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Barrio-Perotti R, Martín-Fernández N, Vigil-Díaz C, Walters K, Fernández-Tena A. Predicting particle deposition using a simplified 8-path in silico human lung prototype. J Breath Res 2023; 17:046002. [PMID: 37437567 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ace6c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding particle deposition in the human lung is crucial for the assessment of environmental pollutants and the design of new drug delivery systems. Traditionally, research has been carried out by experimental analysis, but this generally requires expensive equipment and exposure of volunteers to radiation, resulting in limited data. To overcome these drawbacks, there is an emphasis on the development of numerical models capable of accurate predictive analysis. The most advanced of these computer simulations are based on three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics. Solving the flow equations in a complete, fully resolved lung airway model is currently not feasible due to the computational resources required. In the present work, a simplified lung model is presented and validated for accurate prediction of particle deposition. Simulations are performed for an 8-path approximation to a full lung airway model. A novel boundary condition method is used to ensure accurate results in truncated flow branches. Simulations are performed at a steady inhalation flow rate of 18 l min-1, corresponding to a low activity breathing rate, while the effects of particle size and density are investigated. Comparison of the simulation results with available experimental data shows that reasonably accurate results can be obtained at a small fraction of the cost of a full airway model. The simulations clearly evaluate the effect of both particle size and particle density. Most importantly, the results show an improvement over a previously documented single-path model, both in terms of accuracy and the ability to obtain regional deposition rates. The present model represents an improvement over previously used simplified models, including single-path models. The multi-path reduced airway approach described can be used by researchers for general and patient-specific analyses of particle deposition and for the design of effective drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barrio-Perotti
- Departamento de Energía, Universidad de Oviedo, and GRUBIPU-ISPA, Gijón, Spain
| | | | - C Vigil-Díaz
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, and GRUBIPU-ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - K Walters
- College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - A Fernández-Tena
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Nacional de Silicosis, and GRUBIPU-ISPA, Gijón, Spain
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2
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Evaluating Drug Deposition Patterns from Turbuhaler® in Healthy and Diseased Lung Models of Preschool Children. JOURNAL OF PULMONARY MEDICINE & RESPIRATORY CARE 2022; 4:1008. [PMID: 35224564 PMCID: PMC8871561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of pediatric oral drug delivery using dry powder inhalers, such as Turbuhaler®, is dependent on the age and health of the test subjects. The available clinical data for these studies is scant and rarely provide correlations between the health condition and the regional lung deposition. In particular, the data and the correlations for pre-school children are minimal. Deposition simulations were performed using the newly developed Quasi-3D whole lung model to analyze the effect of health conditions on the regional lung deposition from the Turbuhaler® in 3-year-old children. The healthy lung model was created from CT scan data. Cystic-fibrosis models were created by uniformly constricting the airways to various degrees. The simulated drug deposition outcomes were validated against the available experimental data. The results show that, while the dose deposited in the lungs exhibits minor variations, the Peripheral:Central (P/C) ratio is strongly affected by both the health condition and the inflow variations. The above ratio is reduced by ~30% for the severely diseased case, compared to its healthy counterpart, for the same inhalation profile. This indicates that lower doses reach the peripheral lung, in pediatric cystic-fibrosis subjects, thus requiring a larger therapeutic dose.
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3
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Ebrahimi S, Shamloo A, Alishiri M, Mofrad YM, Akherati F. Targeted pulmonary drug delivery in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) therapy: A patient-specific in silico study based on magnetic nanoparticles-coated microcarriers adhesion. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121133. [PMID: 34563616 PMCID: PMC8459545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly most confirmed cases develop respiratory syndromes. Using targeted drug delivery by microcarriers is one of the most important noteworthy methods for delivering drugs to the involved bronchi. This study aims to investigate the performance of a drug delivery that applies microcarriers to each branch of the lung under the influence of a magnetic field. The results show that by changing the inlet velocity from constant to pulsatile, the drug delivery performance to the lungs increases by ∼31%. For transferring the microcarriers to the right side branches (LUL and LLL), placing the magnet at zero height and ∼30° angle yields the best outcome. Also, the microcarriers' delivery to branch LUL improves by placing the magnet at LUL-LLL bifurcation and the angle of ∼30°. It was observed that dense (9300[kgm3]) microcarriers show the best performance for delivering drugs to LLL and RLL&RML branches. Also, low-density (1000[kgm3]) microcarriers are best for delivering drugs to LUL and RUL branches. The findings of this study can improve our understanding of different factors, such as inlet velocity, the magnet's position, and the choice of microcarrier - that affect drug delivery to the infected parts of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ebrahimi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Alishiri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Akherati
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Zheng F, Xiao Y, Liu H, Fan Y, Dao M. Patient-Specific Organoid and Organ-on-a-Chip: 3D Cell-Culture Meets 3D Printing and Numerical Simulation. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000024. [PMID: 33856745 PMCID: PMC8243895 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed diversified in vitro models to recapitulate the architecture and function of living organs or tissues and contribute immensely to advances in life science. Two novel 3D cell culture models: 1) Organoid, promoted mainly by the developments of stem cell biology and 2) Organ-on-a-chip, enhanced primarily due to microfluidic technology, have emerged as two promising approaches to advance the understanding of basic biological principles and clinical treatments. This review describes the comparable distinct differences between these two models and provides more insights into their complementarity and integration to recognize their merits and limitations for applicable fields. The convergence of the two approaches to produce multi-organoid-on-a-chip or human organoid-on-a-chip is emerging as a new approach for building 3D models with higher physiological relevance. Furthermore, rapid advancements in 3D printing and numerical simulations, which facilitate the design, manufacture, and results-translation of 3D cell culture models, can also serve as novel tools to promote the development and propagation of organoid and organ-on-a-chip systems. Current technological challenges and limitations, as well as expert recommendations and future solutions to address the promising combinations by incorporating organoids, organ-on-a-chip, 3D printing, and numerical simulation, are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuminghao Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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5
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Kannan R(R, Singh N, Przekwas A, Zhou XA, Walenga R, Babiskin A. A quasi-3D model of the whole lung: airway extension to the tracheobronchial limit using the constrained constructive optimization and alveolar modeling, using a sac-trumpet model. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING 2021; 8:691-704. [PMID: 34046370 PMCID: PMC8133379 DOI: 10.1093/jcde/qwab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Existing computational models used for simulating the flow and species transport in the human airways are zero-dimensional (0D) compartmental, three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD), or the recently developed quasi-3D (Q3D) models. Unlike compartmental models, the full CFD and Q3D models are physiologically and anatomically consistent in the mouth and the upper airways, since the starting point of these models is the mouth-lung surface geometry, typically created from computed tomography (CT) scans. However, the current resolution of CT scans limits the airway detection between the 3rd-4th and 7th-9th generations. Consequently, CFD and the Q3D models developed using these scans are generally limited to these generations. In this study, we developed a method to extend the conducting airways from the end of the truncated Q3D lung to the tracheobronchial (TB) limit. We grew the lung generations within the closed lung lobes using the modified constrained constructive optimization, creating an aerodynamically optimized network aiming to produce equal pressure at the distal ends of the terminal segments. This resulted in a TB volume and lateral area of ∼165 cc and ∼2000 cm2, respectively. We created a "sac-trumpet" model at each of the TB outlets to represent the alveoli. The volumes of the airways and the individual alveolar generations match the anatomical values by design: with the functional residual capacity at 2611 cc. Lateral surface areas were scaled to match the physiological values. These generated Q3D whole lung models can be efficiently used for conducting multiple breathing cycles of drug transport and deposition simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narender Singh
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Suite D, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Andrzej Przekwas
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Suite D, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Xianlian Alex Zhou
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Blvd, 323 Martin Luther King Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Ross Walenga
- Center for Drug Evaluation Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Center for Drug Evaluation Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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6
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Fernández-Tena A, Barrio-Perotti R, Blanco-Marigorta E, Pandal-Blanco A. In silico prototype of a human lung with a single airway to predict particle deposition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3339. [PMID: 32237044 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental analyses of the flow of drug particles inside the human lung usually require that the patient be exposed to radiation and also of expensive equipment that often lack of enough accuracy. Numerical calculations based on CFD (computational fluid dynamics) have been proven to be a valuable tool to analyze flows in diverse applications. METHODS The complexity of the human lung disallows running calculations on complete lung models due to the large number of cells that would be required. In this work, using a proprietary methodology, particle deposition in the lung is simulated by reducing its multiple branches to a single path. RESULTS The tested flow rates were 18, 30, and 75 L min-1 , which are equivalent to different respiratory rates varying from light activity to heavy exercise. Most of the particles are accumulated in the upper airways, mainly at the mouth and also at the confluence of the larynx and the trachea (epiglottis), while the remaining particles travel across the lung. The reported procedure allowed simulating the operation of the entire lung by means of a single individual path. CONCLUSIONS The obtained calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results found in the technical literature, thus showing that the model can provide a realistic description of the lung operation, while avoiding high computational costs. Moreover, the calculations suggest that particle sizes above 15 μm and inspiratory flows higher than 30 L min-1 must be avoided in order to allow drug particles to reach the lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Tena
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Oviedo. Instituto Nacional de Silicosis and GRUBIPU-ISPA, Asturias, Spain
| | - Raúl Barrio-Perotti
- Departamento de Energía, Universidad de Oviedo and GRUBIPU-ISPA, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Adrián Pandal-Blanco
- Departamento de Energía, Universidad de Oviedo and GRUBIPU-ISPA, Asturias, Spain
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7
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Kannan R, Chen ZJ, Przekwas A, Segars P, Martin F, Kuczaj AK, Hoeng J. Anthropometry-based generation of personalized and population-specific human airway models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3324. [PMID: 32053266 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding aerosol deposition in the human lung is of great significance in pulmonary toxicology and inhalation pharmacology. Adverse effects of inhaled environmental aerosols and pharmacological efficacy of inhaled therapeutics are dependent on aerosol properties as well as person-specific respiratory tract anatomy and physiology. Anatomical geometry and physiological function of human airways depend on age, gender, weight, fitness, health, and disease status. Tools for the generation of the population- and subject-specific virtual airway anatomical geometry based on anthropometric data and physiological vitals are invaluable in respiratory diagnostics, personalized pulmonary pharmacology, and model-based management of chronic respiratory diseases. Here we present a novel protocol and software framework for the generation of subject-specific airways based on anthropometric measurements of the subject's body, using the anatomical input, and the conventional spirometry, providing the functional (physiological) data. This model can be used for subject-specific simulations of respiration physiology, gas exchange, and aerosol inhalation and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravishekar Kannan
- Computational Medicine and Biology Division, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Z J Chen
- Computational Medicine and Biology Division, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Andrzej Przekwas
- Computational Medicine and Biology Division, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Paul Segars
- Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz K Kuczaj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchatel, Switzerland
- Faculty EEMCS, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchatel, Switzerland
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8
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Herland A, Maoz BM, Das D, Somayaji MR, Prantil-Baun R, Novak R, Cronce M, Huffstater T, Jeanty SSF, Ingram M, Chalkiadaki A, Benson Chou D, Marquez S, Delahanty A, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Milton Y, Sontheimer-Phelps A, Swenor B, Levy O, Parker KK, Przekwas A, Ingber DE. Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetic responses to drugs via fluidically coupled vascularized organ chips. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:421-436. [PMID: 31988459 PMCID: PMC8011576 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of drug pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) performed in animals are often not predictive of drug PKs and PDs in humans, and in vitro PK and PD modelling does not provide quantitative PK parameters. Here, we show that physiological PK modelling of first-pass drug absorption, metabolism and excretion in humans-using computationally scaled data from multiple fluidically linked two-channel organ chips-predicts PK parameters for orally administered nicotine (using gut, liver and kidney chips) and for intravenously injected cisplatin (using coupled bone marrow, liver and kidney chips). The chips are linked through sequential robotic liquid transfers of a common blood substitute by their endothelium-lined channels (as reported by Novak et al. in an associated Article) and share an arteriovenous fluid-mixing reservoir. We also show that predictions of cisplatin PDs match previously reported patient data. The quantitative in-vitro-to-in-vivo translation of PK and PD parameters and the prediction of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity through fluidically coupled organ chips may improve the design of drug-administration regimens for phase-I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Debarun Das
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Cronce
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tessa Huffstater
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sauveur S F Jeanty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miles Ingram
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Benson Chou
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Marquez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Delahanty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal Graduate Program, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yuka Milton
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ben Swenor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oren Levy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Pandal-Blanco A, Barrio-Perotti R, Agujetas-Ortiz R, Fernández-Tena A. Implementation of a specific boundary condition for a simplified symmetric single-path CFD lung model with OpenFOAM. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1759-1771. [PMID: 31154547 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CFD modeling research about the lung airflow with a complete resolution and an adequate accuracy at all scales requires a great amount of computational resources due to the vast number of necessary grid elements. As a result, a common practice is to conduct simplifications that allows to manage it with ordinary computational power. In this study, the implementation of a special boundary condition in order to develop a simplified single conductive lung airway model, which exactly represents the effect of the removed airways, is presented. The boundary condition is programmed in the open-source software OpenFOAM®, and the developed source code is presented in the proper syntax. After this description, modeling accuracy is evaluated under different flow rate conditions typical of human breathing processes, including both inspiration and expiration movements. Afterward, a validation process is conducted using results of a Weibel's model (0-4 generations) simulation for a medium flow rate of 50 L/min. Finally, a comparison against the proposed boundary condition implemented in the commercial code ANSYS Fluent is made, which highlights the benefits of using the free code toolbox. The specific contribution of this paper will be to show that OpenFOAM® developed model can perform even better than other commercial codes due to a precise implementation and coupling of the default solver with the in-house functions by virtue of the open-source nature of the code.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pandal-Blanco
- Departamento de Energía, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - R Agujetas-Ortiz
- Departamento de IMEM, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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10
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Walenga RL, Babiskin AH, Zhao L. In Silico Methods for Development of Generic Drug-Device Combination Orally Inhaled Drug Products. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 8:359-370. [PMID: 31044532 PMCID: PMC6618094 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The development of generic, single‐entity, drug–device combination products for orally inhaled drug products is challenging in part because of the complex nature of device design characteristics and the difficulties associated with establishing bioequivalence for a locally acting drug product delivered to the site of action in the lung. This review examines in silico models that may be used to support the development of generic orally inhaled drug products and how model credibility may be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross L Walenga
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew H Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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11
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Li N, He Y, Yang G, Yu Q, Li M. Role of TRPC1 channels in pressure-mediated activation of airway remodeling. Respir Res 2019; 20:91. [PMID: 31092255 PMCID: PMC6518742 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoconstriction and cough, a characteristic of the asthmatic response, leads to development of compressive stresses in the airway wall. We hypothesized that progressively pathological high mechanical stress could act on mechanosensitive cation channels, such as transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) and then contributes to airway remodeling. METHODS We imitate the pathological airway pressure in vitro using cyclic stretch at 10 and 15% elongation. Ca2+ imaging was applied to measure the activity of TRPC1 after bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cyclic stretch for 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 h. To further clarify the function of channnel TRPC1 in the process of mechano-transduction in airway remodeling, the experiment in vivo was implemented. The TRPC1 siRNA and budesonide were applied separately to asthmatic models. The morphological changes were measured by HE and Massion method. The expression levels of TRPC1 were evaluated by real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. The protein expression level of IL-13, TGF-β1 and MMP-9 in BALF were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The result showed that cyclic stretch for 15% elongation at 1.5 h could maximize the activity of TRPC1 channel. This influx in Ca2+ was blocked by TRPC1 siRNA. Higher TRPC1 expression was observed in the bronchial epithelial layer of ovalbumin induced asthmatic models. The knockdown of TRPC1 with TRPC1 siRNA was associated with a hampered airway remodeling process, such as decreased bronchial wall thickness and smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperplasia, a decreased ECM deposition area and inflammation infiltration around airway wall. Meantime, expression of IL-13, TGF-β1 and MMP-9 in OVA+TRPC1 siRNA also showed reduced level. TRPC1 intervention treatment showed similar anti-remodeling therapeutic effect with budesonide. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that most TRPC1 channels expressed in bronchial epithelial cells mediate the mechanotransduction mechanism. TRPC1 inducing abnormal Ca2+ signal mediates receptor-stimulated and mechanical stimulus-induced airway remodeling. The inhibition of TRPC1 channel could produce similar therapeutic effect as glucocortisteroid to curb the development of asthmatic airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye He
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minchao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 People’s Republic of China
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12
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Pandit AA, Gandham RK, Mukhopadhyay CS, Verma R, Sethi RS. Transcriptome analysis reveals the role of the PCP pathway in fipronil and endotoxin-induced lung damage. Respir Res 2019; 20:24. [PMID: 30709343 PMCID: PMC6359862 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ahmad Pandit
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animals Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute [Deemed University], Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India. National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - C S Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animals Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Ramneek Verma
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animals Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - R S Sethi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animals Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
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Haghi M, Windhab N, Hartwig B, Young PM, Traini D. Human Stimulus Factor Is a Promising Peptide for Delivery of Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1401-1403. [PMID: 30465781 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluticasone propionate uptake in the presence of a proprietary cell-penetrating peptide (human stimulus factor, [HSF]) based on the N-terminal domain of lactoferrin was studied, alone and in combination with salmeterol, using an air interface Calu-3 epithelial model. The HSF enhanced uptake and transport of fluticasone propionate across the epithelial barrier when alone and in presence of salmeterol. This was attributed to transcellular-mediated uptake. This HSF is a promising peptide for delivery of therapeutics where enhanced epithelial penetrating is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehra Haghi
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Norbert Windhab
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kirschenallee, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hartwig
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kirschenallee, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul M Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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14
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Kannan R(R, Singh N, Przekwas A. A Quasi-3D compartmental multi-scale approach to detect and quantify diseased regional lung constriction using spirometry data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e2973. [PMID: 29486525 PMCID: PMC5948150 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Spirometry is a widely used pulmonary function test to detect the airflow limitations associated with various obstructive lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and even obesity-related complications. These conditions arise due to the change in the airway resistance, alveolar compliance, and inductance values. Currently, zero-dimensional compartmental models are commonly used for calibrating these resistance, compliance, and inductance values, ie, solving the inverse spirometry problem. However, zero-dimensional compartments cannot capture the flow physics or the spatial geometry effects, thereby generating a low fidelity prediction of the diseased lung. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models offer higher fidelity solutions but may be impractical for certain applications due to the duration of these simulations. Recently, a novel, fast-running, and robust Quasi-3D (Q3D) wire model for simulating the airflow in the human lung airway was developed by CFD Research Corporation. This Q3D method preserved the 3D spatial nature of the airways and was favorably validated against CFD solutions. In the present study, the Q3D compartmental multi-scale combination is further improved to predict regional lung constriction of diseased lungs using spirometry data. The Q3D mesh is resolved up to the eighth lung airway generation. The remainder of the airways and the alveoli sections are modeled using a compartmental approach. The Q3D geometry is then split into different spatial sections, and the resistance values in these regions are obtained using parameter inversion. Finally, the airway diameter values are then reduced to create the actual diseased lung model, corresponding to these resistance values. This diseased lung model can be used for patient-specific drug deposition predictions and the subsequent optimization of the orally inhaled drug products.
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Calzetta L, Matera MG, Facciolo F, Cazzola M, Rogliani P. Beclomethasone dipropionate and formoterol fumarate synergistically interact in hyperresponsive medium bronchi and small airways. Respir Res 2018; 19:65. [PMID: 29650006 PMCID: PMC5897944 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corticosteroids increase the expression of β2-adrenoceptors (β2-ARs) and protect them against down-regulation. Conversely, β2-AR agonists improve the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids. Nevertheless, it is still uncertain whether adding a long-acting β2-AR agonist (LABA) to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) results in an additive effect, or there is true synergy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to pharmacologically characterize the interaction between the ICS beclomethasone diproprionate (BDP) and the LABA formoterol fumarate (FF) in a validated human ex vivo model of bronchial asthma. Methods Human medium and small airways were stimulated by histamine and treated with different concentrations of BDP and FF, administered alone and in combination at concentration-ratio reproducing ex vivo that of the currently available fixed-dose combination (FDC; BDP/FF 100:6 combination-ratio). Experiments were performed in non-sensitized (NS) and passively sensitized (PS) airways. The pharmacological interaction was assessed by using Bliss Independence and Unified Theory equations. Results BDP/FF synergistically increased the overall bronchorelaxation in NS and PS airways (+ 15.15% ± 4.02%; P < 0.05 vs. additive effect). At low-to-medium concentrations the synergistic interaction was greater in PS than in NS bronchioles (+ 16.68% ± 3.02% and + 7.27% ± 3.05%, respectively). In PS small airways a very strong synergistic interaction (Combination Index: 0.08; + 20.04% ± 2.18% vs. additive effect) was detected for the total concentrations of BDP/FF combination corresponding to 10.6 ng/ml. Conclusion BDP/FF combination synergistically relaxed human bronchi; the extent of such an interaction was very strong at low-to-medium concentrations in PS small airways. Trial registration Not applicable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0770-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigino Calzetta
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Facciolo
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Dianat M, Radan M, Badavi M, Mard SA, Bayati V, Ahmadizadeh M. Crocin attenuates cigarette smoke-induced lung injury and cardiac dysfunction by anti-oxidative effects: the role of Nrf2 antioxidant system in preventing oxidative stress. Respir Res 2018; 19:58. [PMID: 29631592 PMCID: PMC5891913 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been emerging as a great health problem in world. Cigarette smoke is known to cause oxidative stress and deplete glutathione (GSH) levels. Nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is involved in transcriptional regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLc). Antioxidant compounds may be of therapeutic value in monitoring disease progression. Crocin demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of crocin against CSE-mediated oxidative stress, inflammatory process, Nrf2 modifications and impairment of cardiac function in rats with COPD. METHODS Eighty rats were divided into four groups: Control, Cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), Crocin, Crocin+CS. Each group was divided into the two parts: 1) to evaluate lung inflammatory and oxidative process, 2) to evaluate the effect of Cigarette smoke induced-lung injuries on cardiac electrocardiogram (such as heart rate and QRS complex) and hemodynamic parameters (such as perfusion pressure and left ventricular developed pressure). RESULTS CSE rats showed a significant increase in cotinine concentration (17.24 ng/ml), and inflammatory parameters and a decrease in PO2 (75.87 mmHg) and expression of PKC (0.86 fold), PI3K (0.79 fold), MAPK (0.87 fold), Nrf2 (0.8 fold) and GCLc (0.75 fold) genes, antioxidant activity, and finally cardiac abnormalities in electrocardiogram and hemodynamic parameters. Co-treatment whit crocin could restore all these values to normal levels. CONCLUSIONS CS induced-COPD in rat model provides evidence that chronic CS exposure leads to lung injury and mediated cardiac dysfunction. Crocin co-treatment by modulating of Nrf2 pathway protected lung injury caused by COPD and its related cardiac dysfunction. In this study, we showed the importance of Nrf2 activators as a therapeutic target for the development of novel therapy for lung oxidative injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Dianat
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Radan
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahid Bayati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Ahmadizadeh
- Physiology Research Center, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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