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Chen J, Ye W. Molecular mechanisms underlying Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction treating hyperpigmentation based on network pharmacology, Mendelian randomization analysis, and experimental verification. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:296-313. [PMID: 38555860 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2330609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperpigmentation, a common skin condition marked by excessive melanin production, currently has limited effective treatment options. OBJECTIVE This study explores the effects of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction (THSWD) on hyperpigmentation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed network pharmacology, Mendelian randomization, and molecular docking to identify THSWD's hub targets and mechanisms against hyperpigmentation. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay determined suitable THSWD treatment concentrations for PIG1 cells. These cells were exposed to graded concentrations of THSWD-containing serum (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) and treated with α-MSH (100 nM) to induce an in vitro hyperpigmentation model. Assessments included melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and Western blotting. RESULTS ALB, IL6, and MAPK3 emerged as primary targets, while quercetin, apigenin, and luteolin were the core active ingredients. The CCK-8 assay indicated that concentrations between 2.5% and 20% were suitable for PIG1 cells, with a 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) of 32.14%. THSWD treatment significantly reduced melanin content and tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-induced PIG1 cells, along with downregulating MC1R and MITF expression. THSWD increased ALB and p-MAPK3/MAPK3 levels and decreased IL6 expression in the model cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION THSWD mitigates hyperpigmentation by targeting ALB, IL6, and MAPK3. This study paves the way for clinical applications of THSWD as a novel treatment for hyperpigmentation and offers new targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
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Sanchez-Fernandez C, Rodriguez-Outeiriño L, Matias-Valiente L, Ramírez de Acuña F, Franco D, Aránega AE. Understanding Epicardial Cell Heterogeneity during Cardiogenesis and Heart Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:376. [PMID: 37754805 PMCID: PMC10531887 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10090376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The outermost layer of the heart, the epicardium, is an essential cell population that contributes, through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to the formation of different cell types and provides paracrine signals to the developing heart. Despite its quiescent state during adulthood, the adult epicardium reactivates and recapitulates many aspects of embryonic cardiogenesis in response to cardiac injury, thereby supporting cardiac tissue remodeling. Thus, the epicardium has been considered a crucial source of cell progenitors that offers an important contribution to cardiac development and injured hearts. Although several studies have provided evidence regarding cell fate determination in the epicardium, to date, it is unclear whether epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) come from specific, and predetermined, epicardial cell subpopulations or if they are derived from a common progenitor. In recent years, different approaches have been used to study cell heterogeneity within the epicardial layer using different experimental models. However, the data generated are still insufficient with respect to revealing the complexity of this epithelial layer. In this review, we summarize the previous works documenting the cellular composition, molecular signatures, and diversity within the developing and adult epicardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (L.R.-O.); (L.M.-V.); (F.R.d.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Lara Rodriguez-Outeiriño
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (L.R.-O.); (L.M.-V.); (F.R.d.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Lidia Matias-Valiente
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (L.R.-O.); (L.M.-V.); (F.R.d.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Felicitas Ramírez de Acuña
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (L.R.-O.); (L.M.-V.); (F.R.d.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (L.R.-O.); (L.M.-V.); (F.R.d.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia Eva Aránega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (L.R.-O.); (L.M.-V.); (F.R.d.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Anil-Inevi M, Delikoyun K, Mese G, Tekin HC, Ozcivici E. Magnetic levitation assisted biofabrication, culture, and manipulation of 3D cellular structures using a ring magnet based setup. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4771-4785. [PMID: 34559409 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diamagnetic levitation is an emerging technology for remote manipulation of cells in cell and tissue level applications. Low-cost magnetic levitation configurations using permanent magnets are commonly composed of a culture chamber physically sandwiched between two block magnets that limit working volume and applicability. This work describes a single ring magnet-based magnetic levitation system to eliminate physical limitations for biofabrication. Developed configuration utilizes sample culture volume for construct size manipulation and long-term maintenance. Furthermore, our configuration enables convenient transfer of liquid or solid phases during the levitation. Before biofabrication, we first calibrated/ the platform for levitation with polymeric beads, considering the single cell density range of viable cells. By taking advantage of magnetic focusing and cellular self-assembly, millimeter-sized 3D structures were formed and maintained in the system allowing easy and on-site intervention in cell culture with an open operational space. We demonstrated that the levitation protocol could be adapted for levitation of various cell types (i.e., stem cell, adipocyte and cancer cell) representing cells of different densities by modifying the paramagnetic ion concentration that could be also reduced by manipulating the density of the medium. This technique allowed the manipulation and merging of separately formed 3D biological units, as well as the hybrid biofabrication with biopolymers. In conclusion, we believe that this platform will serve as an important tool in broad fields such as bottom-up tissue engineering, drug discovery and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Anil-Inevi
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kerem Delikoyun
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulistan Mese
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H Cumhur Tekin
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Engin Ozcivici
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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Wang S, Liu Y, Crisman L, Wan C, Miller J, Yu H, Shen J. Genetic evidence for an inhibitory role of tomosyn in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis. Traffic 2021; 21:636-646. [PMID: 32851733 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exocytosis is a vesicle fusion process driven by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). A classic exocytic pathway is insulin-stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and skeletal muscles. The GLUT4 exocytic pathway plays a central role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis and is compromised in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A candidate regulator of GLUT4 exocytosis is tomosyn, a soluble protein expressed in adipocytes. Tomosyn directly binds to GLUT4 exocytic SNAREs in vitro but its role in GLUT4 exocytosis was unknown. In this work, we used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to delete the two tomosyn-encoding genes in adipocytes. We observed that both basal and insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis was markedly elevated in the double knockout (DKO) cells. By contrast, adipocyte differentiation and insulin signaling remained intact in the DKO adipocytes. In a reconstituted liposome fusion assay, tomosyn inhibited all the SNARE complexes underlying GLUT4 exocytosis. The inhibitory activity of tomosyn was relieved by NSF and α-SNAP, which act in concert to remove tomosyn from GLUT4 exocytic SNAREs. Together, these studies revealed an inhibitory role for tomosyn in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis in adipocytes. We suggest that tomosyn-arrested SNAREs represent a reservoir of fusion capacity that could be harnessed to treat patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Department of Chinese Medicine Information Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren Crisman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Haijia Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Menasche BL, Davis EM, Wang S, Ouyang Y, Li S, Yu H, Shen J. PBRM1 and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic pathway promote tumor killing mediated by MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic lymphocytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc3243. [PMID: 33246952 PMCID: PMC7695474 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs) such as natural killer (NK) cells can detect and destroy tumor and virus-infected cells resistant to T cell-mediated killing. Here, we performed genome-wide genetic screens to identify tumor-intrinsic genes regulating killing by MHC-unrestricted CLs. A group of genes identified in our screens encode enzymes for the biosynthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, which is not involved in tumor response to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Another gene identified in the screens was PBRM1, which encodes a subunit of the PBAF form of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. PBRM1 mutations in tumor cells cause resistance to MHC-unrestricted killing, in contrast to their sensitizing effects on T cell-mediated killing. PBRM1 and the GPI biosynthetic pathway regulate the ligands of NK cell receptors in tumor cells and promote cytolytic granule secretion in CLs. The regulators identified in this work represent potential targets for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Menasche
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eric M Davis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Chinese Medicine Information Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yan Ouyang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Suzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Haijia Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Wang S, Crisman L, Miller J, Datta I, Gulbranson DR, Tian Y, Yin Q, Yu H, Shen J. Inducible Exoc7/Exo70 knockout reveals a critical role of the exocyst in insulin-regulated GLUT4 exocytosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19988-19996. [PMID: 31740584 PMCID: PMC6937574 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin promotes glucose uptake by triggering the translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane through exocytosis. GLUT4 exocytosis is a vesicle fusion event involving fusion of GLUT4-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane. For GLUT4 vesicle fusion to occur, GLUT4 vesicles must first be tethered to the plasma membrane. A key tethering factor in exocytosis is a heterooctameric protein complex called the exocyst. The role of the exocyst in GLUT4 exocytosis, however, remains incompletely understood. Here we first systematically analyzed data from a genome-scale CRISPR screen in HeLa cells that targeted virtually all known genes in the human genome, including 12 exocyst genes. The screen recovered only a subset of the exocyst genes, including exocyst complex component 7 (Exoc7/Exo70). Other exocyst genes, however, were not isolated in the screen, likely because of functional redundancy. Our findings suggest that selection of an appropriate exocyst gene is critical for genetic studies of exocyst functions. Next we developed an inducible adipocyte genome editing system that enabled Exoc7 gene deletion in adipocytes without interfering with adipocyte differentiation. We observed that insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis was markedly inhibited in Exoc7 KO adipocytes. Insulin signaling, however, remained intact in these KO cells. These results indicate that the exocyst plays a critical role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis in adipocytes. We propose that the strategy outlined in this work could be instrumental in genetically dissecting other membrane-trafficking pathways in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Department of Chinese Medicine Information Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Lauren Crisman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Jessica Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Ishara Datta
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Daniel R Gulbranson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Haijia Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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Gulbranson DR, Crisman L, Lee M, Ouyang Y, Menasche BL, Demmitt BA, Wan C, Nomura T, Ye Y, Yu H, Shen J. AAGAB Controls AP2 Adaptor Assembly in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. Dev Cell 2019; 50:436-446.e5. [PMID: 31353312 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multimeric adaptors are broadly involved in vesicle-mediated membrane trafficking. AP2 adaptor, in particular, plays a central role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) by recruiting cargo and clathrin to endocytic sites. It is generally thought that trafficking adaptors such as AP2 adaptor assemble spontaneously. In this work, however, we discovered that AP2 adaptor assembly is an ordered process controlled by alpha and gamma adaptin binding protein (AAGAB), an uncharacterized factor identified in our genome-wide genetic screen of CME. AAGAB guides the sequential association of AP2 subunits and stabilizes assembly intermediates. Without the assistance of AAGAB, AP2 subunits fail to form the adaptor complex, leading to their degradation. The function of AAGAB is abrogated by a mutation that causes punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type 1 (PPKP1), a human skin disease. Since other multimeric trafficking adaptors operate in an analogous manner to AP2 adaptor, their assembly likely involves a similar regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gulbranson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Lauren Crisman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - MyeongSeon Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yan Ouyang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bridget L Menasche
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brittany A Demmitt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yihong Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haijia Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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