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Portela-Lomba M, Simón D, Callejo-Móstoles M, de la Fuente G, Fernández de Sevilla D, García-Escudero V, Moreno-Flores MT, Sierra J. Generation of functional neurons from adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia by direct lineage conversion. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:478. [PMID: 38961086 PMCID: PMC11222439 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A recent approach to promote central nervous system (CNS) regeneration after injury or disease is direct conversion of somatic cells to neurons. This is achieved by transduction of viral vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors. In this work we propose adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia (hmOEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons due to its accessibility and to its well-characterized neuroregenerative capacity. After induction of hmOEG with the single neurogenic transcription factor NEUROD1, the cells under study exhibited morphological and immunolabeling neuronal features, fired action potentials and expressed glutamatergic and GABAergic markers. In addition, after engraftment of transduced hmOEG cells in the mouse hippocampus, these cells showed specific neuronal labeling. Thereby, if we add to the neuroregenerative capacity of hmOEG cultures the conversion to neurons of a fraction of their population through reprogramming techniques, the engraftment of hmOEG and hmOEG-induced neurons could be a procedure to enhance neural repair after central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Portela-Lomba
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Simón
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Marta Callejo-Móstoles
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma de la Fuente
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández de Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vega García-Escudero
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreno-Flores
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Sierra
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
- School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
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2
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Zhang C, Ge L, Xie H, Liu X, Xun C, Chen Y, Chen H, Lu M, Chen P. Retinoic acid induced specific changes in the phosphoproteome of C17.2 neural stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18205. [PMID: 38506089 PMCID: PMC10951872 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative, is an effective cell differentiating factor which plays critical roles in neuronal differentiation induction and the production of neurotransmitters in neurons. However, the specific changes in phosphorylation levels and downstream signalling pathways associated with RA remain unclear. This study employed qualitative and quantitative phosphoproteomics approaches based on mass spectrometry to investigate the phosphorylation changes induced by RA in C17.2 neural stem cells (NSCs). Dimethyl labelling, in conjunction with TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment, was utilized to profile the phosphoproteome of self-renewing and RA-induced differentiated cells in C17.2 NSCs. The results of our study revealed that, qualitatively, 230 and 14 phosphoproteins were exclusively identified in the self-renewal and RA-induced groups respectively. Quantitatively, we successfully identified and quantified 177 unique phosphoproteins, among which 70 exhibited differential phosphorylation levels. Analysis of conserved phosphorylation motifs demonstrated enrichment of motifs corresponding to cyclin-dependent kinase and MAPK in the RA-induced group. Additionally, through a comprehensive literature and database survey, we found that the differentially expressed proteins were associated with the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signalling pathways. This work sheds light on the changes in phosphorylation levels induced by RA in C17.2 NSCs, thereby expanding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying RA-induced neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life ScienceSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Lite Ge
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated HospitalHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Huali Xie
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Chengfeng Xun
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Yan Chen
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Ming Lu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Ping Chen
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
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3
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Liu MC, Guo QF, Zhang WW, Luo HL, Zhang WJ, Hu HJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells as candidate cells for chronic pain treatment. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102413. [PMID: 38492895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain is often accompanied by tissue damage and pain hypersensitivity. It easily relapses and is challenging to cure, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life and is an urgent problem to be solved. Current treatment methods primarily rely on morphine drugs, which do not address the underlying nerve injury and may cause adverse reactions. Therefore, in recent years, scientists have shifted their focus from chronic pain treatment to cell transplantation. This review describes the classification and mechanism of chronic pain through the introduction of the characteristics of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), an in-depth discussion of special glial cells through the phagocytosis of nerve debris, receptor-ligand interactions, providing nutrition, and other inhibition of neuroinflammation, and ultimately supporting axon regeneration and mitigation of chronic pain. This review summarizes the potential and limitations of OECs for treating chronic pain by objectively analyzing relevant clinical trials and methods to enhance efficacy and future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chen Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Qing-Fa Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hai-Jun Hu
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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4
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Zeng CW, Tsai HJ. The Promising Role of a Zebrafish Model Employed in Neural Regeneration Following a Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13938. [PMID: 37762240 PMCID: PMC10530783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that results in a wide range of physical impairments and disabilities. Despite the advances in our understanding of the biological response to injured tissue, no effective treatments are available for SCIs at present. Some studies have addressed this issue by exploring the potential of cell transplantation therapy. However, because of the abnormal microenvironment in injured tissue, the survival rate of transplanted cells is often low, thus limiting the efficacy of such treatments. Many studies have attempted to overcome these obstacles using a variety of cell types and animal models. Recent studies have shown the utility of zebrafish as a model of neural regeneration following SCIs, including the proliferation and migration of various cell types and the involvement of various progenitor cells. In this review, we discuss some of the current challenges in SCI research, including the accurate identification of cell types involved in neural regeneration, the adverse microenvironment created by SCIs, attenuated immune responses that inhibit nerve regeneration, and glial scar formation that prevents axonal regeneration. More in-depth studies are needed to fully understand the neural regeneration mechanisms, proteins, and signaling pathways involved in the complex interactions between the SCI microenvironment and transplanted cells in non-mammals, particularly in the zebrafish model, which could, in turn, lead to new therapeutic approaches to treat SCIs in humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
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5
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Stepanova OV, Fursa GA, Andretsova SS, Shishkina VS, Voronova AD, Chadin AV, Karsuntseva EK, Reshetov IV, Chekhonin VP. Prospects for the use of olfactory mucosa cells in bioprinting for the treatment of spinal cord injuries. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:322-331. [PMID: 36686356 PMCID: PMC9850961 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i2.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on the most important areas of cell therapy for spinal cord injuries. Olfactory mucosa cells are promising for transplantation. Obtaining these cells is safe for patients. The use of olfactory mucosa cells is effective in restoring motor function due to the remyelination and regeneration of axons after spinal cord injuries. These cells express neurotrophic factors that play an important role in the functional recovery of nerve tissue after spinal cord injuries. In addition, it is possible to increase the content of neurotrophic factors, at the site of injury, exogenously by the direct injection of neurotrophic factors or their delivery using gene therapy. The advantages of olfactory mucosa cells, in combination with neurotrophic factors, open up wide possibilities for their application in three-dimensional and four-dimensional bioprinting technology treating spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vladislavovna Stepanova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Neurohumoral and Immunological Research, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Grigorii Andreevich Fursa
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Svetlana Sergeevna Andretsova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina Sergeevna Shishkina
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Anastasia Denisovna Voronova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Andrey Viktorovich Chadin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | | | | | - Vladimir Pavlovich Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologу, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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6
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Denaro S, D’Aprile S, Alberghina C, Pavone AM, Torrisi F, Giallongo S, Longhitano L, Mannino G, Lo Furno D, Zappalà A, Giuffrida R, Tibullo D, Li Volti G, Vicario N, Parenti R. Neurotrophic and immunomodulatory effects of olfactory ensheathing cells as a strategy for neuroprotection and regeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1098212. [PMID: 36601122 PMCID: PMC9806219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1098212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence sustains glial cells as critical players during central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis and disease. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a type of specialized glia cells sharing properties with both Schwann cells and astrocytes, are of critical importance in physiological condition during olfactory system development, supporting its regenerative potential throughout the adult life. These characteristics prompted research in the field of cell-based therapy to test OEC grafts in damaged CNS. Neuroprotective mechanisms exerted by OEC grafts are not limited to axonal regeneration and cell differentiation. Indeed, OEC immunomodulatory properties and their phagocytic potential encourage OEC-based approaches for tissue regeneration in case of CNS injury. Herein we reviewed recent advances on the immune role of OECs, their ability to modulate CNS microenvironment via bystander effects and the potential of OECs as a cell-based strategy for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Denaro
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona D’Aprile
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristiana Alberghina
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pavone
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Nunzio Vicario, ; Rosalba Parenti,
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Nunzio Vicario, ; Rosalba Parenti,
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7
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Wang X, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Fan H, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Tian F, Li J, Yang H, Hao D. The promoting effects of activated olfactory ensheathing cells on angiogenesis after spinal cord injury through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:23. [PMID: 35246244 PMCID: PMC8895872 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the pro-angiogenic potential of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) activated by curcumin (CCM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Vascular endothelial cells or tissues were cultured and treated with conditioned medium (CM) extracted from activated OECs activated through the addition of LPS and CCM or unactivated controls. Concomitantly, the pro-angiogenic potential of OECs was assessed in vitro by aortic ring sprouting assay, endothelial wound healing assay, CCK-8 assay, and tube formation assay. Subsequently, the OECs were co-cultured with endothelial cells to evaluate their promoting effect on endothelial cell proliferation and migration following a mechanical scratch. Moreover, the spinal cord injury (SCI) model in rats was established, and the number of endothelial cells and vascular structure in the injured area after SCI was observed with OEC transplantation. Finally, the underlying mechanism was investigated by western blot analysis of phosphorylated kinase expression with or without the MK-2206 (Akt-inhibitor). Result The present results showed that the activated OECs can effectively promote vascular endothelial cells' proliferation, migration, and vessel-like structure formation. Strikingly, several pro-angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF-A and PDGF-AA, which facilitate vessel formation, were found to be significantly elevated in CM. In addition, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was found to be involved in pro-angiogenic events caused by activated OEC CM, displaying higher phosphorylation levels in cells. In contrast, the delivery of MK2206 can effectively abrogate all the positive effects. Conclusions OECs activated by LPS and CCM have a pro-angiogenic effect and can effectively promote angiogenesis and improve the microenvironment at the injury site when transplanted in the injured spinal cord. This potentiated ability of OECs to provide pro-angiogenic effects is likely mediated through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00765-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.,Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yongyuan Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.,Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopaedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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8
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Cell transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:79-158. [PMID: 36424097 PMCID: PMC10008620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Miah M, Ferretti P, Choi D. Considering the Cellular Composition of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplants for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: A Review of the Literature. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:781489. [PMID: 34867207 PMCID: PMC8635789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are specialized glia cells of the olfactory system that support the continual regeneration of olfactory neurons throughout adulthood. Owing to their pro-regenerative properties, OECs have been transplanted in animal models of spinal cord injuries (SCI) and trialed in clinical studies on SCI patients. Although these studies have provided convincing evidence to support the continued development of OEC transplantation as a treatment option for the repair of SCI, discrepancies in the reported outcome has shown that OEC transplantation requires further improvement. Much of the variability in the reparative potential of OEC transplants is due to the variations in the cell composition of transplants between studies. As a result, the optimal cell preparation is currently a subject of debate. Here we review, the characterization as well as the effect of the cell composition of olfactory cell transplantation on therapeutic outcome in SCI. Firstly, we summarize and review the cell composition of olfactory cell preparations across the different species studied prior to transplantation. Since the purity of cells in olfactory transplants might affect the study outcome we also examine the effect of the proportions of OECs and the different cell types identified in the transplant on neuroregeneration. Finally, we consider the effect of the yield of cells on neuroregeneration by assessing the cell dose of transplants on therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Miah
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Choi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Gilmour AD, Reshamwala R, Wright AA, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Optimizing Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:817-829. [PMID: 32056492 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation constitutes an important avenue for development of new treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI). These therapies are aimed at supporting neural repair and/or replacing lost cells at the injury site. To date, various cell types have been trialed, with most studies focusing on different types of stem cells or glial cells. Here, we review commonly used cell transplantation approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair, with focus on transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system. OECs are promising candidates for promotion of neural repair given that they support continuous regeneration of the olfactory nerve that occurs throughout life. Further, OECs can be accessed from the nasal mucosa (olfactory neuroepithelium) at the roof of the nasal cavity and can be autologously transplanted. OEC transplantation has been trialed in many animal models of SCI, as well as in human clinical trials. While several studies have been promising, outcomes are variable and the method needs improvement to enhance aspects such as cell survival, integration, and migration. As a case study, we include the approaches used by our team (the Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia) to address the current problems with OEC transplantation and discuss how the therapeutic potential of OEC transplantation can be improved. Our approach includes discovery research to improve our knowledge of OEC biology, identifying natural and synthetic compounds to stimulate the neural repair properties of OECs, and designing three-dimensional cell constructs to create stable and transplantable cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Gilmour
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison A Wright
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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11
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A phosphoproteomics study reveals a defined genetic program for neural lineage commitment of neural stem cells induced by olfactory ensheathing cell-conditioned medium. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105797. [PMID: 34352399 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since both Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) have shown certain efficacy in the cellular therapy of nerve injury and disease, there have been a series of investigations in recent years looking at the co-culture of NSCs and OECs. Protein phosphorylation forms the basis for identifying a variety of cellular signaling pathways responsible for regulating the self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs induced by OECs. To better understand the signaling cascades in the early phases of OEC-induced NSC differentiation, changes in the NSC proteome and phosphoproteome during the first 24 h were determined using dimethyl labeling and TiO2 phosphorylation enrichment coupled with Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 565 proteins and 2511 phosphorylation sites were identified. According to quantitative phosphoproteomics analyses of NSC differentiation induced by OECs during the first 12 and 24 h, it was speculated that there were at least two different signal waves: one peaking within 12 h after stimulation and the second upsurge after 24 h. In addition to understanding the dynamics of the proteome and phosphoproteome in the early stages of NSC differentiation, our analyses identified a key role of the TGF-β3 protein secreted by OECs, which may be an initiating factor that promotes differentiation of NSCs into neurons induced by OECs. These findings not only redemonstrated a OECs-based therapeutic strategy in cell therapy, but also added a node to the regulatory network for the neural lineage commitment of NSCs induced by OECs.
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12
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Abdolahi S, Aligholi H, Khodakaram-Tafti A, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Stummer W, Gorji A. Improvement of Rat Spinal Cord Injury Following Lentiviral Vector-Transduced Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Epileptic Brain Tissue Transplantation with a Self-assembling Peptide Scaffold. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2481-2493. [PMID: 33443682 PMCID: PMC8128971 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling neurological disorder that causes neural circuit dysfunction. Although various therapies have been applied to improve the neurological outcomes of SCI, little clinical progress has been achieved. Stem cell-based therapy aimed at restoring the lost cells and supporting micromilieu at the site of the injury has become a conceptually attractive option for tissue repair following SCI. Adult human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNS/PCs) were obtained from the epileptic human brain specimens. Induction of SCI was followed by the application of lentiviral vector-mediated green fluorescent protein-labeled hNS/PCs seeded in PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel (PM). The co-application of hNS/PCs and PM at the SCI injury site significantly enhanced cell survival and differentiation, reduced the lesion volume, and improved neurological functions compared to the control groups. Besides, the transplanted hNS/PCs seeded in PM revealed significantly higher migration abilities into the lesion site and the healthy host tissue as well as a greater differentiation into astrocytes and neurons in the vicinity of the lesion as well as in the host tissue. Our data suggest that the transplantation of hNS/PCs seeded in PM could be a promising approach to restore the damaged tissues and improve neurological functions after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdolahi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurology and Institute for Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Minkelyte K, Collins A, Liadi M, Ibrahim A, Li D, Li Y. High-Yield Mucosal Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Restore Loss of Function in Rat Dorsal Root Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051186. [PMID: 34066218 PMCID: PMC8150777 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported that no axons were crossing from the severed dorsal roots to the spinal cord using the rat dorsal rhizotomy paradigm. The injury caused ipsilateral deficits of forepaw function. An attempt to restore the function by transplanting cells containing 5% olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) cultured from the olfactory mucosa did not succeed. However, obtaining OECs from the olfactory mucosa has an advantage for clinical application. In the present study, we used the same rhizotomy paradigm, but rats with an injury received cells from a modified mucosal culture containing around 20% OECs mixed in collagen. The forelimb proprioception assessment showed that 80% of the rats receiving the transplants had functional improvement over six weeks of the study. The adhesive removal test showed that the time taken for the rats to notice the adhesive label and remove it almost returned to the normal level after receiving the transplants. Transplanted cells were identified with the expression of green fluorescent protein (ZsGreen). Some regeneration fibres immunostained for neurofilament (NF) or traced by biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in the injury area were associated with the transplanted cells. The evidence in this study improves the prospect of clinical application using OECs from the olfactory mucosa to treat CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamile Minkelyte
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Andrew Collins
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Modinat Liadi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
- Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals, London RM7 0AG, UK
| | - Daqing Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Ying Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-20-3448-4481
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14
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Saglam A, Calof AL, Wray S. Novel factor in olfactory ensheathing cell-astrocyte crosstalk: Anti-inflammatory protein α-crystallin B. Glia 2021; 69:1022-1036. [PMID: 33314354 PMCID: PMC9469687 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in CNS neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration that may help or hinder recovery, depending on the context of the injury. Although pro-inflammatory factors that promote astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity have been shown to be secreted by reactive microglia, anti-inflammatory factors that suppress astrocyte activation are not well-characterized. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), glial cells that wrap axons of olfactory sensory neurons, have been shown to moderate astrocyte reactivity, creating an environment conducive to regeneration. Similarly, astrocytes cultured in medium conditioned by cultured OECs (OEC-CM) show reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), a pro-inflammatory protein that induces neurotoxic reactivity in astrocytes. In this study, we screened primary and immortalized OEC lines to identify these factors and discovered that Alpha B-crystallin (CryAB), an anti-inflammatory protein, is secreted by OECs via exosomes, coordinating an intercellular immune response. Our results showed that: (a) OEC exosomes block nuclear NFκB translocation in astrocytes while exosomes from CryAB-null OECs could not; (b) OEC exosomes could be taken up by astrocytes, and (c) CryAB treatment suppressed neurotoxicity-associated astrocyte transcripts. Our results indicate CryAB, as well as other factors secreted by OECs, are potential agents that can ameliorate, or even reverse, the growth-inhibitory environment created by neurotoxic reactive astrocytes following CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Saglam
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Program in Neuroscience & Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Anne L. Calof
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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15
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Castaño O, López-Mengual A, Reginensi D, Matamoros-Angles A, Engel E, Del Rio JA. Chemotactic TEG3 Cells' Guiding Platforms Based on PLA Fibers Functionalized With the SDF-1α/CXCL12 Chemokine for Neural Regeneration Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:627805. [PMID: 33829009 PMCID: PMC8019790 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.627805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(Following spinal cord injury, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach in promoting functional improvement. Some studies report that the migratory properties of OECs are compromised by inhibitory molecules and potentiated by chemical concentration differences. Here we compare the attachment, morphology, and directionality of an OEC-derived cell line, TEG3 cells, seeded on functionalized nanoscale meshes of Poly(l/dl-lactic acid; PLA) nanofibers. The size of the nanofibers has a strong effect on TEG3 cell adhesion and migration, with the PLA nanofibers having a 950 nm diameter being the ones that show the best results. TEG3 cells are capable of adopting a bipolar morphology on 950 nm fiber surfaces, as well as a highly dynamic behavior in migratory terms. Finally, we observe that functionalized nanofibers, with a chemical concentration increment of SDF-1α/CXCL12, strongly enhance the migratory characteristics of TEG3 cells over inhibitory substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Castaño
- Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.,Bioelectronics Unit and Nanobioeneering Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana López-Mengual
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Reginensi
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, Panama.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Universidad Latina de Panamá, Panama City, Panama
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Engel
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.,IMEM-BRT Group, Department of Materials Science, EEBE, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Rio
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Ursavas S, Darici H, Karaoz E. Olfactory ensheathing cells: Unique glial cells promising for treatments of spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1579-1597. [PMID: 33605466 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is generally the consequence of physical damage, which may result in devastating consequences such as paraplegia or paralysis. Some certain candidates for SCI repair are olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are unique glial cells located in the transition region of the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system and perform neuron regeneration in the olfactory system throughout life. Culture studies have clarified many properties of OECs, but their mechanisms of actions are not fully understood. Successful results achieved in animal models showcased that SCI treatment with OEC transplants is suitable for clinical trials. However, clinical trials are limited by difficulties like cell acquisition for autograft transplantation. Despite the improvements in both animal and clinical studies so far, there is still insufficient information about the mechanism of actions, adverse effects, proper application methods, effective subtypes, and sources of cells. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical literature focused on the cellular characterization of both OECs in vitro and post-transplantation. We highlight the roles and effects of OECs on (a) the injury-induced glial milieu, (b) neuronal growth/regeneration, and (c) functional recovery after injury. Due to the shown benefits of OECs with in vitro and animal studies and a limited number of clinical trials, where safety and effectivity were shown, it is necessary to conduct more studies on OECs to obtain effective and feasible treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Ursavas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Darici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Manufacturing, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Vafaei-Nezhad S, Niknazar S, Norouzian M, Abdollahifar MA, Aliaghaei A, Abbaszadeh HA. Therapeutics effects of [Pyr1] apelin-13 on rat contusion model of spinal cord injury: An experimental study. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 113:101924. [PMID: 33567298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause various symptoms, including pain, complete or incomplete loss of autonomic, sensory, motor and functions inferior to the site of the damage. Despite wondrous advances in medicine, treating spinal cord injuries remains a thorny issue yet. Recently, the control of inflammatory processes after damage to the nervous system has been noticed as a promising therapeutic target. The goal of the present experiment was to identify the effects of apelin-13 on the histological outcome, inflammatory factors, and functional recovery in the animal contusion model of SCI were analyzed. 40 Female Wistar rats were randomly but equally assigned in laminectomy, contusion, PBS (1 mL PBS, i.p), control group which received apelin-13 (control + apelin, 100 μg/kg, i.p), and apelin-13 treatment groups. In the treatment group, apelin-13 (100 μg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 30 min after injury. The weight-dropping contusion model was used for inducing SCI. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale (BBB), narrow beam test (NBT), rotarod test, and the open-field test was applied to evaluate locomotor and behavioral activity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ELISA technique was accomplished eight weeks after inducing SCI to measure the level of fibroblast growth factor FGF-1, FGFR1 and the inflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10. Furthermore, histological change was estimated by H&E staining. Our results showed that apelin-13 treatment after SCI led to a significant increase in functional recovery and behavioral tests. Stereological estimation illustrated that apelin-13 could reduce significantly central cavity volume and number of glial cells, and also increase significantly spinal cord volume and number of neural cells. PCR and ELISA evaluation shows a significant increase in IL-10 level and decrease in levels of FGF-1, FGF-R1, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC). This study suggested that apelin-13 has neuroprotective effects by regulating the inflammatory process after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Vafaei-Nezhad
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Niknazar
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Norouzian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjat Allah Abbaszadeh
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Abstract
Currently, most cellular therapeutic effects for nervous diseases cannot be proven in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-control clinical trials, except for a few kinds of cells such as olfactory ensheathing cells. These cells show significant improvements in functional recovery and quality of life for patients with chronic ischemic stroke. Also, olfactory neuron transplantation has promising neurorestorative effects on patients with vascular dementia. Human olfactory neuroepithelium can spontaneously and sustainably regenerate or produce new olfactory neurons and glial cell types for decades or a lifetime. The neurorestorative mechanisms of olfactory ensheathing cells are well known; however, little is known about the neurorestorative mechanisms of olfactory neurons. Therefore, I hypothesize that the neurorestorative mechanisms of olfactory neurons after transplantation: (1) can well migrate where they are needed and become local functional neurons, as they need to compensate or replace; (2) must be regulated by some special molecular factors to elongate their axons, modulate or direct synapses to correctly recognize and connect the target cells, and integrate functions. Based on olfactory neuroepithelium cells displaying the special characterization, neurorestorative mechanisms, clinical therapeutic achievements, and hypotheses of effective mechanisms, they (olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory neurons) may be the most efficient instruments of neurorestoration.
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19
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Kwiecien JM. The Pathogenesis of Neurotrauma Indicates Targets for Neuroprotective Therapies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1191-1201. [PMID: 33550977 PMCID: PMC8719295 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210125153308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates an extraordinarily protracted disease with 3 phases; acute, inflammatory, and resolution that are restricted to the cavity of injury (COI) or arachnoiditis by a unique CNS reaction against the severity of destructive inflammation. While the severity of inflammation involving the white matter is fueled by a potently immunogenic activity of damaged myelin, its sequestration in the COI and its continuity with the cerebrospinal fluid of the subdural space allow anti-inflammatory therapeutics infused subdurally to inhibit phagocytic macrophage infiltration and thus provide neuroprotection. The role of astrogliosis in containing and ultimately in eliminating severe destructive inflammation post-trauma appears obvious but is not yet sufficiently understood to use in therapeutic neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategies. An apparent antiinflammatory activity of reactive astrocytes is paralleled by their active role in removing excess edema fluid in blood-brain barrier damaged by inflammation. Recently elucidated pathogenesis of neurotrauma, including SCI, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke, calls for the following principal therapeutic steps in its treatment leading to the recovery of neurologic function: (1) inhibition and elimination of destructive inflammation from the COI with accompanying reduction of vasogenic edema, (2) insertion into the COI of a functional bridge supporting the crossing of regenerating axons, (3) enabling regeneration of axons to their original synaptic targets by temporary safe removal of myelin in targeted areas of white matter, (4) in vivo, systematic monitoring of the consecutive therapeutic steps. The focus of this paper is on therapeutic step 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Room HSC 1U22D, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L4S 4K1, Canada
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20
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Ahuja CS, Mothe A, Khazaei M, Badhiwala JH, Gilbert EA, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM, Tator C, Fehlings MG. The leading edge: Emerging neuroprotective and neuroregenerative cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1509-1530. [PMID: 32691994 PMCID: PMC7695641 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are associated with tremendous physical, social, and financial costs for millions of individuals and families worldwide. Rapid delivery of specialized medical and surgical care has reduced mortality; however, long-term functional recovery remains limited. Cell-based therapies represent an exciting neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategy for SCI. This article summarizes the most promising preclinical and clinical cell approaches to date including transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, Schwann cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells, as well as strategies to activate endogenous multipotent cell pools. Throughout, we emphasize the fundamental biology of cell-based therapies, critical features in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, and the strengths and limitations of each approach. We also highlight salient completed and ongoing clinical trials worldwide and the bidirectional translation of their findings. We then provide an overview of key adjunct strategies such as trophic factor support to optimize graft survival and differentiation, engineered biomaterials to provide a support scaffold, electrical fields to stimulate migration, and novel approaches to degrade the glial scar. We also discuss important considerations when initiating a clinical trial for a cell therapy such as the logistics of clinical-grade cell line scale-up, cell storage and transportation, and the delivery of cells into humans. We conclude with an outlook on the future of cell-based treatments for SCI and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Ahuja
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Andrea Mothe
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jetan H. Badhiwala
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Emily A. Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Charles Tator
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
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21
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Assinck P, Sparling JS, Dworski S, Duncan GJ, Wu DL, Liu J, Kwon BK, Biernaskie J, Miller FD, Tetzlaff W. Transplantation of Skin Precursor-Derived Schwann Cells Yields Better Locomotor Outcomes and Reduces Bladder Pathology in Rats with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:140-155. [PMID: 32559459 PMCID: PMC7363874 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation for spinal cord injury (SCI) has largely been studied in sub-acute settings within 1–2 weeks of injury. In contrast, here we transplanted skin-derived precursors differentiated into Schwann cells (SKP-SCs) into the contused rat spinal cord 8 weeks post-injury (wpi). Twenty-one weeks later (29 wpi), SKP-SCs were found to have survived transplantation, integrated with host tissue, and mitigated the formation of a dense glial scar. Furthermore, transplanted SKP-SCs filled much of the lesion sites and greatly enhanced the presence of endogenous SCs, which myelinated thousands of sprouting/spared host axons in and around the injury site. In addition, SKP-SC transplantation improved locomotor outcomes and decreased pathological thickening of bladder wall. To date, functional improvements have very rarely been observed with cell transplantation beyond the sub-acute stage of injury. Hence, these findings indicate that skin-derived SCs are a promising candidate cell type for the treatment of chronic SCI. SKP-SCs injected 8 weeks after SCI survive long-term and integrate with host tissue SKP-SC transplants boosted the presence of endogenous SCs in the chronic SCI site Treated spinal cords showed enhanced growth and SC myelination of axons Treated rats displayed better locomotor outcomes with reduced bladder pathologies
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Assinck
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph S Sparling
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shaalee Dworski
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Greg J Duncan
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Di L Wu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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22
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Kwiecien JM, Dabrowski W, Dąbrowska-Bouta B, Sulkowski G, Oakden W, Kwiecien-Delaney CJ, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Schutz L, Marzec-Kotarska B, Stanisz GJ, Karis JP, Struzynska L, Lucas AR. Prolonged inflammation leads to ongoing damage after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226584. [PMID: 32191733 PMCID: PMC7081990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood and treatment remains limited. Emerging evidence indicates that post-SCI inflammation is severe but the role of reactive astrogliosis not well understood given its implication in ongoing inflammation as damaging or neuroprotective. We have completed an extensive systematic study with MRI, histopathology, proteomics and ELISA analyses designed to further define the severe protracted and damaging inflammation after SCI in a rat model. We have identified 3 distinct phases of SCI: acute (first 2 days), inflammatory (starting day 3) and resolution (>3 months) in 16 weeks follow up. Actively phagocytizing, CD68+/CD163- macrophages infiltrate myelin-rich necrotic areas converting them into cavities of injury (COI) when deep in the spinal cord. Alternatively, superficial SCI areas are infiltrated by granulomatous tissue, or arachnoiditis where glial cells are obliterated. In the COI, CD68+/CD163- macrophage numbers reach a maximum in the first 4 weeks and then decline. Myelin phagocytosis is present at 16 weeks indicating ongoing inflammatory damage. The COI and arachnoiditis are defined by a wall of progressively hypertrophied astrocytes. MR imaging indicates persistent spinal cord edema that is linked to the severity of inflammation. Microhemorrhages in the spinal cord around the lesion are eliminated, presumably by reactive astrocytes within the first week post-injury. Acutely increased levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and proteases decrease and anti-inflammatory cytokines increase in later phases. In this study we elucidated a number of fundamental mechanisms in pathogenesis of SCI and have demonstrated a close association between progressive astrogliosis and reduction in the severity of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Dąbrowska-Bouta
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wendy Oakden
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lauren Schutz
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Greg J. Stanisz
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P. Karis
- Department of Neuroradiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lidia Struzynska
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Centers for Personalized Diagnostics and Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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23
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Mohaghegh Shalmani L, Valian N, Pournajaf S, Abbaszadeh F, Dargahi L, Jorjani M. Combination therapy with astaxanthin and epidermal neural crest stem cells improves motor impairments and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Mitochondrion 2020; 52:125-134. [PMID: 32151747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a multifactorial disease, can lead to irreversible motor and sensory disabilities. Cell therapy in combination with pharmacological agents can be a promising approach to attenuate SCI damages. Epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs) extracted from bulge hair follicle in adults are attractive candidates due to the possibility of autologous transplantation. This study evaluated the effect of EPI-NCSCs combined with astaxanthin (Ast), a potent antioxidant, on damages induced by SCI. Male rats were treated with Ast (0.2 mM) and EPI-NCSCs (106/10 μl PBS) alone and combined together after SCI contusion. Motor function was assessed by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) test on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 post-injury. Motor neurons number and myelin level were evaluated on days 14 and 42 using Nissl and Luxol Fast Blue staining. The gene expression of mitochondrial biogenesis involved factors (PGC1α, NRF1 and TFAM) was measured by qPCR. All treatments improved motor function, with the highest BBB score in Ast + Cell compared to Ast and Cell. Decreased motor neurons number and myelin level following SCI, were increased by Ast, Cell and Ast + Cell, but combination therapy significantly had a better effect. We observed reduction in PGC1α, NRF1, and TFAM expression in spinal tissue after SCI, and treatment with Cell and Ast + Cell significantly restored NRF1 and TFAM mRNA levels. These results suggested that Ast in combination with EPI-NCSCs has better effects on behavioral dysfunction, motor neuron loss and demyelination after SCI. These protective effects may be attributed to mitochondrial biogenesis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mohaghegh Shalmani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Valian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safura Pournajaf
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Lindsay SL, McCanney GA, Willison AG, Barnett SC. Multi-target approaches to CNS repair: olfactory mucosa-derived cells and heparan sulfates. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:229-240. [PMID: 32099190 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains one of the biggest challenges in the development of neuroregenerative therapeutics. Cell transplantation is one of numerous experimental strategies that have been identified and tested for efficacy at both preclinical and clinical levels in recent years. In this Review, we briefly discuss the state of human olfactory cell transplantation as a therapy, considering both its current clinical status and its limitations. Furthermore, we introduce a mesenchymal stromal cell derived from human olfactory tissue, which has the potential to induce multifaceted reparative effects in the environment within and surrounding the lesion. We argue that no single therapy will be sufficient to treat SCI effectively and that a combination of cell-based, rehabilitation and pharmaceutical interventions is the most promising approach to aid repair. For this reason, we also introduce a novel pharmaceutical strategy based on modifying the activity of heparan sulfate, an important regulator of a wide range of biological cell functions. The multi-target approach that is exemplified by these types of strategies will probably be necessary to optimize SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George A McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alice G Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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25
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Smith KE, Whitcroft K, Law S, Andrews P, Choi D, Jagger DJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells from the nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb have distinct membrane properties. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:888-901. [PMID: 31797433 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is a potential therapy for the regeneration of damaged neurons. While they maintain tissue homeostasis in the olfactory mucosa (OM) and olfactory bulb (OB), their regenerative properties also support the normal sense of smell by enabling continual turnover and axonal regrowth of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). However, the molecular physiology of OECs is not fully understood, especially that of OECs from the mucosa. Here, we carried out whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from individual OECs cultured from the OM and OB of the adult rat, and from the human OM. A subset of OECs from the rat OM cultured 1-3 days in vitro had large weakly rectifying K+ currents, which were sensitive to Ba2+ and desipramine, blockers of Kir4-family channels. Kir4.1 immunofluorescence was detectable in cultured OM cells colabeled for the OEC marker S100, and in S100-labeled cells found adjacent to OSN axons in mucosal sections. OECs cultured from rat OB had distinct properties though, displaying strongly rectifying inward currents at hyperpolarized membrane potentials and strongly rectifying outward currents at depolarized potentials. Kir4.1 immunofluorescence was not evident in OECs adjacent to axons of OSNs in the OB. A subset of human OECs cultured from the OM of adults had membrane properties comparable to those of the rat OM that is dominated by Ba2+ -sensitive weak inwardly rectifying currents. The membrane properties of peripheral OECs are different to those of central OECs, suggesting they may play distinct roles during olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Smith
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Whitcroft
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Royal National Throat Nose & Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stuart Law
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Andrews
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Royal National Throat Nose & Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Choi
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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26
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Kubiak CA, Grochmal J, Kung TA, Cederna PS, Midha R, Kemp SWP. Stem-cell-based therapies to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve 2019; 61:449-459. [PMID: 31725911 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury remains a major cause of morbidity in trauma patients. Despite advances in microsurgical techniques and improved understanding of nerve regeneration, obtaining satisfactory outcomes after peripheral nerve injury remains a difficult clinical problem. There is a growing body of evidence in preclinical animal studies demonstrating the supportive role of stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. The characteristics of both mesoderm-derived and ectoderm-derived stem cell types and their role in peripheral nerve regeneration are discussed, specifically focusing on the presentation of both foundational laboratory studies and translational applications. The current state of clinical translation is presented, with an emphasis on both ethical considerations of using stems cells in humans and current governmental regulatory policies. Current advancements in cell-based therapies represent a promising future with regard to supporting nerve regeneration and achieving significant functional recovery after debilitating nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Kubiak
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joey Grochmal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Theodore A Kung
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul S Cederna
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen W P Kemp
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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27
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Morgado PI, Palacios M, Larrain J. In situ injectable hydrogels for spinal cord regeneration: advances from the last 10 years. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019; 6:012002. [PMID: 33438588 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab52e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a tremendously devastating disorder with no effective therapy. Neuroprotective strategies have been applied aiming to prevent secondary cell death but no successful and robust effects have been observed. Recently, combinatorial approaches using biomaterials with cells and/or growth factors have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects because of the improvement of axonal growth and in vivo functional recovery in model organisms. In situ injectable hydrogels are a particularly attractive neuroregenerative approach to improve spinal cord repair and regeneration since they can be precisely injected into the lesion site filling the space prior to gelification, decrease scarring and promote axon growth due to the hydrogel's soft structure. Important advances regarding the use of hydrogels as potential therapeutic approaches has been reported during the last 10 years. Injectable alginate hydrogel loaded with GDNF, thermoresponsives heparin-poloxamer loaded with NGF and imidazole-poly(organophosphazenes) hydrogels are just three examples of biomaterials that can promote neurite, axon growth and improve functional recovery in hemisected and resected rats. Here we will review the status of in situ injectable hydrogels for spinal cord regeneration with special focus in the advantages of using hydrogel scaffolds, the ideal polymers to be used, the gelification process and the cells or growth factors combined. The in vitro and in vivo results reported for those biomaterials will be presented, compared and discussed.
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28
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Badhiwala JH, Ahuja CS, Fehlings MG. Time is spine: a review of translational advances in spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine 2019; 30:1-18. [PMID: 30611186 DOI: 10.3171/2018.9.spine18682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event with far-reaching physical, emotional, and economic consequences for patients, families, and society at large. Timely delivery of specialized care has reduced mortality; however, long-term neurological recovery continues to be limited. In recent years, a number of exciting neuroprotective and regenerative strategies have emerged and have come under active investigation in clinical trials, and several more are coming down the translational pipeline. Among ongoing trials are RISCIS (riluzole), INSPIRE (Neuro-Spinal Scaffold), MASC (minocycline), and SPRING (VX-210). Microstructural MRI techniques have improved our ability to image the injured spinal cord at high resolution. This innovation, combined with serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, holds the promise of providing a quantitative biomarker readout of spinal cord neural tissue injury, which may improve prognostication and facilitate stratification of patients for enrollment into clinical trials. Given evidence of the effectiveness of early surgical decompression and growing recognition of the concept that "time is spine," infrastructural changes at a systems level are being implemented in many regions around the world to provide a streamlined process for transfer of patients with acute SCI to a specialized unit. With the continued aging of the population, central cord syndrome is soon expected to become the most common form of acute traumatic SCI; characterization of the pathophysiology, natural history, and optimal treatment of these injuries is hence a key public health priority. Collaborative international efforts have led to the development of clinical practice guidelines for traumatic SCI based on robust evaluation of current evidence. The current article provides an in-depth review of progress in SCI, covering the above areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetan H Badhiwala
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, and.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto; and
| | - Christopher S Ahuja
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, and.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto; and.,3Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, and.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto; and.,3Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Melrose J. Functional Consequences of Keratan Sulfate Sulfation in Electrosensory Tissues and in Neuronal Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800327. [PMID: 32627425 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a functional electrosensory and neuro-instructive molecule. Recent studies have identified novel low sulfation KS in auditory and sensory tissues such as the tectorial membrane of the organ of Corti and the Ampullae of Lorenzini in elasmobranch fish. These are extremely sensitive proton gradient detection systems that send signals to neural interfaces to facilitate audition and electrolocation. High and low sulfation KS have differential functional roles in song learning in the immature male zebra song-finch with high charge density KS in song nuclei promoting brain development and cognitive learning. The conductive properties of KS are relevant to the excitable neural phenotype. High sulfation KS interacts with a large number of guidance and neuroregulatory proteins. The KS proteoglycan microtubule associated protein-1B (MAP1B) stabilizes actin and tubulin cytoskeletal development during neuritogenesis. A second 12 span transmembrane synaptic vesicle associated KS proteoglycan (SV2) provides a smart gel storage matrix for the storage of neurotransmitters. MAP1B and SV2 have prominent roles to play in neuroregulation. Aggrecan and phosphacan have roles in perineuronal net formation and in neuroregulation. A greater understanding of the biology of KS may be insightful as to how neural repair might be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, Sydney University, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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30
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Methods of olfactory ensheathing cell harvesting from the olfactory mucosa in dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213252. [PMID: 30840687 PMCID: PMC6402693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells are thought to support regeneration and remyelination of damaged axons when transplanted into spinal cord injuries. Following transplantation, improved locomotion has been detected in many laboratory models and in dogs with naturally-occurring spinal cord injury; safety trials in humans have also been completed. For widespread clinical implementation, it will be necessary to derive large numbers of these cells from an accessible and, preferably, autologous, source making olfactory mucosa a good candidate. Here, we compared the yield of olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa using 3 different techniques: rhinotomy, frontal sinus keyhole approach and rhinoscopy. From canine clinical cases with spinal cord injury, 27 biopsies were obtained by rhinotomy, 7 by a keyhole approach and 1 with rhinoscopy. Biopsy via rhinoscopy was also tested in 13 cadavers and 7 living normal dogs. After 21 days of cell culture, the proportions and populations of p75-positive (presumed to be olfactory ensheathing) cells obtained by the keyhole approach and rhinoscopy were similar (~4.5 x 106 p75-positive cells; ~70% of the total cell population), but fewer were obtained by frontal sinus rhinotomy. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was observed in one dog and emphysema in 3 dogs following rhinotomy. Blepharitis occurred in one dog after the keyhole approach. All three biopsy methods appear to be safe for harvesting a suitable number of olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa for transplantation within the spinal cord but each technique has specific advantages and drawbacks.
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31
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Pourkhodadad S, Oryan SH, Kaka G, Sadraie SH. Neuroprotective Effects of Combined Treatment with Minocycline and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Transplantation against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress after Spinal Cord Injury. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:220-228. [PMID: 30825296 PMCID: PMC6397610 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.6126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is considered one of the most devastating injuries leading to neuronal
disruption. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and minocycline have been shown to promote locomotor function after
spinal cord injury. In this study, we have tested the efficacy of combined treatment with minocycline and OECs after
contusive spinal cord injury.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups.
Rats received an intraperitoneal injection of minocycline immediately after SCI, and then 24 hours after the injury.
Transplantations were performed 7 days after the injury. Functional recovery was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie
and Bresnahan scale (BBB). After that, the animals were sacrificed, and T11 segment of the spinal cord was removed
after 5 weeks, and then used for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical assessments. Western blot
analysis was applied to determine the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta
(IL1β) and caspase3.
Results The results of this study showed that the combination of OECs graft and minocycline reduced the functional
deficits and diminished cavitation and astrogliosis in spinal tissue. The analysis of protein expression by western
blotting revealed that minocycline treatment along with OECs transplantation further decreased the level of IL-1β,
TNF-α, caspase-3, and the oxidative stress as compared with when minocycline or OECs transplantation was used
alone.
Conclusion The combinatory treatment with OECs graft and minocycline induced a more effective response to the
repair of spinal cord injury, and it is considered a therapeutic potential for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Pourkhodadad
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - S Hahrbanoo Oryan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Gholamreza Kaka
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Homayoon Sadraie
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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33
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Boecker AH, Bozkurt A, Kim BS, Altinova H, Tank J, Deumens R, Tolba R, Weis J, Brook GA, Pallua N, van Neerven SGA. Cell-enrichment with olfactory ensheathing cells has limited local extra beneficial effects on nerve regeneration supported by the nerve guide Perimaix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2125-2137. [PMID: 30044547 DOI: 10.1002/term.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries is clinically challenging, and today, the autologous nerve transplantation is still considered as the only gold standard remedy for nerve lesions where a direct nerve coaptation is not possible. Nevertheless, the functional merits of many biomaterials have been tested as potential substitutes for the autologous nerve transplant. One of the strategies that have been pursued is the combination of bioengineered nerve guides with cellular enrichment. In this present study, we combined the previously evaluated collagen-based and microstructured nerve guide Perimaix with olfactory ensheathing cell enrichment. Rat sciatic nerve defects of 20 mm were either bridged by a cell-seeded or nonseeded nerve guide or an autologous nerve transplant. Animals were monitored for 12 weeks for structural and functional parameters. Seeded cells survived on Perimaix, and following implantation aligned along the microstructured Perimaix framework. Axonal densities within the cell-seeded nerve guides were higher than in the nonseeded nerve guides and were comparable to the autograft. Additionally, cell-seeding had local beneficial effects on myelination within the nerve guide, as myelin sheath thickness was enhanced when compared with the empty scaffold. Nevertheless, for bridging the nerve gap of 20 mm, both the cell-seeded as well as nonseeded scaffolds were equally efficient regarding the functional outcome, which did not differ between the autograft, seeded or nonseeded groups. Our data demonstrate that olfactory ensheathing cell enrichment has local effects on nerve regeneration in combination with the Perimaix nerve guide. Surprisingly, for traversing the lesion gap, additional cell-seeding is not crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hendrik Boecker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Hand-Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ahmet Bozkurt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Plastic, Hand, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bong Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Haktan Altinova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Tank
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Private Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Neuropharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Germany
| | - Gary Anthony Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Germany
| | - Norbert Pallua
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Chen M, Vial ML, Tello Velasquez J, Ekberg JAK, Davis RA, St John JA. The serrulatane diterpenoid natural products RAD288 and RAD289 stimulate properties of olfactory ensheathing cells useful for neural repair therapies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10240. [PMID: 29980748 PMCID: PMC6035228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are being trialled for cell transplantation therapies for neural repair as they have unique properties which can enhance neuron regeneration. However, improvements in cell viability, proliferation and migration are needed to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Growth factors can enhance cell activity, but they can also induce side effects as they can act on numerous cell types. An alternative approach is to identify natural products (NPs) that more selectively activate specific cell functions. We have examined two pure NPs, 3-acetoxy-7,8-dihydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (RAD288) and 3,7,8-trihydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (RAD289) isolated from the Australian plant Eremophila microtheca. We determined that RAD288 and RAD289 stimulated the viability and proliferation of OECs in two-dimensional cultures and increased cell viability in three-dimensional spheroids. Both compounds also enhanced OEC-mediated phagocytosis of neural debris. However, only RAD288 stimulated migration of OECs, demonstrating that key structural changes to the compound can dramatically affect the resultant cellular action. In addition, cell-type specific action is highlighted by the result that neither compound stimulated the viability of Schwann cells which are a closely-related glial cell type. Therefore, these small molecules may have high potential for selective activation of specific therapeutically-useful activities of OECs for transplantation therapies to repair the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia. .,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia. .,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.
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Yao R, Murtaza M, Velasquez JT, Todorovic M, Rayfield A, Ekberg J, Barton M, St John J. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Sniffing Out the Issues. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:879-889. [PMID: 29882418 PMCID: PMC6050914 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718779353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glia reported to sustain the continuous axon extension and successful topographic targeting of the olfactory receptor neurons responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction). Due to this distinctive property, OECs have been trialed in human cell transplant therapies to assist in the repair of central nervous system injuries, particularly those of the spinal cord. Though many studies have reported neurological improvement, the therapy remains inconsistent and requires further improvement. Much of this variability stems from differing olfactory cell populations prior to transplantation into the injury site. While some studies have used purified cells, others have used unpurified transplants. Although both preparations have merits and faults, the latter increases the variability between transplants received by recipients. Without a robust purification procedure in OEC transplantation therapies, the full potential of OECs for spinal cord injury may not be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yao
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Murtaza
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Rayfield
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Ekberg
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Barton
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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36
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Collins A, Li D, Liadi M, Tabakow P, Fortuna W, Raisman G, Li Y. Partial Recovery of Proprioception in Rats with Dorsal Root Injury after Human Olfactory Bulb Cell Transplantation. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1367-1378. [PMID: 29285976 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted human olfactory ensheathing cells (hOECs) were mixed with collagen into a unilateral transection of four dorsal roots (C6-T1) in a rat model. By mixing with collagen, the limited numbers of hOEC were maximized from an olfactory bulb biopsy and optimize cavity filling. Cyclosporine was administered daily to prevent immune rejection. Forelimb proprioception was assessed weekly in a vertical climb task. Half of the rats receiving hOEC transplants showed some functional improvement ("responders") over six weeks of the study while the other half did not ("nonresponders") and performed similarly to "injured only" rats. Transplanted cells were seen at both one week and six weeks after the surgical procedure; many were concentrated within the lesion cavity, but others were found with elongated processes in the overlying connective tissue. There were some fibers in the injury area associated with transplanted cells that were immunostained for neurofilament and TUJ1. Responder and nonresponder rats were compared with regard to microglial activation within the deep dorsal horn of cervical levels C7, C8 and also axon loss within the cuneate fasciculus at cervical level C3. Little difference was seen in microglial activation or axonal loss that could account for the improved proprioception in the responders group. This preliminary study is the first to transplant human olfactory bulb cells into a rat model of dorsal root injury; by refining each component part of the procedure, the repair potential of OECs can be maximized in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daqing Li
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Modinat Liadi
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Tabakow
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fortuna
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Geoffrey Raisman
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Li
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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The Therapeutic Effects after Transplantation of Whole-Layer Olfactory Mucosa in Rats with Optic Nerve Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6069756. [PMID: 29713644 PMCID: PMC5866852 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6069756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Existing evidence suggests the potential therapy of transplanting olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) either alone or in combination with neurotrophic factors or other cell types in optic nerve injury (ONI). However, clinical use of autologous OEC in the acute stages of ONI is not possible. On the other hand, acute application of heterologous transplantation may bring the issue of immune rejection. The olfactory mucosa (OM) with OEC in the lamina propria layer is located in the upper region of the nasal cavity and is easy to dissect under nasal endoscopy, which makes it a candidate as autograft material in acute stages of ONI. To investigate the potential of the OM on the protection of injured neurons and on the promotion of axonal regeneration, we developed a transplantation of syngenic OM in rats with ONI model. Methods After the right optic nerve was crushed in Lewis rats, pieces of syngenic whole-layer OM were transplanted into the lesion. Rats undergoing phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injection were used as negative controls (NC). The authors evaluated the regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation. Obtained retinas and optic nerves were analyzed histologically. Results Transplantations of OM significantly promoted the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axonal growth of RGCs compared with PBS alone. Moreover, OM group was associated with higher expression of GAP-43 in comparison with the PBS group. In addition to the potential effects on RGCs, transplantations of OM significantly decreased the expression of GFAP in the retinas, suggesting inhibiting astrocyte activation. Conclusions Transplantation of whole-layer OM in rats contributes to the neuronal survival and axon regeneration after ONI.
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Gomes ED, Mendes SS, Assunção-Silva RC, Teixeira FG, Pires AO, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Leite-Almeida H, Gimble JM, Sousa N, Lepore AC, Silva NA, Salgado AJ. Co-Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Stem Cells 2018; 36:696-708. [PMID: 29352743 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI) still have a dismal prognosis. Despite all the efforts developed in this area, currently there are no effective treatments. Therefore, cell therapies have been proposed as a viable alternative to the current treatments used. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been used with promising results in different models of SCI, namely due to the regenerative properties of the secretome of the first, and the guidance capability of the second. Using an in vitro model of axonal growth, the dorsal root ganglia explants, we demonstrated that OECs induce neurite outgrowth mainly through cell-cell interactions, while ASCs' effects are strongly mediated by the release of paracrine factors. A proteomic analysis of ASCs' secretome revealed the presence of proteins involved in VEGF, PI3K, and Cadherin signaling pathways, which may be responsible for the effects observed. Then, the cotransplantation of ASCs and OECs showed to improve motor deficits of SCI-rats. Particular parameters of movement such as stepping, coordination, and toe clearance were improved in rats that received the transplant of cells, in comparison to nontreated rats. A histological analysis of the spinal cord tissues revealed that transplantation of ASCs and OECs had a major effect on the reduction of inflammatory cells close the lesion site. A slight reduction of astrogliosis was also evident. Overall, the results obtained with the present work indicate that the cotransplantation of ASCs and OECs brings important functional benefits to the injured spinal cord. Stem Cells 2018;36:696-708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Mendes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita C Assunção-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana O Pires
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Life Sciences.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Larocca TF, Macêdo CT, Souza BSDF, Andrade-Souza YM, Villarreal CF, Matos AC, Silva DN, da Silva KN, de Souza CLEM, Paixão DDS, Bezerra MDR, Alves RL, Soares MBP, Dos Santos RR. Image-guided percutaneous intralesional administration of mesenchymal stromal cells in subjects with chronic complete spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1189-1196. [PMID: 28760352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The potential of cell therapies to improve neurological function in subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) is currently under investigation. In this context, the choice of cell type, dose, route and administration regimen are key factors. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be easily obtained, expanded and are suitable for autologous transplantation. Here we conducted a pilot study that evaluated safety, feasibility and potential efficacy of intralesional MSCs transplantation performed through image-guided percutaneous injection, in subjects with chronic complete SCI. METHODS Five subjects with chronic traumatic SCI (>6 months), at thoracic level, classified as American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) grade A, complete injury, were included. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and urodynamics were assessed before and after treatment. Autologous MSCs were injected directly into the lesion site through percutaneous injection guided by computerized tomography (CT). RESULTS Tomography-guided percutaneous cell transplantation was a safe procedure without adverse effects. All subjects displayed improvements in spinal cord independence measure (SCIM) scores and functional independence measure (FIM), mainly due to improvements in bowel movements and regularity. Three subjects showed improved sensitivity to tactile stimulation. Two subjects improved AIS grade to B, incomplete injury, although this was sustained in only one of them during the study follow-up. CONCLUSION Autologous bone marrow MSC transplantation, performed through CT-guided percutaneous injection, was shown to be safe and feasible. Further studies are required to demonstrate efficacy of this therapeutic scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiana Ferreira Larocca
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, IGM-Fiocruz/BA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Carolina Thé Macêdo
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, IGM-Fiocruz/BA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, IGM-Fiocruz/BA, Salvador, BA, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Flora Villarreal
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, IGM-Fiocruz/BA, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Nascimento Silva
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, IGM-Fiocruz/BA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Kátia Nunes da Silva
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, IGM-Fiocruz/BA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Lima E Moura de Souza
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, IGM-Fiocruz/BA, Salvador, BA, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Nardone R, Florea C, Höller Y, Brigo F, Versace V, Lochner P, Golaszewski S, Trinka E. Rodent, large animal and non-human primate models of spinal cord injury. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:101-114. [PMID: 28720322 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review we aimed to assess the usefulness of the different animal models in identifying injury mechanisms and developing therapies for humans suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Results obtained from rodent studies are useful but, due to the anatomical, molecular and functional differences, confirmation of these findings in large animals or non-human primates may lead to basic discoveries that cannot be made in rodent models and that are more useful for developing treatment strategies in humans. SCI in dogs can be considered as intermediate between rodent models and human clinical trials, but the primate models could help to develop appropriate methods that might be more relevant to humans. Ideally, an animal model should meet the requirements of availability and repeatability as well as reproduce the anatomical features and the clinical pathological changing process of SCI. An animal model that completely simulates SCI in humans does not exist. The different experimental models of SCI have advantages and disadvantages for investigating the different aspects of lesion development, recovery mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. The potential advantages of non-human primate models include genetic similarities, similar caliber/length of the spinal cord as well as biological and physiological responses to injury which are more similar to humans. Among the potential disadvantages, high operating costs, infrastructural requirements and ethical concerns should be considered. The translation from experimental repair strategies to clinical applications needs to be investigated in future carefully designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Via Rossini 5, I-39012, Merano, Italy; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Cristina Florea
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Via Rossini 5, I-39012, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Via Santa Margherita 24, I-39049, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Lochner
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger-Str. 100, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Golaszewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
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42
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Gu M, Gao Z, Li X, Zhao F, Guo L, Liu J, He X. Feasibility of Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Assessing Functional Recovery in Rats with Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation After Contusive Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Med Sci Monit 2017. [PMID: 28623671 PMCID: PMC5484594 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation is a promising treatment for spinal cord injury. Diffusion tensor imaging has been applied to assess various kinds of spinal cord injury. However, it has rarely been used to evaluate the beneficial effects of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging in the evaluation of functional recovery in rats with olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation after contusive spinal cord injury. Material/Methods Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine the purity of olfactory ensheathing cells. Rats received cell transplantation at week 1 after injury. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score was used to assess the functional recovery. Magnetic resonance imaging was applied weekly, including diffusion tensor imaging. Diffusion tensor tractography was reconstructed to visualize the repair process. Results The results showed that olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation increased the functional and histological recovery and restrained the secondary injury process after the initial spinal cord injury. The fractional anisotropy values in rats with cell transplantation were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the apparent diffusion coefficient values were significantly lower. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score was positively and linearly correlated with fractional anisotropy value, and it was negatively and linearly correlated with apparent diffusion coefficient value. Conclusions These findings suggest that diffusion tensor imaging parameters are sensitive biomarker indices for olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation interventions, and diffusion tensor imaging scan can reflect the functional recovery promoted by the olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation after contusive spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Gu
- Department of Othopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhengchao Gao
- Department of Othopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jiantao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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Cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:637-647. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bahmad H, Hadadeh O, Chamaa F, Cheaito K, Darwish B, Makkawi AK, Abou-Kheir W. Modeling Human Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Neuronal Differentiation and Its Applications in Neurotrauma. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:50. [PMID: 28293168 PMCID: PMC5329035 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the help of several inducing factors, somatic cells can be reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) lines. The success is in obtaining iPSCs almost identical to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), therefore various approaches have been tested and ultimately several ones have succeeded. The importance of these cells is in how they serve as models to unveil the molecular pathways and mechanisms underlying several human diseases, and also in its potential roles in the development of regenerative medicine. They further aid in the development of regenerative medicine, autologous cell therapy and drug or toxicity screening. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development in the field of iPSCs research, specifically for modeling human neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, and its applications in neurotrauma. These are mainly characterized by progressive functional or structural neuronal loss rendering them extremely challenging to manage. Many of these diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been explored in vitro. The main purpose is to generate patient-specific iPS cell lines from the somatic cells that carry mutations or genetic instabilities for the aim of studying their differentiation potential and behavior. This new technology will pave the way for future development in the field of stem cell research anticipating its use in clinical settings and in regenerative medicine in order to treat various human diseases, including neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been considered an incurable condition and it often causes devastating sequelae. In terms of the pathophysiology of SCI, reducing secondary damage is the key to its treatment. Various researches and clinical trials have been performed, and some of them showed promising results; however, there is still no gold standard treatment with sufficient evidence. Two therapeutic concepts for SCI are neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategies. The neuroprotective strategy modulates the pathomechanism of SCI. The purpose of neuroprotective treatment is to minimize secondary damage following direct injury. The aim of neuroregenerative treatment is to enhance the endogenous regeneration process and to alter the intrinsic barrier. With advancement in biotechnology, cell therapy using cell transplantation is currently under investigation. This review discusses the pathophysiology of SCI and introduces the therapeutic candidates that have been developed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Yong Ha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Il Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Lindsay SL, Toft A, Griffin J, M M Emraja A, Barnett SC, Riddell JS. Human olfactory mesenchymal stromal cell transplants promote remyelination and earlier improvement in gait co-ordination after spinal cord injury. Glia 2017; 65:639-656. [PMID: 28144983 PMCID: PMC5324664 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autologous cell transplantation is a promising strategy for repair of the injured spinal cord. Here we have studied the repair potential of mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from the human olfactory mucosa after transplantation into a rodent model of incomplete spinal cord injury. Investigation of peripheral type remyelination at the injury site using immunocytochemistry for P0, showed a more extensive distribution in transplanted compared with control animals. In addition to the typical distribution in the dorsal columns (common to all animals), in transplanted animals only, P0 immunolabelling was consistently detected in white matter lateral and ventral to the injury site. Transplanted animals also showed reduced cavitation. Several functional outcome measures including end‐point electrophysiological testing of dorsal column conduction and weekly behavioural testing of BBB, weight bearing and pain, showed no difference between transplanted and control animals. However, gait analysis revealed an earlier recovery of co‐ordination between forelimb and hindlimb stepping in transplanted animals. This improvement in gait may be associated with the enhanced myelination in ventral and lateral white matter, where fibre tracts important for locomotion reside. Autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells from the olfactory mucosa may therefore be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of spinal cord injury. GLIA 2017 GLIA 2017;65:639–656
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Toft
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Griffin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M M Emraja
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Carol Barnett
- Institute of Infection, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - John S Riddell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Barton MJ, John JS, Clarke M, Wright A, Ekberg J. The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison between Schwann Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Their Uses for Neural Regenerative Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E287. [PMID: 28146061 PMCID: PMC5343823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a much larger capacity for regeneration than the central nervous system (CNS). One reason for this difference is the difference in glial cell types between the two systems. PNS glia respond rapidly to nerve injury by clearing debris from the injury site, supplying essential growth factors and providing structural support; all of which enhances neuronal regeneration. Thus, transplantation of glial cells from the PNS is a very promising therapy for injuries to both the PNS and the CNS. There are two key types of PNS glia: olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which populate the olfactory nerve, and Schwann cells (SCs), which are present in the rest of the PNS. These two glial types share many similar morphological and functional characteristics but also exhibit key differences. The olfactory nerve is constantly turning over throughout life, which means OECs are continuously stimulating neural regeneration, whilst SCs only promote regeneration after direct injury to the PNS. This review presents a comparison between these two PNS systems in respect to normal physiology, developmental anatomy, glial functions and their responses to injury. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms and differences between the two systems is crucial for the development of future therapies using transplantation of peripheral glia to treat neural injuries and/or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barton
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Mary Clarke
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Alison Wright
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia.
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia.
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Gu M, Gao Z, Li X, Guo L, Lu T, Li Y, He X. Conditioned medium of olfactory ensheathing cells promotes the functional recovery and axonal regeneration after contusive spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2017; 1654:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Satti HS, Waheed A, Ahmed P, Ahmed K, Akram Z, Aziz T, Satti TM, Shahbaz N, Khan MA, Malik SA. Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: A Phase I pilot study. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:518-22. [PMID: 26971680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation has immerged as promising therapeutic approach to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). In this pilot study, we investigated the safety of intrathecal injection of autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs in nine patients with SCI. METHODS Patients with complete SCI at the thoracic level were divided into two groups: chronic (>6 months, group 1) and sub-acute SCI (<6 months, group 2), according to time elapsed since injury. MSCs were isolated by density gradient separation of autologous bone marrow harvested from the iliac crest. Cells were cultured in a Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant facility to produce clinical scale dose. After quality control testing, MSCs were injected back to patients by intrathecal injection. Safety was defined as absence of adverse event and side effects after 1 month after receiving the injection. RESULTS Six patients had chronic SCI with a median duration of 33 months since date of injury (range: 10-55 months), and three patients were in sub-acute phase of disease. Each patient received two or three injections with a median of 1.2 × 10(6) MSCs/kg body weight. No treatment-related adverse event was observed during median follow-up of 720 days (range: 630-826 days) in group 1 and 366 days (range: 269-367 days) in group 2, respectively. DISCUSSION This pilot study demonstrated that autologous MSCs can be safely administered through intrathecal injection in spinal cord injury patients. Further investigation through randomized, placebo-controlled trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayoon Shafique Satti
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Akhtar Waheed
- Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Parvez Ahmed
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Zaineb Akram
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Nighat Shahbaz
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Ali Khan
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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50
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Doulames VM, Plant GW. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapies for Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:530. [PMID: 27070598 PMCID: PMC4848986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical-level injuries account for the majority of presented spinal cord injuries (SCIs) to date. Despite the increase in survival rates due to emergency medicine improvements, overall quality of life remains poor, with patients facing variable deficits in respiratory and motor function. Therapies aiming to ameliorate symptoms and restore function, even partially, are urgently needed. Current therapeutic avenues in SCI seek to increase regenerative capacities through trophic and immunomodulatory factors, provide scaffolding to bridge the lesion site and promote regeneration of native axons, and to replace SCI-lost neurons and glia via intraspinal transplantation. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a clinically viable means to accomplish this; they have no major ethical barriers, sources can be patient-matched and collected using non-invasive methods. In addition, the patient’s own cells can be used to establish a starter population capable of producing multiple cell types. To date, there is only a limited pool of research examining iPSC-derived transplants in SCI—even less research that is specific to cervical injury. The purpose of the review herein is to explore both preclinical and clinical recent advances in iPSC therapies with a detailed focus on cervical spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Doulames
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, California, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Giles W Plant
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, California, CA 94305, USA.
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