMC3583657 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a cell-surface peptidase that inhibits prostate cancer cell growth partly via inhibition of Akt kinase. We investigated the antitumor effects of an adenovirus gene delivery system (AdNEP) to restore NEP expression in DU145 prostate cancer cells in combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy. DU145 cells were infected with adenovirus expressing NEP or LacZ, treated with paclitaxel, and assessed for cell viability, Akt activation and induction of apoptosis. Athymic mice with established DU145 xenografts were injected intratumorally with AdNEP or AdLacZ and intraperitoneally with paclitaxel and monitored for tumor growth over 28 days. Compared to AdLacZ plus paclitaxel, AdNEP plus paclitaxel significantly inhibited DU145 cell growth and increased apoptosis as determined by increased caspase-3 and PARP-1 proteolytic fragments. In a xenograft model, tumor volume was reduced in mice treated with AdNEP plus paclitaxel (122.85±89.5 mm3; P<0.01) compared with mice treated with AdNEP plus saline (653.9±230.3 mm3), AdLacZ plus paclitaxel (575.9±176.6 mm3) or AdLacZ plus saline (920.2±238.2 mm3). In conclusion, these data suggest that NEP can augment taxane-induced apoptosis through inhibition of Akt/Bad signaling, and that the combination of NEP plus paclitaxel may be an effective strategy to inhibit castration-resistant prostate cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- KATSUYUKI IIDA
- Genitourinary Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Cancer Center
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - RONG ZHENG
- Genitourinary Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Cancer Center
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - RUOQIAN SHEN
- Genitourinary Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Cancer Center
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY,
USA
| | - DAVID M. NANUS
- Genitourinary Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Cancer Center
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Krohn A, Diedler T, Burkhardt L, Mayer PS, De Silva C, Meyer-Kornblum M, Kötschau D, Tennstedt P, Huang J, Gerhäuser C, Mader M, Kurtz S, Sirma H, Saad F, Steuber T, Graefen M, Plass C, Sauter G, Simon R, Minner S, Schlomm T. Genomic deletion of PTEN is associated with tumor progression and early PSA recurrence in ERG fusion-positive and fusion-negative prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:401-12. [PMID: 22705054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) gene is often altered in prostate cancer. To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of the different mechanisms of PTEN inactivation, we analyzed PTEN deletions in TMAs containing 4699 hormone-naïve and 57 hormone-refractory prostate cancers using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. PTEN mutations and methylation were analyzed in subsets of 149 and 34 tumors, respectively. PTEN deletions were present in 20.2% (458/2266) of prostate cancers, including 8.1% heterozygous and 12.1% homozygous deletions, and were linked to advanced tumor stage (P < 0.0001), high Gleason grade (P < 0.0001), presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0002), hormone-refractory disease (P < 0.0001), presence of ERG gene fusion (P < 0.0001), and nuclear p53 accumulation (P < 0.0001). PTEN deletions were also associated with early prostate-specific antigen recurrence in univariate (P < 0.0001) and multivariate (P = 0.0158) analyses. The prognostic impact of PTEN deletion was seen in both ERG fusion-positive and ERG fusion-negative tumors. PTEN mutations were found in 4 (12.9%) of 31 cancers with heterozygous PTEN deletions but in only 1 (2%) of 59 cancers without PTEN deletion (P = 0.027). Aberrant PTEN promoter methylation was not detected in 34 tumors. The results of this study demonstrate that biallelic PTEN inactivation, by either homozygous deletion or deletion of one allele and mutation of the other, occurs in most PTEN-defective cancers and characterizes a particularly aggressive subset of metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Krohn
- Institute of Pathology, Prostate Cancer Center and Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research at the Clinic of Urology at University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Expression of neutral endopeptidase, endothelin-1, and nuclear factor kappa B in prostate cancer: interrelations and associations with prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer 2012; 2012:452795. [PMID: 22666602 PMCID: PMC3362215 DOI: 10.1155/2012/452795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To study the impact of the neutral endopeptidase (NEP)/neuropeptides (NPs) axis and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) as predictors of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP). Patients and Methods. 70 patients with early-stage PC were treated with RP and their tumor samples were evaluated for expression of NEP, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and NFκB (p65). Time to PSA recurrence was correlated with the examined parameters and combined with preoperative PSA level, Gleason score, pathological TNM (pT) stage, and surgical margin (SM) assessment. Results and Limitations. Membranous expression of NEP (P < 0.001), cytoplasmic ET-1 (P = 0.002), and cytoplasmic NFκB (P < 0.001) were correlated with time to PSA relapse. NEP was associated with ET-1 (P < 0.001) and NFκB (P < 0.001). ET-1 was also correlated with NFκB (P < 0.001). NEP expression (P = 0.017), pT stage (P = 0.013), and SMs (P = 0.036) were independent predictors of time to PSA recurrence.
Conclusions. There seems to be a clinical model of NEP/NPs and NFκB pathways interconnection, with their constituents following inverse patterns of expression in accordance with their biological roles and molecular interrelations.
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18
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Tsapakidis K, Vlachostergios PJ, Voutsadakis IA, Befani CD, Patrikidou A, Hatzidaki E, Daliani DD, Moutzouris G, Liakos P, Papandreou CN. Bortezomib reverses the proliferative and antiapoptotic effect of neuropeptides on prostate cancer cells. Int J Urol 2012; 19:565-74. [PMID: 22324515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuropeptides are important signal initiators in advanced prostate cancer, partially acting through activation of nuclear factor kappa B. Central to nuclear factor kappa B regulation is the ubiquitin-proteasome system, pharmacological inhibition of which has been proposed as an anticancer strategy. We investigated the putative role of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in neuropeptides signaling effects on prostate cancer cells. METHODS Human prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3, were used to examine cell proliferation, levels of proapoptotic (caspase-3, Bad) and cell cycle regulatory proteins (p53, p27, p21), as well as total and phosphorylated Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase proteins. Furthermore, 20S proteasome activity, subcellular localization of nuclear factor kappa B and transcription of nuclear factor kappa B target genes, interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor, were assessed. RESULTS Neuropeptides (endothelin-1, bombesin) increased cell proliferation, whereas bortezomib decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis, an effect maintained after cotreatment with neuropeptides. Bad, p53, p21 and p27 were downregulated by neuropeptides in PC-3, and these effects were reversed with the addition of bortezomib. Neuropeptides increased proteasomal activity and nuclear factor kappa B levels in PC-3, and these effects were prevented by bortezomib. Interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor transcripts were induced after neuropeptides treatment, but downregulated by bortezomib. These results coincided with the ability of bortezomib to reduce mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in both cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with bortezomib-mediated abrogation of neuropeptides-induced proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling. Thus, the effect of the drug on the neuropeptides axis needs to be further investigated, as neuropeptide action in prostate cancer might entail involvement of the proteasome.
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19
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Voutsadakis IA, Vlachostergios PJ, Daliani DD, Karasavvidou F, Kakkas G, Moutzouris G, Melekos MD, Papandreou CN. CD10 is inversely associated with nuclear factor-kappa B and predicts biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Urol Int 2012; 88:158-64. [PMID: 22286396 DOI: 10.1159/000335299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cell surface endopeptidase CD10 (neutral endopeptidase) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) have been independently associated with prostate cancer (PC) progression. We investigated the correlations between these two factors and their prognostic relevance in terms of biochemical (prostate-specific antigen, PSA) relapse after radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized PC. PATIENTS AND METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of CD10 and NF-κB in samples from 70 patients who underwent RP for localized PC was correlated with the preoperative PSA level, Gleason score, pathological stage and time to PSA failure. RESULTS CD10 expression was inversely associated with NF-κB expression (p < 0.001), stage (p = 0.03) and grade (p = 0.003), whereas NF-κB was directly related with stage (p = 0.006) and grade (p = 0.002). The median time to PSA failure was 56 months. CD10 and NF-κB were directly (p < 0.001) and inversely (p < 0.001) correlated with biochemical recurrence-free survival, respectively. CD10 expression (p = 0.022) and stage (p = 0.018) were independently associated with time to biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSION Low CD10 expression is an adverse prognostic factor for biochemical relapse after RP in localized PC, which is also associated with high NF-κB expression. Decreased CD10 expression which would lead to increased neuropeptide signaling and NF-κB activity may be present in a subset of early PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
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20
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Yang M, Park JY. DNA methylation in promoter region as biomarkers in prostate cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 863:67-109. [PMID: 22359288 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-612-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland is the most common site of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Recent emerging molecular biological technologies help us to know that epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation within the regulatory (promoter) regions of genes are associated with transcriptional silencing in cancer. Promoter hypermethylation of critical pathway genes could be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. In this chapter, we updated current information on methylated genes associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer. Over 40 genes have been investigated for methylation in promoter region in prostate cancer. These methylated genes are involved in critical pathways, such as DNA repair, metabolism, and invasion/metastasis. The role of hypermethylated genes in regulation of critical pathways in prostate cancer is discussed. These findings may provide new information of the pathogenesis, the exciting potential to be predictive and to provide personalized treatment of prostate cancer. Indeed, some epigenetic alterations in prostate tumors are being translated into clinical practice for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihi Yang
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Controls, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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21
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Vinall RL, Mahaffey CM, Davis RR, Luo Z, Gandour-Edwards R, Ghosh PM, Tepper CG, de Vere White RW. Dual blockade of PKA and NF-κB inhibits H2 relaxin-mediated castrate-resistant growth of prostate cancer sublines and induces apoptosis. Discov Oncol 2011; 2:224-38. [PMID: 21789713 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-011-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that H2 relaxin (RLN2) facilitates castrate-resistant (CR) growth of prostate cancer (CaP) cells through PI3K/Akt/β-catenin-mediated activation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. As inhibition of this pathway caused only ~50% reduction in CR growth, the goal of the current study was to identify additional RLN2-activated pathways that contribute to CR growth. Next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome and gene ontology analyses comparing LNCaP stably transfected with RLN2 versus LNCaP-vector identified differential expression of genes associated with cell proliferation (12.7% of differentially expressed genes), including genes associated with the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathways. Subsequent molecular analyses confirmed that the cAMP/PKA and NF-κB pathways play a role in facilitating H2 relaxin-mediated CR growth of CaP cells. Inhibition of PKA-attenuated RLN2-mediated AR activity inhibited proliferation and caused a small but significant increase in apoptosis. Combined inhibition of the PKA and NF-κB signaling pathways via inhibition of PKA and Akt induced significant apoptosis and dramatically reduced clonogenic potential, outperforming docetaxel, the standard of care treatment for CR CaP. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays in combination with multispectral quantitative imaging comparing RLN2 levels in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and CaP determined that RLN2 is significantly upregulated in CaP vs BPH (p = 0.002). The combined data indicate RLN2 overexpression is frequent in CaP patients and provides a growth advantage to CaP cells. A near-complete inhibition of RLN2-induced CR growth can be achieved by simultaneous blockade of both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Vinall
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine and Cancer Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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22
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Li Y, Tao SC, Bova GS, Liu AY, Chan DW, Zhu H, Zhang H. Detection and verification of glycosylation patterns of glycoproteins from clinical specimens using lectin microarrays and lectin-based immunosorbent assays. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8509-16. [PMID: 21975078 DOI: 10.1021/ac201452f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a fundamental characteristic of progression of diseases such as cancer. Therefore, characterization of glycosylation patterns of proteins from disease tissues may identify changes specific to the disease development and improve diagnostic performance. Thus, analysis strategies with sufficient sensitivity for evaluation of glycosylation patterns in clinical specimens are needed. Here, we describe an analytical strategy for detection and verification of glycosylation patterns. It is based on a two-phase platform including a pattern discovery phase to identify the glycosylation changes using high-density lectin microarrays and a verification phase by developing lectin-based immunosorbent assays using the identified lectins. We evaluated the analytical performance of the platform using the glycoprotein standard and found that the lectin microarray could detect specific bindings of glycoprotein to lectins at the nanogram level and the lectin-based immunosorbent assay could be used for verification of protein glycosylation. We then applied the approach to the analysis of glycosylation patterns of two glycoproteins, which are highly expressed in prostate cancer in our prior studies, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), from aggressive (AC) and nonaggressive prostate cancer (NAC) tissues. The observed differences in glycosylation patterns of PSA and MME may represent a significant clinical importance and could be used to develop multiplex assays for diagnosis of aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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23
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Risk MC, Knudsen BS, Coleman I, Dumpit RF, Kristal AR, LeMeur N, Gentleman RC, True LD, Nelson PS, Lin DW. Differential gene expression in benign prostate epithelium of men with and without prostate cancer: evidence for a prostate cancer field effect. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5414-23. [PMID: 20935156 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several malignancies are known to exhibit a "field effect," whereby regions beyond tumor boundaries harbor histologic or molecular changes that are associated with cancer. We sought to determine if histologically benign prostate epithelium collected from men with prostate cancer exhibits features indicative of premalignancy or field effect. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Prostate needle biopsies from 15 men with high-grade (Gleason 8-10) prostate cancer and 15 age- and body mass index-matched controls were identified from a biospecimen repository. Benign epithelia from each patient were isolated by laser capture microdissection. RNA was isolated, amplified, and used for microarray hybridization. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression of specific genes of interest. Alterations in protein expression were analyzed through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Overall patterns of gene expression in microdissected benign prostate-associated benign epithelium (BABE) and cancer-associated benign epithelium (CABE) were similar. Two genes previously associated with prostate cancer, PSMA and SSTR1, were significantly upregulated in the CABE group (false discovery rate <1%). Expression of other prostate cancer-associated genes, including ERG, HOXC4, HOXC5, and MME, were also increased in CABE by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, although other genes commonly altered in prostate cancer were not different between the BABE and CABE samples. The expression of MME and PSMA proteins on immunohistochemistry coincided with their mRNA alterations. CONCLUSION Gene expression profiles between benign epithelia of patients with and without prostate cancer are very similar. However, these tissues exhibit differences in the expression levels of several genes previously associated with prostate cancer development or progression. These differences may comprise a field effect and represent early events in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Risk
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NW Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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The ubiquitin-proteasome system in prostate cancer and its transition to castration resistance. Urol Oncol 2010; 30:752-61. [PMID: 20580272 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common carcinoma in the male population. In its initial stage, the disease is androgen-dependent and responds therapeutically to androgen deprivation treatment but it usually progresses after a few years to an androgen-independent phase that is refractory to hormonal manipulations. The proteasome is a multi-unit protease system that regulates the abundance and function of a significant number of cell proteins, and its inhibition results in cancer cell growth inhibition and apoptosis and is already exploited in the clinic with the use of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in multiple myeloma. In order to be recognized by the proteasome, a target protein needs to be linked to a chain of the small protein ubiquitin. In this paper, we review the role of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in androgen receptor-dependent transcription as well as in the castration resistant stage of the disease, and we discuss therapeutic opportunities that UPS inhibition offers in prostate cancer.
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25
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) comprise a heterogenous group of malignancies with an often unpredictable course, and with limited treatment options. Thus, new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic markers are needed. To shed new lights into the biology of NETs, we have by cDNA transcript profiling, sought to identify genes that are either up- or downregulated in NE as compared with non-NE tumour cells. A panel of six NET and four non-NET cell lines were examined, and out of 12 743 genes examined, we studied in detail the 200 most significantly differentially expressed genes in the comparison. In addition to potential new diagnostic markers (NEFM, CLDN4, PEROX2), the results point to genes that may be involved in the tumorigenesis (BEX1, TMEPAI, FOSL1, RAB32), and in the processes of invasion, progression and metastasis (MME, STAT3, DCBLD2) of NETs. Verification by real time qRT–PCR showed a high degree of consistency to the microarray results. Furthermore, the protein expression of some of the genes were examined. The results of our study has opened a window to new areas of research, by uncovering new candidate genes and proteins to be further investigated in the search for new prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic markers in NETs.
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Peng Y, Li CX, Chen F, Wang Z, Ligr M, Melamed J, Wei J, Gerald W, Pagano M, Garabedian MJ, Lee P. Stimulation of prostate cancer cellular proliferation and invasion by the androgen receptor co-activator ARA70. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 172:225-35. [PMID: 18156210 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ARA70 was first identified as a gene fused to the ret oncogene in thyroid carcinoma and subsequently as a co-activator for androgen receptor (AR). Two isoforms of ARA70 have been identified: a 70-kDa version called ARA70 alpha and an internally spliced 35-kDa variant termed ARA70 beta. We have previously reported that ARA70 alpha expression is reduced in prostate cancer, and its overexpression inhibits proliferation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. However, the function of the ARA70 beta isoform in prostate cancer is not understood. In this report we examined the effects of ARA70 beta on AR transcriptional regulation as well as prostate cancer cellular proliferation and invasion. Although both ARA70 alpha and ARA70 beta functioned as transcriptional co-activators of AR in cell-based reporter assays, ARA70 beta overexpression, in contrast to ARA70 alpha, promoted prostate cancer cellular proliferation and invasion through Matrigel. Interestingly, genome-wide expression profiling of cells expressing ARA70 beta revealed an increase in the expression of genes involved in the control of cell division and adhesion, compatible with a role for ARA70 beta in proliferation and invasion. Consistent with its function in promoting cell growth and invasion, ARA70 beta expression was increased in prostate cancer. Our findings implicate ARA70 beta as a regulator of tumor cell growth and metastasis by affecting gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 E. 23rd St., Room 6140N, New York, NY 10010, USA
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27
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Mori N, Kyo S, Sakaguchi J, Mizumoto Y, Ohno S, Maida Y, Hashimoto M, Takakura M, Inoue M. Concomitant activation of AKT with extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 occurs independently of PTEN or PIK3CA mutations in endometrial cancer and may be associated with favorable prognosiss. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1881-8. [PMID: 17924977 PMCID: PMC11158726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated signaling via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is common in many types of cancer, but its clinicopathological significance in endometrial cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the status of the PI3K signaling pathway, especially in relation to PTEN and PIK3CA status, in endometrioid-type endometrial cancer. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed a high level of phosphorylated (p)-AKT expression, which is a hallmark of activated PI3K signaling, in approximately 60% of endometrial cancers. There was no correlation between p-AKT expression and clinicopathological characteristics, such as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, tumor grade, and myometrial invasion. Unexpectedly, a high level of p-AKT expression occurred independently of the presence of PTEN or PIK3CA mutations. Furthermore, p-AKT expression did not correlate with the expression of potential downstream targets, including p-mTOR and p-FOXO1/3a. In turn, p-AKT expression was strongly associated with extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 expression (P = 0.0031), which is representative of the activated RAS-MAP kinase pathway. Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested that low p-AKT expression was associated with low rates of relapse-free survival, although the difference was not statistically significant, indicating that AKT activation does not confer worse prognosis. The present study demonstrates the presence of complex signaling pathways that might mask the conventional tumorigenic PTEN-PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, and strongly suggests a close association between the extracellular-regulated kinase and PI3K pathways in this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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Abstract
Proteases have long been associated with cancer progression because of their ability to degrade extracellular matrices, which facilitates invasion and metastasis. However, recent studies have shown that these enzymes target a diversity of substrates and favour all steps of tumour evolution. Unexpectedly, the post-trial studies have also revealed proteases with tumour-suppressive effects. These effects are associated with more than 30 different enzymes that belong to three distinct protease classes. What are the clinical implications of these findings?
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Carlos López-Otín is at the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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Horiguchi A, Chen DYT, Goodman OB, Zheng R, Shen R, Guan H, Hersh LB, Nanus DM. Neutral endopeptidase inhibits prostate cancer tumorigenesis by reducing FGF-2-mediated angiogenesis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 11:79-87. [PMID: 17563767 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a cell surface peptidase that catalytically inactivates a variety of physiologically active peptides including basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). We investigated the effect of using lentivirus to overexpress NEP in NEP-deficient DU145 prostate cancer cells. Third-generation lentiviral vectors encoding wild-type NEP (L-NEP), catalytically inactive mutant NEP (L-NEPmu), and green fluorescent protein (L-GFP) were stably introduced into DU145 cells. FGF-2 levels in cell culture supernatants decreased by 80% in L-NEP-infected DU145 cells compared to cells infected with L-NEPmu or L-GFP (P<0.05) while levels of other angiogenic factors were not altered. In vitro tubulogenesis of human vascular endothelial cells induced by conditioned media from DU145 cells infected with L-NEP was significantly reduced compared with that from DU145 cells infected with L-GFP (P<0.05). Tumor xenografts from L-NEP-infected DU145 cells were significantly smaller compared to control cell xenografts and vascularity within these tumors was decreased (P<0.05). Our data suggest that stable expression of NEP in DU145 cells inhibits prostate cancer tumorigenicity by inhibiting angiogenesis, with a probable mechanism being proteolytic inactivation of FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horiguchi
- Urologic Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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