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The correlation between tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and progression in cervical carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228475. [PMID: 33928349 PMCID: PMC8493445 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a particularly important role in the progression, invasion and metastasis of cervical carcinoma (CC). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are significant components of the tumor microenvironment in CC. However, the results of studies on the correlation between TAMs and progression in CC are still controversial. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between TAMs infiltration and progression in CC. A total of 100 patients with CC were included in the study. The correlation between TAMs and clinicopathologic features was studied. Besides, a systematic literature search was conducted from legitimate electronic databases to specifically evaluate the role of TAMs in TME of cervical carcinoma. In the meta-analysis, high stromal CD68+ TAMs density was relevant to lymph node metastasis (WMD = 11.89, 95% CI: 5.30–18.47). At the same time, CD163+ M2 TAM density was associated with lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.09–5.37; WMD = 39.37, 95% CI: 28.25–50.49) and FIGO stage (WMD = -33.60, 95% CI: -45.04 to -22.16). This was further confirmed in the experimental study of 100 tissues of cervical cancer. It supported a critical role of TAMs as a prospective predictor of cervical cancer. In conclusion, CD68+ TAM and CD163+ M2 TAM infiltration in CC were associated with tumor progression. And CD163+ M2 TAM infiltration was associated with more advanced FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis in CC.
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2
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Carrero YN, Callejas DE, Mosquera JA. In situ immunopathological events in human cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer: Review. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101058. [PMID: 33677234 PMCID: PMC7937982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplasia of the cervix represents one of the most common cancers in women. Clinical and molecular research has identified immunological impairment in squamous intraepithelial cervical lesions and cervical cancer patients. The in-situ expression of several cytokines by uterine epithelial cells and by infiltrating leukocytes occurs during the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Some of these cytokines can prevent and others can induce the progression of the neoplasm. The infiltrating leukocytes also produce cytokines and growth factors relate to angiogenesis, chemotaxis, and apoptosis capable of modulating the dysplasia progression. In this review we analyzed several interleukins with an inductive effect or blocking effect on the neoplastic progression. We also analyze the genetic polymorphism of some cytokines and their relationship with the risk of developing cervical neoplasia. In addition, we describe the leukocyte cells that infiltrate the cervical uterine tissue during the neoplasia and their effects on neoplasia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenddy N Carrero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato, Ecuador.
| | - Diana E Callejas
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador.
| | - Jesús A Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas Dr. Américo Negrette. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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3
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Scarneo SA, Yang KW, Roques JR, Dai A, Eibschutz LS, Hughes P, Haystead TAJ. TAK1 regulates the tumor microenvironment through inflammatory, angiogenetic and apoptotic signaling cascades. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1961-1970. [PMID: 32523651 PMCID: PMC7260121 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) has been implicated for its role in inflammatory signaling and as an important mediator of cellular apoptosis and necroptosis in various cell types. Our recent discovery of a first-in-class, potent and selective TAK1 inhibitor, takinib, represents a novel pharmacological tool to evaluate TAK1’s role in cancer. In this study we evaluated the potential therapeutic capacity of TAK1 inhibition on tumor growth and on tumor microenvironment remodeling. In a screen of 16 cancer cell lines, takinib in combination with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was found to induce cell death (>20%) in 6 out of 16 cell lines. Furthermore, knocking out of TAK1 in MDA-MB-231 cells dramatically increased their sensitization to TNF-mediated apoptosis. In vivo xenographs of MDA-MB-231 TAK1KO tumors displayed delayed tumor growth and increased overall survival compared to TAK1WT controls. Histological and proteomic analysis of TAK1KO tumors showed altered angiogenic signaling and inflammatory signaling via immune cells. Overall, these findings suggest that the targeting of TAK1 in immune mediated cancers may be a novel therapeutic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Scarneo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly W Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jose R Roques
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alanna Dai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Liesl S Eibschutz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Philip Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy A J Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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Nahand JS, Moghoofei M, Salmaninejad A, Bahmanpour Z, Karimzadeh M, Nasiri M, Mirzaei HR, Pourhanifeh MH, Bokharaei‐Salim F, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Pathogenic role of exosomes and microRNAs in HPV-mediated inflammation and cervical cancer: A review. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:305-320. [PMID: 31566705 PMCID: PMC6999596 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women. The most important risk factor for the development of CC is cervical infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Inflammation is a protective strategy that is triggered by the host against pathogens such as viral infections that acts rapidly to activate the innate immune response. Inflammation is beneficial if it is brief and well controlled; however, if the inflammation is excessive or it becomes of chronic duration, it can produce detrimental effects. HPV proteins are involved, both directly and indirectly, in the development of chronic inflammation, which is a causal factor in the development of CC. However, other factors may also have a potential role in stimulating chronic inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) (a class of noncoding RNAs) are strong regulators of gene expression. They have emerged as key players in several biological processes, including inflammatory pathways. Abnormal expression of miRNAs may be linked to the induction of inflammation that occurs in CC. Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles shed by almost all types of cells, which can function as cargo transfer vehicles. Exosomes contain proteins and genetic material (including miRNAs) derived from their parent cells and can potentially affect recipient cells. Exosomes have recently been recognized to be involved in inflammatory processes and can also affect the immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of HPV proteins, miRNAs and exosomes in the inflammation associated with CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahmanpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Nasiri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei‐Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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The Formation and Therapeutic Update of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133310. [PMID: 31284453 PMCID: PMC6651300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both clinicopathological and experimental studies have suggested that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a key role in cervical cancer progression and are associated with poor prognosis in the respects of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. Therefore, having a clear understanding of TAMs is essential in treating this disease. In this review, we will discuss the origins and categories of macrophages, the molecules responsible for forming and reeducating TAMs in cervical cancer (CC), the biomarkers of macrophages and the therapy development targeting TAMs in CC research.
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Evrard D, Szturz P, Tijeras-Raballand A, Astorgues-Xerri L, Abitbol C, Paradis V, Raymond E, Albert S, Barry B, Faivre S. Macrophages in the microenvironment of head and neck cancer: potential targets for cancer therapy. Oral Oncol 2018; 88:29-38. [PMID: 30616794 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of solid tumors has become a promising target for future therapies modulating immune cells. Patients with advanced head and neck cancer, which still portends a poor outcome, are particularly in need of innovative approaches. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, high density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) appears consistently associated with poor prognosis, whereas data are currently limited for other head and neck sites. Several approaches to block TAMs have been investigated, including TAMs inactivation by means of the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)/CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitors or strategies to reprogram TAMs from M2 protumoral phenotype toward M1 antitumoral phenotype. This review focuses on both prognostic and therapeutic aspects related to TAMs in head and neck carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Evrard
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Petr Szturz
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Chloé Abitbol
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Eric Raymond
- Medical Oncology Department, Groupe Hospitalier Paris---St Joseph, Paris, France
| | | | - Béatrix Barry
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Faivre
- Medical Oncology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine (HUPVNS) & Université Paris 7, Paris, France.
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Salem A, Mistry H, Backen A, Hodgson C, Koh P, Dean E, Priest L, Haslett K, Trigonis I, Jackson A, Asselin MC, Dive C, Renehan A, Faivre-Finn C, Blackhall F. Cell Death, Inflammation, Tumor Burden, and Proliferation Blood Biomarkers Predict Lung Cancer Radiotherapy Response and Correlate With Tumor Volume and Proliferation Imaging. Clin Lung Cancer 2018; 19:239-248.e7. [PMID: 29398577 PMCID: PMC5927801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an unmet need to develop noninvasive biomarkers to stratify patients in drug-radiotherapy trials. In this pilot study we investigated lung cancer radiotherapy response and toxicity blood biomarkers and correlated findings with tumor volume and proliferation imaging. PATIENTS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected before and during (day 21) radiotherapy. Twenty-six cell-death, hypoxia, angiogenesis, inflammation, proliferation, invasion, and tumor-burden biomarkers were evaluated. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Univariate analysis was performed on small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whereas multivariate analysis focused on NSCLC. RESULTS Blood samples from 78 patients were analyzed. Sixty-one (78.2%) harbored NSCLC, 48 (61.5%) received sequential chemoradiotherapy. Of tested baseline biomarkers, undetectable interleukin (IL)-1b (hazard ratio [HR], 4.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04-7.93; P < .001) was the only significant survival covariate. Of routinely collected laboratory tests, high baseline neutrophil count was a significant survival covariate (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.11; P = .017). Baseline IL-1b and neutrophil count were prognostic for survival in a multivariate model. The addition of day-21 cytokeratin-19 antigen modestly improved this model's survival prediction (concordance probability, 0.75-0.78). Chemotherapy (P < .001) and baseline keratinocyte growth factor (P = .019) predicted acute esophagitis, but only chemotherapy remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Baseline angioprotein-1 and hepatocyte growth factor showed a direct correlation with tumor volume whereas changes in vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 showed significant correlations with 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) positron emission tomography (PET). CONCLUSION Select biomarkers are prognostic after radiotherapy in this lung cancer series. The correlation between circulating biomarkers and 18F-FLT PET is shown, to our knowledge for the first time, highlighting their potential role as imaging surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salem
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Hitesh Mistry
- Division of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Backen
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Hodgson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pek Koh
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Dean
- Early Phase Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey Priest
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Haslett
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Trigonis
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Jackson
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Claude Asselin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Renehan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Garcia CB, Fernandes PC, Micheli DC, Pereira AHM, Murta EFC, Tavares-Murta BM. Effect of Treatment on Mononuclear Cell Migration in Cervical Cancer Patients. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:712-7. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Our aim was to evaluate the effect of treatment on the in vitro migration of circulating mononuclear cells in cervical cancer patients at different stages. Methods We prospectively investigated 24 patients with cervical neoplasia, without prior treatment, submitted to surgery or chemotherapy as therapeutic conduct. Controls were healthy volunteer women (n = 23). Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral venous blood before and after treatment, and their migration capacity was evaluated in a microchemotaxis chamber assay towards the chemotactic stimuli fMLP, MCP-1 and RANTES, compared to basal migration. Serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites were assayed by the Griess reaction. Results Increased mononuclear cell migration in response to the chemotactic stimuli, compared to basal migration, was observed in controls and patients, without differences between them. After treatment (n = 14), mononuclear cell migration in response to MCP-1 and RANTES was increased compared to pre-treatment. Serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites were more elevated in patients (n = 19) than in controls (n = 17), but decreased after treatment (n = 15). Conclusions The results suggest that the production of soluble circulating factors by tumor cells could interfere with the functional activity of blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Cesar Fernandes
- Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Douglas Côbo Micheli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eddie Fernando Candido Murta
- Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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9
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Cui HX, Tang L, Cheng FR, Yuan K. Antitumor Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Hyptis Rhomboidea in H 22 Tumor-bearing Mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:571-575. [PMID: 29200715 PMCID: PMC5701393 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_314_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Research the antitumor effects of ethanol extracts from Hyptis rhomboidea in H22 tumor-bearing mice. At the fist-stage of the experiments, the research team took MTT method to measure the antitumor activity in vitro, then selected the most inhibitory tumor cell strain as the test object of antitumor activity in vivo, established three models of a solid tumor H22 liver cancer, ascites tumor, and immunodeficiency in male mice. From inflammatory factor, liver toxicity, in vivo antioxidant index to observe antitumor activity of ethanol extracts from H. rhomboidea. Materials and Methods: Hundred and twenty ICR male mice were used to establish three models of a solid tumor H22 liver cancer, ascites tumor, and immunodeficiency in male mice and models group of a solid tumor H22 liver cancer randomly divided into six groupshe normal control group, the model control group, the positive group (cyclophosphamide), the sample treated group (high - 1.300 g/kg, medium - 0.750 g/kg, low - 0.373 g/kg). The animals were sacrificed 15d after oral administration and tumors were taken out for the tumor weights and antitumor rates. Blood in eyeball was collected for the determination of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin (IL)-2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in serum. Sections of tumor issue were prepared, and morphological changes in tumor tissue cells were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining technique. Results: The results showed that ethanol extracts from H. rhomboidea have a certain inhibitory effect on the digestive tumor cells. In solid tumor model, the inhibitory rate is up to 68.84% of the high dose of treated group from H. rhomboidea, and H. rhomboidea could improve the immune organ index, decrease the concentration of TNF-α and IL-2 in serum. In ascites tumor model, H. rhomboidea could slow down weight gain in mice and prolong the survival time; in immunodeficiency model, H. rhomboidea could improve the serum TNF-α and, IL-2 levels, increase SOD activity, and reduce MDA content, so as to achieve antitumor effect. Conclusions: Ethanol extracts from H. rhomboidea have obvious antitumor activity in vivo and can improve a tumor-burdened mice inflammation factors, improve the survival quality of H22 tumor mice, and enhance immunity and antitumor activity. SUMMARY Ethanol extracts from Hyptis rhomboidea have obvious antitumor activity without obviously liver damage The experiment results prompt that the antitumor activity probably caused by decreasing the inflammatory factors, improve the survival quality, enhance the abnormal cytokines and scavenging free radicals, and raising autoimmune function in H22 tumor bearing mice.
Abbreviations used: H. rhomboidea: Hyptis rhomboidea; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; IL-2: Interleukin 2; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α; CTX: Cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xin Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Lu Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fang-Rong Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R, China
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10
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Schrevel M, Osse EM, Prins FA, Trimbos JBMZ, Fleuren GJ, Gorter A, Jordanova ES. Autocrine expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in cervical cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1947-1954. [PMID: 28498437 PMCID: PMC5435322 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In cervical cancer, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in 70–90% of the cases and has been associated with poor prognosis. EGFR-based therapy is currently being explored in cervical cancer. We investigated which EGFR ligand is primarily expressed in cervical cancer and which cell type functions as the major source of this ligand. We hypothesized that macrophages are the main source of EGFR ligands and that a paracrine loop between tumor cells and macrophages is responsible for ligand expression. mRNA expression analysis was performed on 32 cervical cancer cases to determine the expression of the EGFR ligands amphiregulin, β-cellulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), epiregulin, heparinbinding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGFα). Subsequently, protein expression was determined immunohistochemically on 36 additional cases. To assess whether macrophages are the major source of EGFR ligands, immunohistochemical double staining was performed on four representative tissue slides. Expression of the chemokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) was determined by mRNA in situ hybridization. Of the known EGFR ligands, HB-EGF had the highest mRNA expression and HB-EGF and EGFR protein expression were highly correlated. Tumor specimens with high EGFR expression showed higher numbers of macrophages, and higher expression of GM-CSF and CCL2, but only a small subset (9%) of macrophages was found to be HB-EGF-positive. Strikingly, 78% of cervical cancer specimens were found to express HB-EGF. Standardized assessment of staining intensity, using spectral imaging analysis, showed that HB-EGF expression was higher in the tumor compartment than in the stromal compartment. These results suggest that HB-EGF is an important EGFR ligand in cervical cancer and that cervical cancer cells are the predominant source of HB-EGF. Therefore, we propose an autocrine EGFR stimulation model in cervical carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Schrevel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E Michelle Osse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans A Prins
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Baptist M Z Trimbos
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Fleuren
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arko Gorter
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Yu TW, Chueh HY, Tsai CC, Lin CT, Qiu JT. Novel GM-CSF-based vaccines: One small step in GM-CSF gene optimization, one giant leap for human vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3020-3028. [PMID: 27560197 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1221551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine that is known to facilitate vaccine efficacy by promoting the development and prolongation of both humoral and cellular immunity. In the past years we have generated a novel codon-optimized GM-CSF gene as an adjuvant. The codon-optimized GM-CSF gene significantly increased protein expression levels in all cells tested and helped in generating a strong immune responses against HIV-1 Gag and HPV-associated cancer. Here, we review the literature dealing with the adjuvant activity of GM-CSF both in animal models and clinical trials. We anticipate that the codon-optimized GM-CSF gene offers a practical molecular strategy for potentiating immune responses to tumor cell-based vaccinations as well as other immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Yu
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ho-Yen Chueh
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Cheng-Tao Lin
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Jiantai Timothy Qiu
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,d Department of Biomedical Sciences , School of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
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12
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Takeya M, Komohara Y. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in human malignancies: friend or foe? Pathol Int 2016; 66:491-505. [PMID: 27444136 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role in tumor growth in human malignancies. Published studies have analyzed the relationship between TAM infiltration and the prognosis of patients for many human tumors. Most studies reported a positive correlation between TAM density and a poor prognosis. Studies focusing on macrophage phenotypes emphasized the protumor role of M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages in many types of human tumors. However, TAMs influence tumor progression in various ways that depend on differences in tumor sites, histology, and microenvironments. In this review, we summarize the function of TAMs in various human malignancies by reviewing the data provided in studies of TAMs in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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The efficacy of a novel vaccine approach using tumor cells that ectopically express a codon-optimized murine GM-CSF in a murine tumor model. Vaccine 2016; 34:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Downregulates the Expression of Protumor Factors Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in a GM-CSF Receptor-Independent Manner in Cervical Cancer Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:601604. [PMID: 26257474 PMCID: PMC4518190 DOI: 10.1155/2015/601604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is associated with the pathogenic processes of various tumor types. COX-2 and iNOS expression in the immunomodulatory dendritic cells is mediated by the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which is also expressed by cervical cancer cells; however, whether and how GM-CSF regulates COX-2 and iNOS expression in clinical cervical cancer cells remain unknown. In this study, we found that the COX-2 and iNOS expression was upregulated in the cervical cancer tissues and positively correlated with cancer metastasis and stage. About one-half of the cervical cancer tissues showed strong/moderate GM-CSF expression, while the normal cervical tissues showed >80% positive rate; no GM-CSFR protein was detectable on the cervical cancer cells. The GM-CSF expression was negatively correlated with the COX-2 and iNOS expression in the cervical cancer tissues and the functional negative regulatory effect of GM-CSF on COX-2/iNOS expression was demonstrated in various cervical cancer cell lines. Therefore, in cervical cancer cells, GM-CSF might contribute an antitumor response by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression in a GM-CSFR independent manner.
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Ghirelli C, Reyal F, Jeanmougin M, Zollinger R, Sirven P, Michea P, Caux C, Bendriss-Vermare N, Donnadieu MH, Caly M, Fourchotte V, Vincent-Salomon A, Sigal-Zafrani B, Sastre-Garau X, Soumelis V. Breast Cancer Cell-Derived GM-CSF Licenses Regulatory Th2 Induction by Plasmacytoid Predendritic Cells in Aggressive Disease Subtypes. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2775-87. [PMID: 25977333 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment vitally impact tumor progression. In this study, we show that GM-CSF produced by primary breast tumor cells induced the activation of plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDC), a cell type critical to anti-viral immunity. pDC that expressed the GM-CSF receptor were increased in breast tumors compared with noninvolved adjacent breast tissue. Tumor-activated pDC acquired naïve CD4(+) T-cell stimulatory capacity and promoted a regulatory Th2 response. Finally, the concomitant increase of GM-CSF and pDC was significantly associated with relatively more aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Our results characterize the first tumor-derived factor that can activate pDC to promote a regulatory Th2 response, with implications for therapeutic targeting of a tumor-immune axis of growing recognition in its significance to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ghirelli
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Reyal
- UMR144 CNRS, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Department of Surgical Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Marine Jeanmougin
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Zollinger
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Philémon Sirven
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Paula Michea
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. INSERM U1052/CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. INSERM U1052/CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Donnadieu
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Martial Caly
- Institut Curie, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Vassili Soumelis
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Department of Immunology, Paris, France. Center of Clinical Investigations, Curie-IGR, Paris-Villejuif, France.
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ABDALLA DOUGLASR, ALEIXO ANDRÉADRIANOROCHA, MURTA EDDIEF, MICHELIN MÁRCIAA. Innate immune response adaptation in mice subjected to administration of DMBA and physical activity. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:886-890. [PMID: 24520305 PMCID: PMC3919953 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is growing interest in studies that promote the benefits of exercise and the correlation between exercise and fighting cancer, previous studies have not been able to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate cytokine synthesis by peritoneal macrophages in the presence of mammary tumors and the effect of physical activity. Female BALB/c virgin mice (age, eight weeks) were obtained for the present study and divided into four groups: A no tumor/non-trained control group; a no tumor/trained group subjected to swim training; a tumor/non-trained group in which the mice received the carcinogenic drug, DMBA and a tumor/trained group in which the mice were subjected to DMBA and swim training protocols. Following the experimental period, immune cells were collected from the peritoneal fluid, placed in culture medium and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The presence of the cluster of differentiation-14 marker and expression of the interleukin (IL)-12 cytokine was assessed by flow cytometry and measured via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The following cytokines were also identified: Interferon-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β. Physical activity increased the quantity of IL-12 producing macrophages, whereas the presence of a tumor decreased the quantity of macrophages expressing IL-12. Tumor induction, in the absence of swim training, reduced macrophage-profile 1 (M1) cytokine levels while increasing the presence of macrophage-profile 2 cytokines. Physical activity in mice with tumors resulted in reductions in tumor development and promoted immune system polarization towards an antitumor M1 response pattern profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- DOUGLAS R. ABDALLA
- Oncology Research Institute, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, CEP 38100-000, Brazil
| | - ANDRÉ ADRIANO ROCHA ALEIXO
- Oncology Research Institute, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, CEP 38100-000, Brazil
| | - EDDIE F.C. MURTA
- Oncology Research Institute, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, CEP 38100-000, Brazil
- Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, CEP 38100-000, Brazil
| | - MÁRCIA A. MICHELIN
- Discipline of Immunology, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, CEP 38100-000, Brazil
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de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Goedemans R, Doorduijn EM, van Ham JJ, Gorter A, van Hall T, Kuijjer ML, van Poelgeest MIE, van der Burg SH, Jordanova ES. Tumor-infiltrating CD14-positive myeloid cells and CD8-positive T-cells prolong survival in patients with cervical carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2884-94. [PMID: 23740735 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the influx of myeloid cells. In our study, we investigated the constitution of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and their relationship to other tumor-infiltrating immune cells, tumor characteristics and the disease-specific survival of patients with cervical cancer (CxCa). Triple-color immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to locate, identify and quantify macrophages (CD14), their maturation status (CD33) and their polarization (CD163) in a cohort of 86 patients with cervical carcinoma. Quantification of the numbers of myeloid cells revealed that a strong intraepithelial infiltration of CD14+ cells, and more specifically the population of CD14+CD33-CD163- matured M1 macrophages, is associated with a large influx of intraepithelial T lymphocytes (p = 0.008), improved disease-specific survival (p = 0.007) and forms an independent prognostic factor for survival (p = 0.033). The intraepithelial CD8+ T-cell and regulatory T-cell (Treg) ratio also forms an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.010) and combination of these two factors reveals a further increased benefit in survival for patients whose tumor displays a dense infiltration with intraepithelial matured M1 macrophages and a high CD8 T-cell/Treg ratio, indicating that both populations of immune cells simultaneously improve survival. Subsequently, we made a heatmap including all known immune parameters for these patients, whereby we were able to identify different immune signatures in CxCa. These results indicate that reinforcement and activation of the intratumoral M1 macrophages may form an attractive immunotherapeutic option in CxCa.
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Abstract
AIM : To investigate the effect of interleukin-12 p40 gene (IL-12β) 3'-untranslated region polymorphism on the risk of cervical cancer. METHODS DNA was isolated from peripheral blood of 200 patients with cervical cancer and 200 healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for the detection of IL-12β (1188A/C) gene polymorphism. RESULTS It was observed that genotypes AC [odds ratio (OR) = 1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17-2.78] and AC + CC (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.11-2.63, P = 0.01) increase the risk of cervical cancer. The strength of the risk in passive smokers with AC and AC + CC genotypes was increased to more than 2.8 times in comparison with a nonsmoker with AA genotype (OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.56-5.55, P < 0.001; OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.52-5.31, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION This is the first study to provide an evidence for the association of IL-12β (1188A/C) gene polymorphism with the risk of cervical cancer.
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Tumor-Associated Macrophages Are Related to Volumetric Growth of Vestibular Schwannomas. Otol Neurotol 2013; 34:347-52. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e31827c9fbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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van der Burg SH. Immunotherapy of human papilloma virus induced disease. Open Virol J 2012; 6:257-63. [PMID: 23341861 PMCID: PMC3547504 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the generic name for treatment modalities aiming to reinforce the immune system against diseases in which the immune system plays a role. The design of an optimal immunotherapeutic treatment against chronic viruses and associated diseases requires a detailed understanding of the interactions between the target virus and its host, in order to define the specific strategies that may have the best chance to deliver success at each stage of disease. Recently, a first series of successes was reported for the immunotherapy of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-induced premalignant diseases but there is definitely room for improvement. Here I discuss a number of topics that in my opinion require more study as the answers to these questions allows us to better understand the underlying mechanisms of disease and as such to tailor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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van Esch EMG, Welters MJP, Jordanova ES, Trimbos JBMZ, van der Burg SH, van Poelgeest MIE. Treatment failure in patients with HPV 16-induced vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: understanding different clinical responses to immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:821-40. [PMID: 22913259 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Failure of the immune system to launch a strong and effective immune response to high-risk HPV is related to viral persistence and the development of anogenital (pre)malignant lesions such as vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Different forms of immunotherapy, aimed at overcoming the inertia of the immune system, have been developed and met with clinical success. Unfortunately these, in principal successful, therapeutic approaches also fail to induce clinical responses in a substantial number of cases. In this review, the authors summarize the traits of the immune response to HPV in healthy individuals and in patients with HPV-induced neoplasia. The potential mechanisms involved in the escape of HPV-induced lesions from the immune system indicate gaps in our knowledge. Finally, the interaction between the immune system and VIN is discussed with a special focus on the different forms of immunotherapy applied to treat VIN and the potential causes of therapy failure. The authors conclude that there are a number of pre-existing conditions that determine the patients' responsiveness to immunotherapy. An immunotherapeutic strategy in which different aspects of immune failure are attacked by complementary approaches, will improve the clinical response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M G van Esch
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Zijlmans HJMAA, Punt S, Fleuren GJ, Trimbos JB, Kenter GG, Gorter A. Role of IL-12p40 in cervical carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1956-62. [PMID: 23099807 PMCID: PMC3516683 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we have shown that low IL-12p40 mRNA expression by cervical cancer cells is associated with a poor survival of cervical cancer patients. As IL-12p40 is both a subcomponent of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of IL-12p40 in cervical cancer. METHODS We have measured the expression of IL-23p19 mRNA, IL-12p35 mRNA and IL-12p40 mRNA using mRNA in situ hybridisation. The IL-1 and IL-6 were measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS As IL-23 is a component of the IL-17/IL-23 pathway, a pathway induced by IL-1 and IL-6 in humans, we have studied IL-1 and IL-6 expression. Only a high number of stromal IL-6-positive cells was shown to associate with poor disease-specific survival. The worst disease-specific survival was associated with a subgroup of patients that displayed a high number of IL-6-positive cells and low IL-12p40 expression (P<0.001). Both a high number of IL-6-positive cells and a high number of IL-6-positive cells, plus low IL-12p40 expression were shown to be clinicopathological parameters independent of lymph node metastasis, parametrial involvement and Sedlis score (P=0.009 and P=0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results with IL-6 and IL-12p40 are in accordance with the hypothesis that the IL-17/IL-23 pathway has a suppressive role in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Heusinkveld M, van der Burg SH. Identification and manipulation of tumor associated macrophages in human cancers. J Transl Med 2011; 9:216. [PMID: 22176642 PMCID: PMC3286485 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evading immune destruction and tumor promoting inflammation are important hallmarks in the development of cancer. Macrophages are present in most human tumors and are often associated with bad prognosis. Tumor associated macrophages come in many functional flavors ranging from what is known as classically activated macrophages (M1) associated with acute inflammation and T-cell immunity to immune suppressive macrophages (M2) associated with the promotion of tumor growth. The role of these functionally different myeloid cells is extensively studied in mice tumor models but dissimilarities in markers and receptors make the direct translation to human cancer difficult. This review focuses on recent reports discriminating the type of infiltrating macrophages in human tumors and the environmental cues present that steer their differentiation. Finally, immunotherapeutic approaches to interfere in this process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Heusinkveld
- Dept, of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kosmaczewska A, Bocko D, Ciszak L, Wlodarska-Polinska I, Kornafel J, Szteblich A, Masternak A, Frydecka I. Dysregulated expression of both the costimulatory CD28 and inhibitory CTLA-4 molecules in PB T cells of advanced cervical cancer patients suggests systemic immunosuppression related to disease progression. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 18:479-89. [PMID: 22094905 PMCID: PMC3313031 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) occurs more frequently in women who are immunosuppressed, suggesting that both local and systemic immune abnormalities may be involved in the evolution of the disease. Costimulatory CD28 and inhibitory CTLA-4 molecules expressed in T cells play a key role in the balanced immune responses. There has been demonstrated a relation between CD28, CTLA-4, and IFN genes in susceptibility to CC, suggesting their importance in CC development. Therefore, we assessed the pattern of CD28 and CTLA-4 expression in T cells from PB of CC patients with advanced CC (stages III and IV according to FIGO) compared to controls. We also examined the ability of PBMCs to secrete IFN-gamma. We found lower frequencies of freshly isolated and ex vivo stimulated CD4 + CD28+ and CD8 + CD28+ T cells in CC patients than in controls. Loss of CD28 expression was more pronounced in the CD8+ T subset. Markedly increased proportions of CTLA-4+ T cells in CC patients before and after culture compared to controls were also observed. In addition, patients’ T cells exhibited abnormal kinetics of surface CTLA-4 expression, with the peak at 24 h of stimulation, which was in contrast to corresponding normal T cells, revealing maximum CTLA-4 expression at 72 h of stimulation. Of note, markedly higher IFN-gamma concentrations were shown in supernatants of stimulated PBMCs from CC patients. Conclusions: Our report shows the dysregulated CD28 and CTLA-4 expression in PB T cells of CC patients, which may lead to impaired function of these lymphocytes and systemic immunosuppression related to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kosmaczewska
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Heusinkveld M, de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, Goedemans R, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Gorter A, Welters MJP, van Hall T, van der Burg SH. M2 Macrophages Induced by Prostaglandin E2and IL-6 from Cervical Carcinoma Are Switched to Activated M1 Macrophages by CD4+Th1 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1157-65. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Piersma SJ. Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in cervical cancer patients. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 4:361-75. [PMID: 21626415 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) in virtually all cases. These HPV-induced cancers express the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 and are therefore potentially recognized by the immune system. Despite the abundant presence of these foreign antigens, the immune system is unable to cope with the tumor. Due to the constant immunological pressure, cervical cancers can evolve different immune evasion strategies, which will be described in the current review. Several approaches for immunotherapy of cervical cancer are currently under development, which aim at inducing strong HPV-specific immunity. Besides the reinforcement of potent anti-tumor immune responses, immunotherapy could also enhance HPV-specific T regulatory cells. Supplementary strategies that neutralize an immunosuppressive milieu may have great potential. These strategies are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, room G02.667, Huispost G04.614 Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands,
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Clinicopathologic Implications of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression, and Human Papillomavirus Status in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in the Elderly. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:337-48. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31820864b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:To find information on invasive squamous cervical carcinoma in the elderly, 110 invasive squamous cervical carcinomas obtained from 2 groups of patients (aged <60 and >60 years) were analyzed for human papillomavirus (HPV) status by polymerase chain reaction study, for immunohistochemical epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) expression, and clinicopathologic features.Methods:The HPV status and the expression of Cox-2 and EGFR in the younger and older women were compared and correlated with the grading, staging neoplasm, and lymph nodal status, using Fisher test and Spearman nonparametric correlation test. Overall survival curves were drawn using Kaplan-Meier estimates and were compared using log-rank tests in the whole series of 110 patients. Multinomial logistic regression was also used.Results and Conclusions:The number of neoplasms with higher staging was significantly greater than those in the younger women (P= 0.04). The mortality was higher in the older group than in the younger patients (P= 0.006).In the elderly, the presence of HPV DNA in 65% of cases, and in the absence of sexual activity, could be due to reactivation of latent HPV infection, which might be due to an impairment of host immunologic response.The overexpression of Cox-2 in a number of cases was significantly higher in the older group than in the younger group (P= 0.032, Fisher exact test), but this immunoreactivity is not related to the staging, grading, EGFR expression, or to the presence of HPV.The simultaneous expression of Cox-2 and EGFR had a poor prognostic significance, showing lower survival rates than cases without this immunoreactivity (P= 0.002), on univariate analysis.On multivariate analysis, Cox-2 and EGFR immunopositivity did not reveal any correlation between these markers and prognosis probably because the number of cases considered was not particularly high.
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Versican expression is associated with tumor-infiltrating CD8-positive T cells and infiltration depth in cervical cancer. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1605-15. [PMID: 20729814 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is the second most frequent cancer type in women worldwide. Both inflammatory cells and stromal cells are important for tumor progression. Stromal cells produce growth factors and extracellular matrix and provide an adequate environment for angiogenesis. Versican, a member of the extracellular matrix, has been shown to have a role in tumor progression. The aim of this study was to investigate versican expression, and its association with tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cell subsets and with clinicopathological parameters in human cervical cancers. We have studied the expression of versican in 149 cervical cancers using immunohistochemistry and mRNA in situ hybridization. Versican was predominantly expressed in the stroma (myofibroblasts). Using quantitative real-time-PCR, V0 was found to be the most prominent isoform. High stromal versican expression was significantly associated with a low number of tumor-infiltrating T cells (P=0.018) and particularly a low number of CD8-positive T cells (cytotoxic T cells; P=0.002). Stromal versican expression was significantly higher in patients with an infiltration depth >14 mm (P=0.004) and in patients with parametrial invasion (P=0.044). Stromal versican expression was not associated with survival. Our results suggest that versican expression in the stromal compartment of cervical cancers results in reduced numbers of intraepithelial CD8-positive T cells and enhanced local invasion.
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Nurkkala M, Wassén L, Nordström I, Gustavsson I, Slavica L, Josefsson A, Eriksson K. Conjugation of HPV16 E7 to cholera toxin enhances the HPV-specific T-cell recall responses to pulsed dendritic cells in vitro in women with cervical dysplasia. Vaccine 2010; 28:5828-36. [PMID: 20600477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated whether cholera toxin (CT) as a carrier/adjuvant can enhance human T-cell responses to a viral oncoprotein in vitro using dendritic cells (DCs) as antigen-presenting cells. Monocyte-derived DCs obtained from women with cervical dysplasia were pulsed with the HPV16 oncoprotein E7, either alone or conjugated to CT, and tested for their ability to induce antigen-specific activation of autologous T cells in vitro. CT-conjugation of E7 significantly improved the capacity of pulsed DCs to activate antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion. The CT-E7-pulsed DCs also produced significantly more of the Th1-inducing cytokine IL-12 compared to DCs pulsed with E7 or CT alone. Furthermore, DCs pulsed with CT-conjugated HPV16 E7 caused a response in T cells from women with advanced disease (CIN III) as well as in T cells from women that were currently not infected with HPV16. These data show the potential of using CT-conjugated viral oncoproteins for DC-induced T-cell activation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Nurkkala
- Department of Rheumatology & Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Stromal issues in cervical cancer: a review of the role and function of basement membrane, stroma, immune response and angiogenesis in cervical cancer development. Eur J Cancer Prev 2010; 19:204-15. [PMID: 20101182 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e32833720de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenesis of cervical carcinoma implies an intricate interplay of neoplastic, human papillomavirus infected epithelial cells and stromal tissue, in which different factors have distinct but interacting influence. Persistent infection with an oncogenic human papillomavirus type may lead to epithelial dysplasia with progressive severity. To access the adjacent stromal tissue, tumour cells have to breach the basement membrane. The stroma partly controls tumour growth, invasion and angiogenesis. Last but not least there is considerable influence of the immune response. In this review we describe the importance of various stromal factors in carcinogenesis of cervical cancer.
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Mooyaart AL, van Valkengoed IGM, Shaw PKC, Peters V, Baelde HJ, Rabelink TJ, Bruijn JA, Stronks K, de Heer E. Lower frequency of the 5/5 homozygous CNDP1 genotype in South Asian Surinamese. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 85:272-8. [PMID: 19577318 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the frequency of the 5/5 homozygous CNDP1 (carnosinase) genotype, which was found to be associated with a reduced risk of developing diabetic nephropathy, in three ethnic groups in The Netherlands. Particularly interesting were the South Asian Surinamese, who have a high prevalence of diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, we investigated the association between this gene and carnosinase activity in South Asian Surinamese and whether carnosinase was expressed in the kidney. We genotyped 290 South Asian Surinamese, 532 African Surinamese, and 472 White Dutch in a cross-sectional population study. Furthermore, an independent cohort of South Asian Surinamese was genotyped. In this population, carnosinase activity was measured in serum. Immunostaining and in situ hybridization for CNDP1 were performed on kidney tissue. Both South Asian populations had lower frequencies of the 5/5 homozygous genotype than African Surinamese and White Dutch (23.0%, 27.2%, 38.2%, and 41.3%, respectively; chi-square, p<0.001). This genotype showed a lower carnosinase activity in South Asian Surinamese (Wilcoxon rank-sum, p=0.03). CNDP1 was expressed in the kidney. South Asian Surinamese have a lower frequency of the 5/5 homozygous genotype, which was associated with lower carnosinase activity. Our study provides an indication that South Asian Surinamese are genetically at risk for developing diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mooyaart
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zijlmans HJ, Fleuren GJ, Hazelbag S, Sier CF, Dreef EJ, Kenter GG, Gorter A. Expression of endoglin (CD105) in cervical cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:1617-26. [PMID: 19352388 PMCID: PMC2696762 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the role of endoglin (CD105), a regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signalling on endothelial cells, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in cervical cancer. We have measured the number and determined the location of both newly formed (CD105-positive) and the overall number of (CD31-positive) blood vessels, and bFGF and VEGF-A expression using immunohistochemistry in 30 cervical carcinoma specimens. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A mRNA expression was determined using RNA-in situ hybridisation. CD105- and CD31-positive vessels and bFGF- and VEGF-A-positive cells were predominantly present in the stroma. The presence of CD105- and CD31-positive vessels in the stroma did neither correlate with the number of VEGF-A-positive cells nor the number of bFGF-positive cells. However, the number of CD105- and CD31-positive vessels was associated with the expression of VEGF-A mRNA in the epithelial cell clusters (P=0.013 and P=0.005, respectively). The presence of CD105-positive and CD31-positive vessels was associated with the expression of αvβ6 (a TGF-β1 activator; P=0.013 and P=0.006, respectively). Clinically, the number of CD105-positive vessels associated with the number of lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). Furthermore, the presence of CD105-positive vessels within the epithelial cell clusters associated with poor disease-free survival (P=0.007).
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Zijlmans
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Perri D, Shabani F, Ziaeian G, Denomme GA. IFN-γ treated monocyte/macrophage phagocytosis of red cells sensitized with IgG1 and IgG3 Anti-D containing identical immunoglobulin variable region genes. Transfus Apher Sci 2008; 39:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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34
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Young JL, Jazaeri AA, Darus CJ, Modesitt SC. Cyclooxygenase-2 in cervical neoplasia: A review. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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35
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Kloth JN, Gorter A, ter Haar N, Corver WE, Jordanova ES, Kenter GG, Fleuren GJ. Lack of TNFα mRNA expression in cervical cancer is not associated with loss of heterozygosity at 6p21.3, inactivating mutations or promoter methylation. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:152-9. [PMID: 17560652 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered to be the major etiologic event for cervical cancer. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), a proinflammatory cytokine, may be involved in orchestrating an antitumor immune response against human papillomavirus expressing cervical cancer cells. Hence, loss of TNFalpha could be advantageous for tumor cells to escape immune clearance. The aim of our study was to investigate TNFalpha gene expression and epigenetic characteristics associated with the loss of TNFalpha expression in cervical cancer. To this end, we examined TNFalpha expression, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 6p21.3, the locus of TNFalpha, mutational status of the TNFalpha locus, loss of the TNFalpha promoter variant 2 allele and CpG hypermethylation of the TNFalpha promoter. RNA in situ hybridization showed absence of TNFalpha expression in 45% of 63 tumors. LOH occurred in 57% of the tumors and was not concordant with absence of TNFalpha mRNA. No mutations in the TNFalpha gene were identified in 15 cases deficient in TNFalpha expression exhibiting LOH. Furthermore, lack of TNFalpha expression did not correlate with promoter methylation. In conclusion, TNFalpha mRNA expression is absent in nearly half of the cervical tumors analyzed. Neither promoter methylation nor genetic causes for lack of expression were evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Kloth
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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