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Nunes EJ, Addy NA, Conn PJ, Foster DJ. Targeting the Actions of Muscarinic Receptors on Dopamine Systems: New Strategies for Treating Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:277-289. [PMID: 37552895 PMCID: PMC10841102 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-023858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic regulation of dopamine (DA) signaling has significant implications for numerous disorders, including schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and mood-related disorders. The activity of midbrain DA neurons and DA release patterns in terminal regions are tightly regulated by cholinergic neurons found in both the striatum and the hindbrain. These cholinergic neurons can modulate DA circuitry by activating numerous receptors, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes. This review specifically focuses on the complex role of M2, M4, and M5 mAChR subtypes in regulating DA neuron activity and DA release and the potential clinical implications of targeting these mAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nii A Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA;
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Garzón M, Chan J, Mackie K, Pickel VM. Prefrontal cortical distribution of muscarinic M2 and cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors in adult male mice with or without chronic adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5420-5437. [PMID: 35151230 PMCID: PMC9712711 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic adolescent administration of marijuana's major psychoactive compound, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), produces adaptive changes in adult social and cognitive functions sustained by prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL-PFC). Memory and learning processes in PL-PFC neurons can be regulated through cholinergic muscarinic-2 receptors (M2R) and modulated by activation of cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1Rs) targeted by Δ9-THC. Thus, chronic exposure to Δ9-THC during adolescence may alter the expression and/or distribution of M2Rs in PL-PFC neurons receiving CB1R terminals. We tested this hypothesis by using electron microscopic dual CB1R and M2R immunolabeling in adult C57BL/6 J male mice that had received vehicle or escalating dose of Δ9-THC through adolescence. In vehicle controls, CB1R immunolabeling was mainly localized to axonal profiles virtually devoid of M2R but often apposing M2R-immunoreactive dendrites and dendritic spines. The dendrites received inputs from CB1R-labeled or unlabeled terminals, whereas spines received asymmetric synapses exclusively from axon terminals lacking CB1Rs. Adolescent Δ9-THC significantly increased plasmalemmal M2R-immunogold density exclusively in large dendrites receiving input from CB1R-labeled terminals. In contrast, cytoplasmic M2R-immunogold density decreased in small spines of the Δ9-THC-treated adult mice. We conclude that Δ9-THC engagement of CB1Rs during adolescence increases M2R plasmalemmal accumulation in large proximal dendrites and decreases M2R cytoplasmic expression in small spines of PL-PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garzón
- Corresponding author: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - June Chan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Hamamoto M, Kiyokage E, Sohn J, Hioki H, Harada T, Toida K. Structural basis for cholinergic regulation of neural circuits in the mouse olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:574-591. [PMID: 27491021 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Odor information is regulated by olfactory inputs, bulbar interneurons, and centrifugal inputs in the olfactory bulb (OB). Cholinergic neurons projecting from the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca and the magnocellular preoptic nucleus are one of the primary centrifugal inputs to the OB. In this study, we focused on cholinergic regulation of the OB and analyzed neural morphology with a particular emphasis on the projection pathways of cholinergic neurons. Single-cell imaging of a specific neuron within dense fibers is critical to evaluate the structure and function of the neural circuits. We labeled cholinergic neurons by infection with virus vector and then reconstructed them three-dimensionally. We also examined the ultramicrostructure of synapses by electron microscopy tomography. To further clarify the function of cholinergic neurons, we performed confocal laser scanning microscopy to investigate whether other neurotransmitters are present within cholinergic axons in the OB. Our results showed the first visualization of complete cholinergic neurons, including axons projecting to the OB, and also revealed frequent axonal branching within the OB where it innervated multiple glomeruli in different areas. Furthermore, electron tomography demonstrated that cholinergic axons formed asymmetrical synapses with a morphological variety of thicknesses of the postsynaptic density. Although we have not yet detected the presence of other neurotransmitters, the range of synaptic morphology suggests multiple modes of transmission. The present study elucidates the ways that cholinergic neurons could contribute to the elaborate mechanisms involved in olfactory processing in the OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:574-591, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Emi Kiyokage
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Jaerin Sohn
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Harada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toida
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.,Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
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