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Olsen LC, Galler M, Witter MP, Saetrom P, O'Reilly KC. Transcriptional development of the hippocampus and the dorsal-intermediate-ventral axis in rats. Hippocampus 2023; 33:1028-1047. [PMID: 37280038 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Risk and resilience for neuropsychiatric illnesses are established during brain development, and transcriptional markers of risk may be identifiable in early development. The dorsal-ventral axis of the hippocampus has behavioral, electrophysiological, anatomical, and transcriptional gradients and abnormal hippocampus development is associated with autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and mood disorders. We previously showed that differential gene expression along the dorsoventral hippocampus in rats was present at birth (postnatal day 0, P0), and that a subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was present at all postnatal ages examined (P0, P9, P18, and P60). Here, we extend the analysis of that gene expression data to understand the development of the hippocampus as a whole by examining DEGs that change with age. We additionally examine development of the dorsoventral axis by looking at DEGs along the axis at each age. Using both unsupervised and supervised analyses, we find that the majority of DEGs are present from P0 to P18, with many expression profiles presenting peaks or dips at P9/18. During development of the hippocampus, enriched pathways associated with learning, memory, and cognition increase with age, as do pathways associated with neurotransmission and synaptic function. Development of the dorsoventral axis is greatest at P9 and P18 and is marked by DEGs associated with metabolic functions. Our data indicate that neurodevelopmental disorders like epilepsy, schizophrenia and affective disorders are enriched with developmental DEGs in the hippocampus, regardless of dorsoventral location, with the greatest enrichment of these clinical disorders seen in genes whose expression changes from P0-9. When comparing DEGs from the ventral and dorsal poles, the greatest number of neurodevelopmental disorders is enriched with DEGs found at P18. Taken together, the developing hippocampus undergoes substantial transcriptional maturation during early postnatal development, with expression of genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders also showing maximal expression changes within this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene C Olsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Bioinformatics Core Facility - BioCore, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Meital Galler
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Saetrom
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Bioinformatics Core Facility - BioCore, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Computer and Information Science, NTNU Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kally C O'Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Kanagamani T, Chakravarthy VS, Ravindran B, Menon RN. A deep network-based model of hippocampal memory functions under normal and Alzheimer's disease conditions. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1092933. [PMID: 37416627 PMCID: PMC10320296 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1092933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a deep network-based model of the associative memory functions of the hippocampus. The proposed network architecture has two key modules: (1) an autoencoder module which represents the forward and backward projections of the cortico-hippocampal projections and (2) a module that computes familiarity of the stimulus and implements hill-climbing over the familiarity which represents the dynamics of the loops within the hippocampus. The proposed network is used in two simulation studies. In the first part of the study, the network is used to simulate image pattern completion by autoassociation under normal conditions. In the second part of the study, the proposed network is extended to a heteroassociative memory and is used to simulate picture naming task in normal and Alzheimer's disease (AD) conditions. The network is trained on pictures and names of digits from 0 to 9. The encoder layer of the network is partly damaged to simulate AD conditions. As in case of AD patients, under moderate damage condition, the network recalls superordinate words ("odd" instead of "nine"). Under severe damage conditions, the network shows a null response ("I don't know"). Neurobiological plausibility of the model is extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamizharasan Kanagamani
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, India
| | - V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Balaraman Ravindran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and AI, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Ramshekhar N. Menon
- Cognition and Behavioural Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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3
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Lagartos-Donate MJ, Doan TP, Girão PJB, Witter MP. Postnatal development of projections of the postrhinal cortex to the entorhinal cortex in the rat. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0057-22.2022. [PMID: 35715208 PMCID: PMC9239852 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0057-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to encode and retrieve contextual information is an inherent feature of episodic memory that starts to develop during childhood. The postrhinal cortex, an area of the parahippocampal region, has a crucial role in encoding object-space information and translating egocentric to allocentric representation of local space. The strong connectivity of POR with the adjacent entorhinal cortex, and consequently the hippocampus, suggests that the development of these connections could support the postnatal development of contextual memory. Here, we report that postrhinal cortex projections of the rat develop progressively from the first to the third postnatal week starting in the medial entorhinal cortex before spreading to the lateral entorhinal cortex. The increased spread and complexity of postrhinal axonal distributions is accompanied by an increased complexity of entorhinal dendritic trees and an increase of postrhinal - entorhinal synapses, which supports a gradual maturation in functional activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPostrhinal-entorhinal cortical interplay mediates important aspects of encoding and retrieval of contextual information that is important for episodic memory. To better understand the function of the postrhinal interactions with the entorhinal cortex we studied the postnatal development of the connection between the two cortical areas. Our study describes the postnatal development of the postrhinal-to-entorhinal projections as established with neuroanatomical and electrophysiological methods. The projections gradually reach functionally different areas of the entorhinal cortex, reaching the area involved in spatial functions first, followed by the part involved in representing information about objects and sequences of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Lagartos-Donate
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Thanh Pierre Doan
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Paulo J B Girão
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Poulter S, Lee SA, Dachtler J, Wills TJ, Lever C. Vector trace cells in the subiculum of the hippocampal formation. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:266-275. [PMID: 33349710 PMCID: PMC7116739 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Successfully navigating in physical or semantic space requires a neural representation of allocentric (map-based) vectors to boundaries, objects and goals. Cognitive processes such as path-planning and imagination entail the recall of vector representations, but evidence of neuron-level memory for allocentric vectors has been lacking. Here, we describe a novel neuron type, vector trace cell (VTC), whose firing generates a new vector field when a cue is encountered and a 'trace' version of that field for hours after cue removal. VTCs are concentrated in subiculum, distal to CA1. Compared to non-trace cells, VTCs fire at further distances from cues and exhibit earlier-going shifts in preferred theta phase in response to newly introduced cues, which demonstrates a theta-linked neural substrate for memory encoding. VTCs suggest a vector-based model of computing spatial relationships between an agent and multiple spatial objects, or between different objects, freed from the constraints of direct perception of those objects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Thomas J Wills
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, London, UK.
| | - Colin Lever
- Psychology Department, Durham University, Durham, UK.
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Tsamis KI, Lagartos Donato MJ, Dahl AG, O'Reilly KC, Witter MP. Development and topographic organization of subicular projections to lateral septum in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3140-3159. [PMID: 32027422 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the main subcortical targets of hippocampal formation efferents is the lateral septum. Previous studies on the subicular projections, as a main output structure of the hippocampus, have shown a clear topographic organization of septal innervation, related to the origin of the fibres along the dorsoventral axis of the subiculum in the adult brain. In contrast, studies on the developing brain depict an extensive rearrangement of subicular projections during the prenatal period, shifting from the medial septum to the lateral septum. Our study aimed to describe the postnatal development of subicular projections to the septum. We injected anterograde tracers into the subiculum of 57 pups of different postnatal ages. Injections covered the proximodistal and dorsoventral axis of the subiculum. The age of the pups at day of tracer injection ranged from the day of birth to postnatal day 30. Analyses revealed that from the first postnatal day projections from subiculum preferentially target the lateral septum. Sparse innervation in the lateral septum was already present in the first few postnatal days, and during the following 3 weeks, the axonal distribution gradually expanded. Subicular projections to the lateral septum are topographically organized depending on the origin along the dorsoventral axis of the subiculum, in line with the adult innervation pattern. Different origins along the proximodistal axis of the subiculum are reflected in changes in the strength of septal innervation. The findings demonstrate that in case of the development of subicular projections, axonal expansion is more prominent than axonal pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos I Tsamis
- Kavli institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria J Lagartos Donato
- Kavli institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Annelene G Dahl
- Kavli institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kally C O'Reilly
- Kavli institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Electrophysiological and Molecular Characterization of the Parasubiculum. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8860-8876. [PMID: 31548233 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0796-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The parahippocampal region is thought to be critical for memory and spatial navigation. Within this region lies the parasubiculum, a small structure that exhibits strong theta modulation, contains functionally specialized cells, and projects to layer II of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). Thus, it is uniquely positioned to influence firing of spatially modulated cells in the MEC and play a key role in the internal representation of the external environment. However, the basic neuronal composition of the parasubiculum remains largely unknown, and its border with the MEC is often ambiguous. We combine electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry in adult mice (both sexes) to define first, the boundaries of the parasubiculum, and second, the major cell types found in this region. We find distinct differences in the colabeling of molecular markers between the parasubiculum and the MEC, allowing us to clearly separate the two structures. Moreover, we find distinct distribution patterns of different molecular markers within the parasubiculum, across both superficial-deep and DV axes. Using unsupervised cluster analysis, we find that neurons in the parasubiculum can be broadly separated into three clusters based on their electrophysiological properties, and that each cluster corresponds to a different molecular marker. We demonstrate that, while the parasubiculum aligns structurally to some to general cortical principals, it also shows divergent features in particular in contrast to the MEC. This work will form an important basis for future studies working to disentangle the circuitry underlying memory and spatial navigation functions of the parasubiculum.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We identify the major neuron types in the parasubiculum using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology, and determine their distribution throughout the parasubiculum. We find that the neuronal composition of the parasubiculum differs considerably compared with the neighboring medial entorhinal cortex. Both regions are involved in spatial navigation. Thus, our findings are of importance for unraveling the underlying circuitry of this process and for determining the role of the parasubiculum within this network.
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7
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Haugland KG, Sugar J, Witter MP. Development and topographical organization of projections from the hippocampus and parahippocampus to the retrosplenial cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:1799-1819. [PMID: 30803071 PMCID: PMC6767700 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The rat hippocampal formation (HF), parahippocampal region (PHR), and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) play critical roles in spatial processing. These regions are interconnected, and functionally dependent. The neuronal networks mediating this reciprocal dependency are largely unknown. Establishing the developmental timing of network formation will help to understand the emergence of this dependency. We questioned whether the long-range outputs from HF-PHR to RSC in Long Evans rats develop during the same time periods as previously reported for the intrinsic HF-PHR connectivity and the projections from RSC to HF-PHR. The results of a series of retrograde and anterograde tracing experiments in rats of different postnatal ages show that the postnatal projections from HF-PHR to RSC display low densities around birth, but develop during the first postnatal week, reaching adult-like densities around the time of eye-opening. Developing projections display a topographical organization similar to adult projections. We conclude that the long-range projections from HF-PHR to RSC develop in parallel with the intrinsic circuitry of HF-PHR and the projections of RSC to HF-PHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla G. Haugland
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceCentre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical MicrocircuitsNTNU Norwegian University for Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Present address:
Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Tromsø—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Jørgen Sugar
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceCentre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical MicrocircuitsNTNU Norwegian University for Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Menno P. Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceCentre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical MicrocircuitsNTNU Norwegian University for Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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8
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Matsumoto N, Kitanishi T, Mizuseki K. The subiculum: Unique hippocampal hub and more. Neurosci Res 2019; 143:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Berns DS, DeNardo LA, Pederick DT, Luo L. Teneurin-3 controls topographic circuit assembly in the hippocampus. Nature 2018; 554:328-333. [PMID: 29414938 PMCID: PMC7282895 DOI: 10.1038/nature25463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain functions rely on specific patterns of connectivity. Teneurins are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins that instruct synaptic partner matching in Drosophila and are required for vertebrate visual system development. The roles of vertebrate teneurins in connectivity beyond the visual system remain largely unknown and their mechanisms of action have not been demonstrated. Here we show that mouse teneurin-3 is expressed in multiple topographically interconnected areas of the hippocampal region, including proximal CA1, distal subiculum, and medial entorhinal cortex. Viral-genetic analyses reveal that teneurin-3 is required in both CA1 and subicular neurons for the precise targeting of proximal CA1 axons to distal subiculum. Furthermore, teneurin-3 promotes homophilic adhesion in vitro in a splicing isoform-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate striking genetic heterogeneity across multiple hippocampal areas and suggest that teneurin-3 may orchestrate the assembly of a complex distributed circuit in the mammalian brain via matching expression and homophilic attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic S Berns
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Laura A DeNardo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniel T Pederick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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10
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Honda Y, Shibata H. Organizational connectivity among the CA1, subiculum, presubiculum, and entorhinal cortex in the rabbit. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3705-3741. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Honda
- Department of Anatomy; School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideshi Shibata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy; Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
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11
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van Oort ESB, Mennes M, Navarro Schröder T, Kumar VJ, Zaragoza Jimenez NI, Grodd W, Doeller CF, Beckmann CF. Functional parcellation using time courses of instantaneous connectivity. Neuroimage 2017; 170:31-40. [PMID: 28716715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies have led to understanding the brain as a collection of spatially segregated functional networks. It is thought that each of these networks is in turn composed of a set of distinct sub-regions that together support each network's function. Considering the sub-regions to be an essential part of the brain's functional architecture, several strategies have been put forward that aim at identifying the functional sub-units of the brain by means of functional parcellations. Current parcellation strategies typically employ a bottom-up strategy, creating a parcellation by clustering smaller units. We propose a novel top-down parcellation strategy, using time courses of instantaneous connectivity to subdivide an initial region of interest into sub-regions. We use split-half reproducibility to choose the optimal number of sub-regions. We apply our Instantaneous Connectivity Parcellation (ICP) strategy on high-quality resting-state FMRI data, and demonstrate the ability to generate parcellations for thalamus, entorhinal cortex, motor cortex, and subcortex including brainstem and striatum. We evaluate the subdivisions against available cytoarchitecture maps to show that our parcellation strategy recovers biologically valid subdivisions that adhere to known cytoarchitectural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S B van Oort
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Navarro Schröder
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vinod J Kumar
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nestor I Zaragoza Jimenez
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Grodd
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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12
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Immunohistochemical investigation of the internal structure of the mouse subiculum. Neuroscience 2016; 337:242-266. [PMID: 27664459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The subiculum is the output component of the hippocampal formation and holds a key position in the neural circuitry of memory. Previous studies have demonstrated the subiculum's connectivity to other brain areas in detail; however, little is known regarding its internal structure. We investigated the cytoarchitecture of the temporal and mid-septotemporal parts of the subiculum using immunohistochemistry. The border between the CA1 region and subiculum was determined by both cytoarchitecture and zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3)-immunoreactivity (IR), whereas the border between the subiculum and presubiculum (PreS) was partially indicated by glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1)-IR. The subiculum was divided into proximal and distal subfields based on cytoarchitecture and immunohistochemistry for calbindin (CB), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4). The proximal subiculum (defined here as subiculum 2) was composed of five layers: the molecular layer (layer 1), the medium-sized pyramidal cell layer (layer 2) that contained NOS- and PCP4-positive neurons, the large pyramidal cell layer (layer 3) characterized by the accumulation of ZnT3- (more proximally) and vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive (more distally) boutons, layer 4 containing polymorphic cells, and the deepest layer 5 composed of PCP4-positive cells with long apical dendrites that reached layer 1. The distal subiculum (subiculum 1) consisting of smaller neurons did not show these features. Quantitative analyses of the size and numerical density of somata substantiated this delineation. Both the proximal-distal division and five-layered structure in the subiculum 2 were confirmed throughout the temporal two-thirds of the subiculum. These findings will provide a new structural basis for hippocampal investigations.
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13
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Roth FC, Beyer KM, Both M, Draguhn A, Egorov AV. Downstream effects of hippocampal sharp wave ripple oscillations on medial entorhinal cortex layer V neurons in vitro. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1493-1508. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C. Roth
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Heidelberg University; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
| | - Katinka M. Beyer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Heidelberg University; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
| | - Martin Both
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Heidelberg University; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Heidelberg University; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
| | - Alexei V. Egorov
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Heidelberg University; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
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14
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Xu X, Sun Y, Holmes TC, López AJ. Noncanonical connections between the subiculum and hippocampal CA1. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3666-3673. [PMID: 27150503 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is traditionally viewed as having a feedforward, unidirectional circuit organization that promotes propagation of excitatory processes. While the substantial forward projection from hippocampal CA1 to the subiculum has been very well established, accumulating evidence supports the existence of a significant backprojection pathway comprised of both excitatory and inhibitory elements from the subiculum to CA1. Based on these recently updated anatomical connections, such a backprojection could serve to modulate information processing in hippocampal CA1. Here we review the published anatomical and physiological studies on the subiculum to CA1 backprojection, and present recent conclusive anatomical evidence for the presence of noncanonical subicular projections to CA1. New insights into this understudied pathway will improve our understanding of reciprocal CA1-subicular connections and guide future studies on how the subiculum interacts with CA1 to regulate hippocampal circuit activity and learning and memory behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3666-3673, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
| | - Yanjun Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alberto J López
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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15
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Sugar J, Witter MP. Postnatal development of retrosplenial projections to the parahippocampal region of the rat. eLife 2016; 5:e13925. [PMID: 27008178 PMCID: PMC4859804 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat parahippocampal region (PHR) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) are cortical areas important for spatial cognition. In PHR, head-direction cells are present before eye-opening, earliest detected in postnatal day (P)11 animals. Border cells have been recorded around eye-opening (P16), while grid cells do not obtain adult-like features until the fourth postnatal week. In view of these developmental time-lines, we aimed to explore when afferents originating in RSC arrive in PHR. To this end, we injected rats aged P0-P28 with anterograde tracers into RSC. First, we characterized the organization of RSC-PHR projections in postnatal rats and compared these results with data obtained in the adult. Second, we described the morphological development of axonal plexus in PHR. We conclude that the first arriving RSC-axons in PHR, present from P1 onwards, already show a topographical organization similar to that seen in adults, although the labeled plexus does not obtain adult-like densities until P12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Sugar
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Maass A, Berron D, Libby LA, Ranganath C, Düzel E. Functional subregions of the human entorhinal cortex. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26052749 PMCID: PMC4458841 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the primary site of interactions between the neocortex and hippocampus. Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates suggest that EC can be divided into subregions that connect differentially with perirhinal cortex (PRC) vs parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and with hippocampal subfields along the proximo-distal axis. Here, we used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla to identify functional subdivisions of the human EC. In two independent datasets, PRC showed preferential intrinsic functional connectivity with anterior-lateral EC and PHC with posterior-medial EC. These EC subregions, in turn, exhibited differential connectivity with proximal and distal subiculum. In contrast, connectivity of PRC and PHC with subiculum followed not only a proximal-distal but also an anterior-posterior gradient. Our data provide the first evidence that the human EC can be divided into functional subdivisions whose functional connectivity closely parallels the known anatomical connectivity patterns of the rodent and nonhuman primate EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Maass
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Berron
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura A Libby
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Emrah Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Grosser S, Hollnagel JO, Gilling KE, Bartsch JC, Heinemann U, Behr J. Gating of hippocampal output by β-adrenergic receptor activation in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Neuroscience 2014; 286:325-37. [PMID: 25498224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine acting via β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) plays an important role in hippocampal plasticity including the subiculum which is the principal target of CA1 pyramidal cells and which controls information transfer from the hippocampus to other brain regions including the neighboring presubiculum and the entorhinal cortex (EC). Subicular pyramidal cells are classified as regular- (RS) and burst-spiking (BS) cells. Activation of β-ARs at CA1-subiculum synapses induces long-term potentiation (LTP) in burst- but not in RS cells (Wójtowicz et al., 2010). To elucidate seizure-associated disturbances in the norepinephrine-dependent modulation of hippocampal output, we investigated the functional consequences of the β-AR-dependent synaptic plasticity at CA1-subiculum synapses for the transfer of hippocampal output to the parahippocampal region in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Using single-cell and multi-channel field recordings in slices, we studied β-AR-mediated changes in the functional connectivity between CA1, the subiculum and its target-structures. We confirm that application of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol induces LTP in subicular BS- but not RS cells. Due to the distinct spatial distribution of RS- and BS cells in the proximo-to-distal axis of the subiculum, in field recordings, LTP was significantly stronger in the distal than in the proximal subiculum. In pilocarpine-treated animals, β-AR-mediated LTP was strongly reduced in the distal subiculum. The attenuated LTP was associated with a disturbed polysynaptic transmission from the CA1, via the subiculum to the presubiculum, but with a preserved transmission to the medial EC. Our findings suggest that synaptic plasticity may influence target-related information flow and that such regulation is disturbed in pilocarpine-treated epileptic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grosser
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - J-O Hollnagel
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - K E Gilling
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - J C Bartsch
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - U Heinemann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - J Behr
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Brandenburg - Campus Neuruppin, Neuruppin, Germany.
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18
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Abbasi S, Kumar SS. Regular-spiking cells in the presubiculum are hyperexcitable in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:2888-900. [PMID: 25210155 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00406.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of adult epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures originating in the temporal lobes. Here, we examine TLE-related changes in the presubiculum (PrS), a less-studied parahippocampal structure that both receives inputs from and projects to regions affected by TLE. We assessed the state of PrS neurons in TLE electrophysiologically to determine which of the previously identified cell types were rendered hyperexcitable in epileptic rats and whether their intrinsic and/or synaptic properties were altered. Cell types were characterized based on action potential discharge profiles followed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering. PrS neurons in epileptic animals could be divided into three major groups comprising of regular-spiking (RS), irregular-spiking (IR), and fast-adapting (FA) cells. RS cells, the predominant cell type encountered in PrS, were the only cells that were hyperexcitable in TLE. These neurons were previously identified as sending long-range axonal projections to neighboring structures including medial entorhinal area (MEA), and alterations in intrinsic properties increased their propensity for sustained firing of action potentials. Frequency and amplitude of both spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory synaptic events were reduced. Further analysis of nonaction potential-dependent miniature currents (in tetrodotoxin) indicated that reduction in excitatory drive to these neurons was mediated by decreased activity of excitatory neurons that synapse with RS cells concomitant with reduced activity of inhibitory neurons. Alterations in physiological properties of PrS neurons and their ensuing hyperexcitability could entrain parahippocampal structures downstream of PrS, including the MEA, contributing to temporal lobe epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Abbasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Sanjay S Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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O'Reilly KC, Flatberg A, Islam S, Olsen LC, Kruge IU, Witter MP. Identification of dorsal-ventral hippocampal differentiation in neonatal rats. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2873-93. [PMID: 25012113 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adult hippocampal formation (HF) is functionally, connectionally, and transcriptionally differentiated along the dorsal-ventral axis. At birth, the hippocampus appears shortened along its dorsal-ventral axis. We therefore questioned at what postnatal age the differentiated dorsal-ventral hippocampus is present. We first established that the ventral tissue in the short postnatal hippocampus remains ventral in the adult-like hippocampus. Second, using anatomical tracing techniques we report that, within the first postnatal week, the main input from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to HF is topographically organized. The terminal distribution of this input along the dorsal-ventral axis of HF was related to a dorsolateral-to-ventromedial axis of origin in EC, thus reflecting adult topography. Finally, we examined gene expression along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing hippocampus. We found that several genes that were differentially enriched in the adult dorsal and ventral hippocampus were similarly enriched in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal poles at birth. The differentially expressed genes relate to different molecular pathways and biomarkers of disease. Taken together, these data lead us to conclude that the entire dorsal-ventral axis of HF is present at birth showing adult-like functional differentiation. Moreover, our findings indicate that the neonatal ventral hippocampus is enriched with biomarkers associated with mental illnesses. These include schizophrenia, affective and anxiety disorders, disorders previously deemed as ventral hippocampal associated disorders, as well as alcoholism. Our results thus suggest an early developmental susceptibility of the ventral HF to mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kally C O'Reilly
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Medical Technical Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postboks 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway,
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20
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O'Reilly KC, Kao HY, Lee H, Fenton AA. Converging on a core cognitive deficit: the impact of various neurodevelopmental insults on cognitive control. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:153. [PMID: 24966811 PMCID: PMC4052340 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial effort and immense need, the treatment options for major neuropsychiatric illnesses like schizophrenia are limited and largely ineffective at improving the most debilitating cognitive symptoms that are central to mental illness. These symptoms include cognitive control deficits, the inability to selectively use information that is currently relevant and ignore what is currently irrelevant. Contemporary attempts to accelerate progress are in part founded on an effort to reconceptualize neuropsychiatric illness as a disorder of neural development. This neuro-developmental framework emphasizes abnormal neural circuits on the one hand, and on the other, it suggests there are therapeutic opportunities to exploit the developmental processes of excitatory neuron pruning, inhibitory neuron proliferation, elaboration of myelination, and other circuit refinements that extend through adolescence and into early adulthood. We have crafted a preclinical research program aimed at cognition failures that may be relevant to mental illness. By working with a variety of neurodevelopmental rodent models, we strive to identify a common pathophysiology that underlies cognitive control failure as well as a common strategy for improving cognition in the face of neural circuit abnormalities. Here we review our work to characterize cognitive control deficits in rats with a neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion and rats that were exposed to Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) in utero. We review our findings as they pertain to early developmental processes, including neurogenesis, as well as the power of cognitive experience to refine neural circuit function within the mature and maturing brain's cognitive circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kally C O'Reilly
- Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Kao
- Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Heekyung Lee
- Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - André A Fenton
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University New York, NY, USA ; The Robert F. Furchgott Center in Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York Brooklyn, NY, USA
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