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Nguyen TTK, Pham KY, Yook S. Engineered therapeutic proteins for sustained-release drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:131-154. [PMID: 37717712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a vital role in diverse biological processes in the human body, and protein therapeutics have been applied to treat different diseases such as cancers, genetic disorders, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Protein therapeutics have demonstrated their advantages, such as specific pharmaceutical effects, low toxicity, and strong solubility. However, several disadvantages arise in clinical applications, including short half-life, immunogenicity, and low permeation, leading to reduced drug effectiveness. The structure of protein therapeutics can be modified to increase molecular size, leading to prolonged stability and increased plasma half-life. Notably, the controlled-release delivery systems for the sustained release of protein drugs and preserving the stability of cargo proteins are envisioned as a potential approach to overcome these challenges. In this review, we summarize recent research progress related to structural modifications (PEGylation, glycosylation, poly amino acid modification, and molecular biology-based strategies) and promising long-term delivery systems, such as polymer-based systems (injectable gel/implants, microparticles, nanoparticles, micro/nanogels, functional polymers), lipid-based systems (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers), and inorganic nanoparticles exploited for protein therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we highlight recent advances concerning modifying proteins directly to enhance their stability and functionality and discuss state-of-the-art methods for the delivery and controlled long-term release of active protein therapeutics to their target site. In terms of drug modifications, four widely used strategies, including PEGylation, poly amino acid modification, glycosylation, and genetic, are discussed. As for drug delivery systems, we emphasize recent progress relating to polymer-based systems, lipid-based systems developed, and inorganic nanoparticles for protein sustained-release delivery. This review points out the areas requiring focused research attention before the full potential of protein therapeutics for human health and disease can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoa Thi Kim Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Khang-Yen Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Sudha T, Salaheldin TA, Darwish NHE, Mousa SA. Antitumor/anti-angiogenesis efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate nanoformulated with antioxidant in melanoma. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1039-1053. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derived from green tea has poor stability; therefore, to enhance its bioavailability and anticancer efficiency, we synthesized three different nanoformulations. We hypothesized that these three nanoformulations of EGCG (nano-EGCG) would enhance EGCG’s stability and improve its anticancer and antiangiogenic activity against melanoma compared with free EGCG. Methods: We prepared nano-EGCG using a copolymerization method with the UV blocker ZnO and the antioxidants lycopene and olive oil. Results: The different nano-EGCG formulation exhibited improved EGCG stability and greater suppression of melanoma growth than free EGCG. Nanoformulation preparation methods efficiently prevented the loss of EGCG activity and are a favorable approach for the treatment of melanoma. Conclusion: Nano-EGCG formulations had enhanced stability and produced greater suppression of melanoma tumor growth and angiogenesis compared with free EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangirala Sudha
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Taher A Salaheldin
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Noureldien HE Darwish
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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3
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Janicka N, Sałek A, Sawińska M, Kuchar E, Wiela-Hojeńska A, Karłowicz-Bodalska K. Effects of Non-Opioid Analgesics on the Cell Membrane of Skin and Gastrointestinal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137096. [PMID: 35806101 PMCID: PMC9266389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin and gastrointestinal cancer cells are the target of research by many scientists due to the increasing morbidity and mortality rates around the world. New indications for drugs used in various conditions are being discovered. Non-opioid analgesics are worth noting as very popular, widely available, relatively cheap medications. They also have the ability to modulate the membrane components of tumor cells. The aim of this review is to analyze the impact of diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol on skin and gastrointestinal cancers cell membrane. These drugs may affect the membrane through topical application, at the in vitro and in vivo level after oral or parenteral administration. They can lead to up- or downregulated expression of receptors, transporters and other molecules associated with plasma membrane. Medications may also alter the lipid bilayer composition of membrane, resulting in changes in its integrity and fluidity. Described modulations can cause the visualization of cancer cells, enhanced response of the immune system and the initiation of cell death. The outcome of this is inhibition of progression or reduction of tumor mass and supports chemotherapy. In conclusion, non-opioid analgesics may be used in the future as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Janicka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (N.J.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Sałek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (N.J.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Magdalena Sawińska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (N.J.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Ernest Kuchar
- Department of Pediatrics with Clinical Assessment Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Wiela-Hojeńska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Karłowicz-Bodalska
- Department of Drugs Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Carpenter EL, Becker AL, Indra AK. NRF2 and Key Transcriptional Targets in Melanoma Redox Manipulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061531. [PMID: 35326683 PMCID: PMC8946769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic, pigment-producing cells located in the skin and are responsible for its protection against the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which include DNA damage and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). They do so by synthesizing photoprotective melanin pigments and distributing them to adjacent skin cells (e.g., keratinocytes). However, melanocytes encounter a large burden of oxidative stress during this process, due to both exogenous and endogenous sources. Therefore, melanocytes employ numerous antioxidant defenses to protect themselves; these are largely regulated by the master stress response transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Key effector transcriptional targets of NRF2 include the components of the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems. Despite these defenses, melanocyte DNA often is subject to mutations that result in the dysregulation of the proliferative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the cell cycle. Following tumor initiation, endogenous antioxidant systems are co-opted, a consequence of elevated oxidative stress caused by metabolic reprogramming, to establish an altered redox homeostasis. This altered redox homeostasis contributes to tumor progression and metastasis, while also complicating the application of exogenous antioxidant treatments. Further understanding of melanocyte redox homeostasis, in the presence or absence of disease, would contribute to the development of novel therapies to aid in the prevention and treatment of melanomas and other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Alyssa L. Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Perez M, Abisaad JA, Rojas KD, Marchetti MA, Jaimes N. Skin Cancer: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention. Part I. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 87:255-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Okwundu N, Rahman H, Liu T, Florell SR, Boucher KM, Grossman D. A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial of Oral Aspirin for Protection of Melanocytic Nevi Against UV-induced DNA Damage. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:129-138. [PMID: 34750146 PMCID: PMC8828675 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage plays a role in ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanoma. We previously showed that aspirin (ASA) can suppress prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and protect melanocytes from UV-induced DNA damage in mice, and suggested that taking ASA before acute sun exposure may reduce melanoma risk. We conducted a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine if orally administered ASA could suppress PGE2 in plasma and nevi and protect nevi from UV-induced DNA damage. After obtaining plasma and determining the minimal erythemal dose (MED) in 95 subjects at increased risk for melanoma, they were randomized to receive a daily dose of placebo, 81 mg ASA, or 325 mg ASA, in double-blind fashion for one month. After this intervention, one nevus was irradiated (dose = 1 or 2 MED) using a solar simulator. One day later, MED was re-determined, a second plasma sample was obtained, and the UV-irradiated nevus and an unirradiated nevus were removed. ASA metabolites were detected in the second plasma sample in subjects in the ASA arms. There were no significant differences in the pre- and post-intervention MED between those patients receiving ASA and placebo. Significantly reduced PGE2 levels were detected in plasma (second vs. first samples) and in nevi (both unirradiated and UV-treated) in subjects receiving ASA compared to placebo. Comparing UV-treated nevi from the ASA and placebo cohorts, however, did not reveal significant reductions in CD3-cell infiltration or 8-oxoguanine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Thus ASA did not effectively protect nevi from solar-simulated UV-induced inflammation and DNA damage under the conditions examined. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: Despite promising rationale, ASA at conventional dosing was not able to protect nevi against UV-induced DNA damage under the conditions examined.See related Spotlight, p. 71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwanneka Okwundu
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hafeez Rahman
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tong Liu
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Scott R Florell
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kenneth M Boucher
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas Grossman
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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7
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Elmets CA, Slominski A, Athar M. The Challenge of Melanoma Chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:71-74. [PMID: 35027465 PMCID: PMC9306336 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a treatment-resistant cancer of melanocytes. There is a serious unmet need for chemopreventive agents that can inhibit their evolution from preexisting dysplastic nevi. Low-dose aspirin and NSAIDs are potential chemopreventive candidates because they inhibit the enzyme COX-2 which has a number of procarcinogenic effects. Unfortunately, the clinical trial reported by Okwundu and colleagues in this issue of Cancer Prevention Research did not show an effect of aspirin on biomarkers associated with progression of premalignant dysplastic nevi to melanomas. Further clinical trials with other aspirin or NSAID biomarkers or clinical trials with other potential chemopreventive agents offer hope to those who are at increased risk for melanomas.See related article, p. 129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.,Corresponding Author: Craig A. Elmets, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 510 20 Street South, FOT Suite 858, Birmingham, AL 35233. Phone: 205-934-5188; Fax: 205-934-5766; E-mail:
| | - Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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8
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Borden ES, Adams AC, Buetow KH, Wilson MA, Bauman JE, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Chow HHS, LaFleur BJ, Hastings KT. Shared Gene Expression and Immune Pathway Changes Associated with Progression from Nevi to Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010003. [PMID: 35008167 PMCID: PMC8749980 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a deadly skin cancer, and the incidence of melanoma is rising. Chemoprevention, using small molecule drugs to prevent the development of cancer, is a key strategy that could reduce the burden of melanoma on society. The long-term goal of our study is to develop a gene signature biomarker of progression from nevi to melanoma. We found that a small number of genes can distinguish nevi from melanoma and identified shared genes and immune-related pathways that are associated with progression from nevi to melanoma across independent datasets. This study demonstrates (1) a novel approach to aid melanoma chemoprevention trials by using a gene signature as a surrogate endpoint and (2) the feasibility of determining a gene signature biomarker of melanoma progression. Abstract There is a need to identify molecular biomarkers of melanoma progression to assist the development of chemoprevention strategies to lower melanoma incidence. Using datasets containing gene expression for dysplastic nevi and melanoma or melanoma arising in a nevus, we performed differential gene expression analysis and regularized regression models to identify genes and pathways that were associated with progression from nevi to melanoma. A small number of genes distinguished nevi from melanoma. Differential expression of seven genes was identified between nevi and melanoma in three independent datasets. C1QB, CXCL9, CXCL10, DFNA5 (GSDME), FCGR1B, and PRAME were increased in melanoma, and SCGB1D2 was decreased in melanoma, compared to dysplastic nevi or nevi that progressed to melanoma. Further supporting an association with melanomagenesis, these genes demonstrated a linear change in expression from benign nevi to dysplastic nevi to radial growth phase melanoma to vertical growth phase melanoma. The genes associated with melanoma progression showed significant enrichment of multiple pathways related to the immune system. This study demonstrates (1) a novel application of bioinformatic approaches to aid clinical trials of melanoma chemoprevention and (2) the feasibility of determining a gene signature biomarker of melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Borden
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (E.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Anngela C. Adams
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (E.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Buetow
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (K.H.B.); (M.A.W.)
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Melissa A. Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (K.H.B.); (M.A.W.)
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Julie E. Bauman
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (J.E.B.); (C.C.-L.); (H.-H.S.C.)
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (J.E.B.); (C.C.-L.); (H.-H.S.C.)
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - H.-H. Sherry Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (J.E.B.); (C.C.-L.); (H.-H.S.C.)
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Karen Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (E.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-602-827-2106
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Etiologies of Melanoma Development and Prevention Measures: A Review of the Current Evidence. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194914. [PMID: 34638397 PMCID: PMC8508267 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma constitutes a major public health risk, with the rates of diagnosis increasing on a yearly basis. Monitoring for risk factors and preventing dangerous behaviors that increase melanoma risk, such as tanning, are important measures for melanoma prevention. Additionally, assessing the effectiveness of various methods to prevent sun exposure and sunburns—which can lead to melanoma—is important to help identify ways to reduce the development of melanoma. We summarize the recent evidence regarding the heritable and behavioral risks underlying melanoma, as well as the current methods used to reduce the risk of developing melanoma and to improve the diagnosis of this disease. Abstract (1) Melanoma is the most aggressive dermatologic malignancy, with an estimated 106,110 new cases to be diagnosed in 2021. The annual incidence rates continue to climb, which underscores the critical importance of improving the methods to prevent this disease. The interventions to assist with melanoma prevention vary and typically include measures such as UV avoidance and the use of protective clothing, sunscreen, and other chemopreventive agents. However, the evidence is mixed surrounding the use of these and other interventions. This review discusses the heritable etiologies underlying melanoma development before delving into the data surrounding the preventive methods highlighted above. (2) A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify the clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses pertinent to melanoma prevention and incidence. Online resources were queried to identify epidemiologic and clinical trial information. (3) Evidence exists to support population-wide screening programs, the proper use of sunscreen, and community-targeted measures in the prevention of melanoma. Clinical evidence for the majority of the proposed preventive chemotherapeutics is presently minimal but continues to evolve. (4) Further study of these chemotherapeutics, as well as improvement of techniques in artificial intelligence and imaging techniques for melanoma screening, is warranted for continued improvement of melanoma prevention.
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Transcriptomics-Based Phenotypic Screening Supports Drug Discovery in Human Glioblastoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153780. [PMID: 34359681 PMCID: PMC8345128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a particularly challenging cancer, with an aggressive phenotype and few promising treatment options. Future therapy will rely heavily on diagnosing and targeting aggressive GBM cellular phenotypes, both before and after drug treatment, as part of personalized therapy programs. Here, we use a genome-wide drug-induced gene expression (DIGEX) approach to define the cellular drug response phenotypes associated with two clinical drug candidates, the phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor Mardepodect and the multi-kinase inhibitor Regorafenib. We identify genes encoding specific drug targets, some of which we validate as effective antiproliferative agents and combination therapies in human GBM cell models, including HMGCoA reductase (HMGCR), salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1), bradykinin receptor subtype B2 (BDKRB2), and Janus kinase isoform 2 (JAK2). Individual, personalized treatments will be essential if we are to address and overcome the pharmacological plasticity that GBM exhibits, and DIGEX will play a central role in validating future drugs, diagnostics, and possibly vaccine candidates for this challenging cancer. Abstract We have used three established human glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines—U87MG, A172, and T98G—as cellular systems to examine the plasticity of the drug-induced GBM cell phenotype, focusing on two clinical drugs, the phosphodiesterase PDE10A inhibitor Mardepodect and the multi-kinase inhibitor Regorafenib, using genome-wide drug-induced gene expression (DIGEX) to examine the drug response. Both drugs upregulate genes encoding specific growth factors, transcription factors, cellular signaling molecules, and cell surface proteins, while downregulating a broad range of targetable cell cycle and apoptosis-associated genes. A few upregulated genes encode therapeutic targets already addressed by FDA approved drugs, but the majority encode targets for which there are no approved drugs. Amongst the latter, we identify many novel druggable targets that could qualify for chemistry-led drug discovery campaigns. We also observe several highly upregulated transmembrane proteins suitable for combined drug, immunotherapy, and RNA vaccine approaches. DIGEX is a powerful way of visualizing the complex drug response networks emerging during GBM drug treatment, defining a phenotypic landscape which offers many new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. Nevertheless, the extreme heterogeneity we observe within drug-treated cells using this technique suggests that effective pan-GBM drug treatment will remain a significant challenge for many years to come.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many drugs approved for other indications can control the growth of tumor cells and limit adverse events (AE). DATA SOURCES Literature searches with keywords 'repurposing and cancer' books, websites: https://clinicaltrials.gov/, for drug structures: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Introducing approved drugs, such as those developed to treat diabetes (Metformin) or inflammation (Thalidomide), identified to have cytostatic activity, can enhance chemotherapy or even replace more cytotoxic drugs. Also, anti-inflammatory compounds, cytokines and inhibitors of proteolysis can be used to control the side effects of chemo- and immuno-therapies or as second-line treatments for tumors resistant to kinase inhibitors (KI). Drugs specifically developed for cancer therapy, such as interferons (IFN), the tyrosine KI abivertinib TKI (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibitors, may help control symptoms of Covid-19. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Better knowledge of mechanisms of drug activities is essential for repurposing. Chemotherapies induce ER stress and enhance mutation rates and chromosome alterations, leading to resistance that cannot always be related to mutations in the target gene. Metformin, thalidomide and cytokines (IFN, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and others) have pleiomorphic activities, some of which can enhance tumorigenesis. The small and fragile patient pools available for clinical trials can cloud the data on the usefulness of cotreatments. GROWING POINTS Better understanding of drug metabolism and mechanisms should aid in repurposing drugs for primary, adjuvant and adjunct treatments. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Optimizing drug combinations, reducing cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics and controlling associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity (IHII), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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12
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Atkins MB, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Fisher DE, Swetter SM, Tsao H, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Soengas MS, Weeraratna AT, Flaherty KT, Herlyn M, Sosman JA, Tawbi HA, Pavlick AC, Cassidy PB, Chandra S, Chapman PB, Daud A, Eroglu Z, Ferris LK, Fox BA, Gershenwald JE, Gibney GT, Grossman D, Hanks BA, Hanniford D, Hernando E, Jeter JM, Johnson DB, Khleif SN, Kirkwood JM, Leachman SA, Mays D, Nelson KC, Sondak VK, Sullivan RJ, Merlino G. The State of Melanoma: Emergent Challenges and Opportunities. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2678-2697. [PMID: 33414132 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Five years ago, the Melanoma Research Foundation (MRF) conducted an assessment of the challenges and opportunities facing the melanoma research community and patients with melanoma. Since then, remarkable progress has been made on both the basic and clinical research fronts. However, the incidence, recurrence, and death rates for melanoma remain unacceptably high and significant challenges remain. Hence, the MRF Scientific Advisory Council and Breakthrough Consortium, a group that includes clinicians and scientists, reconvened to facilitate intensive discussions on thematic areas essential to melanoma researchers and patients alike, prevention, detection, diagnosis, metastatic dormancy and progression, response and resistance to targeted and immune-based therapy, and the clinical consequences of COVID-19 for patients with melanoma and providers. These extensive discussions helped to crystalize our understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing the broader melanoma community today. In this report, we discuss the progress made since the last MRF assessment, comment on what remains to be overcome, and offer recommendations for the best path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Atkins
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Arizona Cancer Center Skin Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology & Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan M Swetter
- Department of Dermatology, Pigmented Lesion & Melanoma Program, Stanford University Medical Center & Cancer Institute, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julio A Aguirre-Ghiso
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Departments of Medicine, Otolaryngology, & Oncological Sciences, Precision Immunology Institute, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Maria S Soengas
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health & Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hussein A Tawbi
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Pamela B Cassidy
- Knight Cancer Institute & Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul B Chapman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center & Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Adil Daud
- University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Zeynep Eroglu
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Laura K Ferris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Laboratory of Molecular & Tumor Immunology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- Departments of Surgical Oncology & Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Geoffrey T Gibney
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute & Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brent A Hanks
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Douglas Hanniford
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eva Hernando
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joanne M Jeter
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Samir N Khleif
- The Loop Laboratory for Immuno-Oncology Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C
| | | | - Sancy A Leachman
- Knight Cancer Institute & Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Darren Mays
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kelly C Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zukić S, Maran U. Modelling of antiproliferative activity measured in HeLa cervical cancer cells in a series of xanthene derivatives. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 31:905-921. [PMID: 33236957 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2020.1839131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in humans, and new drug substances are therefore being developed. Thus, the anti-cancer activity of xanthene derivatives has become an important topic in the development of new and potent anti-cancer drug substances. Previously published novel series of xanthen-3-one and xanthen-1,8-dione derivatives have been synthesized in one of our laboratories and showed anti-proliferative activity in HeLa cancer cell lines. This series serves as a good basis to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), to study the relations between anti-proliferative activity and chemical structures. A QSAR model has been derived that relies only on two-dimensional molecular descriptors, providing mechanistic insight into the anti-proliferative activity of xanthene derivatives. The model is validated internally and externally and additionally with the set of inactive compounds of the original data, confirming model applicability for the design and discovery of novel xanthene derivatives. The QSAR model is available at the QsarDB repository (http://dx.doi.10.15152/QDB.237).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zukić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Sarajevo , Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - U Maran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
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Silva J, Vanat P, Marques-da-Silva D, Rodrigues JR, Lagoa R. Metal alginates for polyphenol delivery systems: Studies on crosslinking ions and easy-to-use patches for release of protective flavonoids in skin. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:447-457. [PMID: 32280834 PMCID: PMC7139165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of bioactive natural compounds like polyphenols is an attractive approach for enhanced functionalities of biomaterials. In particular flavonoids have important pharmacological activities, and controlled release systems may be instrumental to realize the full potential of these phytochemicals. Alginate presents interesting attributes for dermal and other biomaterial applications, and studies were carried here to support the development of polyphenol-loaded alginate systems. Studies of capillary viscosity indicated that ionic medium is an effective strategy to modulate the polyelectrolyte effect and viscosity properties of alginates. On gelation, considerable differences were observed between alginate gels produced with Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+ as crosslinkers, especially concerning shrinkage and morphological regularity. Stability assays with different polyphenols in the presence of alginate-gelling cations pointed to the choice of calcium, barium and zinc as safer crosslinkers. Alginate-based films loaded with epicatechin were prepared and the kinetics of release of the flavonoid investigated. The results with calcium, barium and zinc alginate matrices indicated that the release dynamics is dependent on film thicknesses, but also on the crosslinking metal used. On these grounds, an alginate-based system of convenient use was devised, so that flavonoids can be easily loaded at simple point-of-care conditions before dermal application. This epicatechin-loaded patch was tested on an ex-vivo skin model and demonstrated capacity to deliver therapeutically relevant concentrations on skin surface. Moreover, the flavonoid released was not modified and retained full antioxidant bioactivity. The alginate-based system proposed offers a multifunctional approach for flavonoid controllable delivery and protection of skin injured or under risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Silva
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Pavlo Vanat
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
| | | | - Joaquim Rui Rodrigues
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado LSRE-LCM, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lagoa
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal
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Maguire WF, Kirkwood JM. Developing agents for the therapeutic prevention of melanoma: can the assessment of cutaneous precursor lesions help? Future Oncol 2020; 16:413-415. [PMID: 32100570 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William F Maguire
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Moncalvo F, Martinez Espinoza MI, Cellesi F. Nanosized Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Proteins: Clinically Validated Technologies and Advanced Development Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:89. [PMID: 32117952 PMCID: PMC7033645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of protein therapeutics in healthcare is steadily increasing, due to advancements in the field of biotechnology and a deeper understanding of several pathologies. However, their safety and efficacy are often limited by instability, short half-life and immunogenicity. Nanodelivery systems are currently being investigated for overcoming these limitations and include covalent attachment of biocompatible polymers (PEG and other synthetic or naturally derived macromolecules) as well as protein nanoencapsulation in colloidal systems (liposomes and other lipid or polymeric nanocarriers). Such strategies have the potential to develop next-generation protein therapeutics. Herein, we review recent research progresses on these nanodelivery approaches, as well as future directions and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Cellesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Varedi A, Bishop MD, Boucher KM, Kim CC, Grossman D. Powering a prospective melanoma chemoprevention trial in high-risk cohorts. Int J Dermatol 2019; 58:e232-e234. [PMID: 31206619 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Varedi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael D Bishop
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kenneth M Boucher
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Caroline C Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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18
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Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng chemoprevents both initiation and promotion of cutaneous carcinoma by enhancing cell-mediated immunity and maintaining redox homeostasis. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:580-592. [PMID: 32617038 PMCID: PMC7322735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (thereafter called ginseng) has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years to maintain people's physical vitality and is also a non–organ-specific cancer preventive and therapeutic traditional medicine in several epidemiologic and preclinical studies. Owing to few toxic side effects and strong enhancement on body immunity, ginseng has admirable application potential and value in cancer chemoprevention. The study aims at investigating the chemopreventive effects of ginseng on cutaneous carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The mouse skin cancer model was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for identifying various ginsenosides, the main active ingredients of ginseng. Comprehensive approaches (including network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental verification) were used to explore the potential targets of ginseng. Results Ginseng treatment inhibited cutaneous carcinoma in terms of initiation and promotion. The content of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd ginsenosides was the highest in both mouse blood and skin tissues. Ginseng and its active components well maintained the redox homeostasis and modulated the immune response in the model. Specifically, ginseng treatment inhibited the initiation of skin cancer by enhancing T-cell–mediated immune response through upregulating HSP27 expression and inhibited the promotion of skin cancer by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Conclusion According to the study results, ginseng can be potentially used for cutaneous carcinoma as a chemopreventive agent by enhancing cell-mediated immunity and maintaining redox homeostasis with multiple components, targets, and links.
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