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Krings W, Gorb SN. Performance of biological food processing interfaces: Perspectives on the science of mollusc radula. Biointerphases 2024; 19:030801. [PMID: 38940493 DOI: 10.1116/6.0003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mollusca comprises a diverse range of organisms, with the class Gastropoda alone boasting approximately 80 000 extant species. Their adaptability across various habitats is facilitated by the evolution of the radula, a key structure for food acquisition. The radula's composition and mechanical properties, including its chitinous membrane, teeth, and supporting structures, enable efficient food gathering and processing. Through adaptive tooth morphology and composition, an interplay between radular components is facilitated, which results in collective effects to withstand forces encountered during feeding and reduce structural failure, with the broad range of variations reflecting ecological niches. Furthermore, teeth consist of composite materials with sometimes high contents of iron, calcium, or silicon to reduce wear. During interaction with the food, the radula performs complex three-dimensional motions, challenging to document. Here, we provide a review on the morphology, the mechanical properties, the composition, and various other parameters that contribute to radular performance. Due to, e.g., the smallness of these structures, there are, however, limitations to radular research. However, numerical simulations and physical models tested on substrates offer avenues for further understanding radular function and performance during feeding. These studies not only advance our knowledge of molluscan biology and ecology but also provide inspirations for biomimetic design and further advances in materials engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstraße 12, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Paleoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
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2
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Weise K, Kurth T, Politowski I, Winkelmann C, Schäffer A, Kretschmar S, Berendonk TU, Jungmann D. A workflow to investigate the impacts of weathered multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the mud snail Lymnaea stagnalis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26706-26725. [PMID: 34859348 PMCID: PMC8989799 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the development and application of nanomaterials is a growing industry, little data is available on the ecotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms. Therefore, we set up a workflow to address the potential uptake of weathered multi-walled carbon nanotubes (wMWCNTs) by a model organism, the pulmonary mud snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis), which plays an important role in the food web. It represents a suitable organism for this approach because as a grazer it potentially ingests large amounts of sedimented wMWCNTs. As food source for L. stagnalis, benthic biofilm was investigated by the use of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after exposure with wMWCNTs. In addition, isotopic labeling was applied with 14C-wMWCNTs (0.1 mg/L) to quantify fate, behavior, and enrichment of 14C-wMWCNTs in benthic biofilm and in L. stagnalis. Enrichment in benthic biofilm amounted to 529.0 µg wMWCNTs/g dry weight and in L. stagnalis to 79.6 µg wMWCNTs/g dry weight. A bioconcentration factor (BCF) for L. stagnalis was calculated (3500 L/kg). We demonstrate the accumulation of wMWCNTs (10 mg/L) in the digestive tract of L. stagnalis in an effect study. Moreover, the physiological markers glycogen and triglycerides as indicators for the physiological state, as well as the RNA/DNA ratio as growth indicator, were examined. No significant differences between exposed and control animals were analyzed for glycogen and triglycerides after 24 days of exposure, but a decreasing trend is recognizable for triglycerides. In contrast, the significant reduction in the RNA/DNA ratio of L. stagnalis indicated an inhibition of growth with a following recovery after depuration. The described workflow enables a comprehensive determination of the fate and the behavior of wMWCNTs specifically and in general all kinds of CNTs in the aquatic environment and therefore contributes to a holistic risk assessment of wMWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Weise
- Institute for Hydrobiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Technology Platform, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irina Politowski
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carola Winkelmann
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Universitätsstraße 1, 56070, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kretschmar
- Technology Platform, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulrich Berendonk
- Institute for Hydrobiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Jungmann
- Institute for Hydrobiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Fodor I, Svigruha R, Bozsó Z, Tóth GK, Osugi T, Yamamoto T, Satake H, Pirger Z. Functional characterization and related evolutionary implications of invertebrate gonadotropin-releasing hormone/corazonin in a well-established model species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10028. [PMID: 33976353 PMCID: PMC8113230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) peptide is the central mediator of reproduction. Homologous peptides have previously also been identified in molluscan species. However, emerging evidence suggests that these molecules might serve diverse regulatory functions and proposes to consider them as corazonin (CRZ). We previously isolated the full-length cDNA of the invGnRH/CRZ peptide (termed ly-GnRH/CRZ) in the well-established invertebrate model species, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis; however, its predicted functions remain to be verified. In this study, we first confirmed the presence of the deduced active peptide from the central nervous system of L. stagnalis. Further, we performed in vivo and in vitro studies to explore the functions of ly-GnRH/CRZ. Injection of sexually mature specimens with synthetic active peptide had an inhibitory effect on locomotion and an acceleratory effect on egg-laying, but had no effect on feeding. The previously predicted modulatory effect of ly-GnRH/CRZ was supported by its identified co-localization with serotonin on the surface of the heart atria. Lastly, we demonstrated not only the presence of ly-GnRH/CRZ in the penial complex but also that ly-GnRH/CRZ-containing neurons project to the efferent penis nerve, suggesting ly-GnRH/CRZ may directly modulate the motor output of this peripheral tissue. Overall, our findings strongly support that ly-GnRH/CRZ is a multifunctional neuropeptide. These results contribute to the understanding of the GnRH superfamily and, more broadly, disciplines such as comparative endocrinology and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Réka Svigruha
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bozsó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamamoto
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
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4
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Horváth R, Battonyai I, Maász G, Schmidt J, Fekete ZN, Elekes K. Chemical-neuroanatomical organization of peripheral sensory-efferent systems in the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2563-2575. [PMID: 32951073 PMCID: PMC7544616 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Perception and processing of chemical cues are crucial for aquatic gastropods, for proper elaboration of adaptive behavior. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is a model species of invertebrate neurobiology, in which peripheral sensory neurons with different morphology and transmitter content have partly been described, but we have little knowledge regarding their functional morphological organization, including their possible peripheral intercellular connections and networks. Therefore the aim of our study was to characterize the sensory system of the tentacles and the lip, as primary sensory regions, and the anterior foot of Lymnaea with special attention to the transmitter content of the sensory neurons, and their relationship to extrinsic elements of the central nervous system. Numerous bipolar sensory cells were demonstrated in the epithelial layer of the peripheral organs, displaying immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against tyrosine hydroxylase, histamine, glutamate and two molluscan type oligopeptides, FMRFamide and Mytilus inhibitory peptide. A subepithelial plexus was formed by extrinsic serotonin and FMRFamide immunoreactive fibers, whereas in deeper regions axon processess of different origin with various immunoreactivities formed networks, too. HPLC-MS assay confirmed the presence of the low molecular weight signal molecules in the three examined areas. Following double-labeling immunohistochemistry, close arrangements were observed, formed by sensory neurons and extrinsic serotonergic (and FMRFamidergic) fibers at axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and axo-axonic levels. Our results suggest the involvement of a much wider repertoire of signal molecules in peripheral sensory processes of Lymnaea, which can locally be modified by central input, hence influencing directly the responses to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Horváth
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Izabella Battonyai
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - János Schmidt
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna N Fekete
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Károly Elekes
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
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5
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Scheel C, Gorb SN, Glaubrecht M, Krings W. Not just scratching the surface: distinct radular motion patterns in Mollusca. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio055699. [PMID: 32917764 PMCID: PMC7595699 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The radula is the organ for mechanical food processing and an important autapomorphy of Mollusca. Its chitinous membrane, embedding small radular teeth, is moved by the set of muscles resulting in an interaction with the ingesta, tearing it and collecting loosened particles. Radulae and their teeth can be quite distinct in their morphology and had been of high research interest, but only a few studies have examined the basic functional principles of this organ, the movement and motion during feeding action. Here, the radular motion of 20 representative species, belonging to four major gastropod lineages (Vetigastropoda, Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia) and Polyplacophora, were recorded and classified. Comparisons of the video footage with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the radula resulted in the recognition of functional tooth rows and the correct position of the teeth during feeding. We identified six different types of radular movements, including rotations and bending of the radula itself. In each movement type, different structures act as counter bearings enabling the animals to grab and tear food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Scheel
- Animal Diversity, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Glaubrecht
- Animal Diversity, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wencke Krings
- Animal Diversity, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Elekes K, Hiripi L, Balog G, Maász G, Battonyai I, Khabarova MY, Horváth R, Voronezhskaya EE. Serotonergic regulation of the buccal (feeding) rhythm of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. An immunocytochemical, biochemical and pharmacological approach. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:225-243. [PMID: 30257576 DOI: 10.1556/018.68.2018.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hatching is an important phase of the development of pulmonate gastropods followed by the adult-like extracapsular foraging life. Right before hatching the juveniles start to display a rhythmic radula movement, executed by the buccal complex, consisting of the buccal musculature (mass) and a pair of the buccal ganglia. In order to have a detailed insight into this process, we investigated the serotonergic regulation of the buccal (feeding) rhythm in 100% stage embryos of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, applying quantitative immunohistochemistry combined with the pharmacological manipulation of the serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, by either stimulating (by the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-HTP) or inhibiting (by the 5-HT synthesis blocker para-chlorophenylalanine, pCPA) it. Corresponding to the direction of the drug effect, significant changes of the fluorescence intensity could be detected both in the cerebral ganglia and the buccal complex. HPLC-MS assay demonstrated that 5-HTP increased meanwhile pCPA decreased the 5-HT content both of the central ganglia and the buccal complex. As to the feeding activity, 5-HTP induced only a slight (20%) increase, whereas the pCPA resulted in a 20% decrease of the radula protrusion frequency. Inhibition of 5-HT re-uptake by clomipramine reduced the frequency by 75%. The results prove the role of both central and peripheral 5-HTergic processes in the regulation of feeding activity. Application of specific receptor agonists and antagonists revealed that activation of a 5-HT1-like receptor depressed the feeding activity, meanwhile activation of a 5-HT6,7-like receptor enhanced it. Saturation binding plot of [3H]-5-HT to receptor and binding experiments performed on membrane pellets prepared from the buccal mass indicated the presence of a 5-HT6-like receptor positively coupled to cAMP. The results suggest that 5-HT influences the buccal (feeding) rhythmic activity in two ways: an inhibitory action is probably exerted via 5-HT1-like receptors, while an excitatory action is realized through 5-HT6,7-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Elekes
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - László Hiripi
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Gábor Balog
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Izabella Battonyai
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Marina Yu. Khabarova
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Réka Horváth
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
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Battonyai I, Voronezhskaya EE, Obukhova A, Horváth R, Nezlin LP, Elekes K. Neuronal Development in the Larvae of the Invasive Biofouler Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with Special Attention to Sensory Elements and Swimming Behavior. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 234:192-206. [PMID: 29949436 DOI: 10.1086/698511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although understanding of the neuronal development of Trochozoa has progressed recently, little attention has been paid to freshwater bivalves, including species with a strong ecological impact, such as the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Therefore, an important question might concern how the developing nervous system is involved in the formation of the rapid and successful invasive behavior of this species. Our aim was to reveal the neuronal development of trochophore and veliger larvae of Dreissena, with special attention to the organization of sensory structures and their possible involvement in detecting environmental cues. After applying serotonin and FMRFamide immunocytochemistry, the first serotonin immunoreactive sensory elements appeared 16-18 hours after fertilization, whereas the first FMRFamide immunoreactive sensory cell was seen only at 32 hours of development (trochophore stage). Later, sensory elements were found in three parts of the larval body, including the apical organ, the posterior region, and the stomach. Although differences in the timing of appearance and the morphology of cells were observed, the two signaling systems showed basic similarity in their organization pattern until the end of the veliger stage. Pharmacological, physiological, and quantitative immunocytochemical investigations were also performed, suggesting the involvement of both the serotoninergic system and the FMRFamidergic system in sensomotor processes. Manipulation of the serotonin synthesis by para-chloroplenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophane, as well as application of increased salinity, influenced larval swimming activity, both accompanied by changes in immunofluorescence intensity. We concluded that these two early sensory systems may play an important role in the development of settlement competency of this biofouling invasive bivalve, Dreissena.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin
- 5-HTP, 5-hydroxytryptophan
- AO, apical organ
- DAPI, 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- FMRFa, FMRFamide
- FW, filtered water
- IHC, immunohistochemical
- IR, immunoreactive
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBS-TX-NGS, PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 and 10% normal goat serum
- PFA, paraformaldehyde;
- PN, posterior neuron.
- hpf, hours post-fertilization
- pCPA, para-chlorophenilalanine
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Maasz G, Zrinyi Z, Reglodi D, Petrovics D, Rivnyak A, Kiss T, Jungling A, Tamas A, Pirger Z. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has a neuroprotective function in dopamine-based neurodegeneration in rat and snail parkinsonian models. Dis Model Mech 2016; 10:127-139. [PMID: 28067625 PMCID: PMC5312006 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) rescues dopaminergic neurons from neurodegeneration and improves motor changes induced by 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) in rat parkinsonian models. Recently, we investigated the molecular background of the neuroprotective effect of PACAP in dopamine (DA)-based neurodegeneration using rotenone-induced snail and 6-OHDA-induced rat models of Parkinson's disease. Behavioural activity, monoamine (DA and serotonin), metabolic enzyme (S-COMT, MB-COMT and MAO-B) and PARK7 protein concentrations were measured before and after PACAP treatment in both models. Locomotion and feeding activity were decreased in rotenone-treated snails, which corresponded well to findings obtained in 6-OHDA-induced rat experiments. PACAP was able to prevent the behavioural malfunctions caused by the toxins. Monoamine levels decreased in both models and the decreased DA level induced by toxins was attenuated by ∼50% in the PACAP-treated animals. In contrast, PACAP had no effect on the decreased serotonin (5HT) levels. S-COMT metabolic enzyme was also reduced but a protective effect of PACAP was not observed in either of the models. Following toxin treatment, a significant increase in MB-COMT was observed in both models and was restored to normal levels by PACAP. A decrease in PARK7 was also observed in both toxin-induced models; however, PACAP had a beneficial effect only on 6-OHDA-treated animals. The neuroprotective effect of PACAP in different animal models of Parkinson's disease is thus well correlated with neurotransmitter, enzyme and protein levels. The models successfully mimic several, but not all etiological properties of the disease, allowing us to study the mechanisms of neurodegeneration as well as testing new drugs. The rotenone and 6-OHDA rat and snail in vivo parkinsonian models offer an alternative method for investigation of the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective agents, including PACAP. Summary: PACAP has a neuroprotective effect in different toxin-induced rat and snail parkinsonian models, acting partially through the same mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Maasz
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zita Zrinyi
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Petrovics
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adam Rivnyak
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Adel Jungling
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
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Neuronal control of pedal sole cilia in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis appressa. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2012; 199:71-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-012-0770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Battonyai I, Elekes K. The 5-HT immunoreactive innervation of the Helix procerebrum. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63 Suppl 2:96-103. [PMID: 22776481 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.suppl.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the procerebrum of terrestrial snails, 5-HT is a key modulatory substance of the generation of synchronous oscillatory activity and odor learning capability. In this study, we have analyzed the characteristics of the 5-HT-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) innervation of the distinct anatomical regions of the procerebrum of Helix pomatia, applying correlative light- and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. A dense network of 5-HT-IR innervation was demonstrated in the cell body layer, meanwhile a varicose fiber system of different density occurred in the different neuropil regions. At the ultrastructural level, labeled varicosities were found to contact both procerebral cell bodies, and different unlabeled axon profiles in the neuropils. The labeled structures established mostly close non-specialized membrane contacts with the postsynaptic profiles. The overall dense distribution of 5-HT-IR innervation supports a general modulatory role of 5-HT in processing different olfactory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Battonyai
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Department of Experimental Zoology, P.O. Box 35, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
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