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Li CY, Tian ZQ. Sixty years of electrochemical optical spectroscopy: a retrospective. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3579-3605. [PMID: 38421335 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00734k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sixty years ago, Reddy, Devanatan, and Bockris performed the first in situ electrochemical ellipsometry experiment, which ushered in a new era in the study of electrochemistry, using optical spectroscopy. After six decades of development, electrochemical optical spectroscopy, particularly electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy, has advanced from a phase of immaturity with few methods and limited applications to a phase of maturity with excellent substrate generality and significantly improved resolutions. Here, we divide the development of electrochemical optical spectroscopy into four phases, focusing on the proof-of-concept of different electrochemical optical spectroscopy studies, the emergence of plasmonic enhancement-based electrochemical optical spectroscopic (in particular vibrational spectroscopic) methods, the realization of electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy on well-defined surfaces, and the efforts to achieve operando spectroelectrochemical applications. Finally, we discuss the future development trend of electrochemical optical spectroscopy, as well as examples of new methodology and research paradigms for operando spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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2
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Fitzek H, Sterrer M, Knez D, Schranger H, Sarapulova A, Dsoke S, Schroettner H, Kothleitner G, Gollas B, Abbas Q. Impact of Iodine Electrodeposition on Nanoporous Carbon Electrode Determined by EQCM, XPS and In Situ Raman Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091545. [PMID: 37177090 PMCID: PMC10180143 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The charging of nanoporous carbon via electrodeposition of solid iodine from iodide-based electrolyte is an efficient and ecofriendly method to produce battery cathodes. Here, the interactions at the carbon/iodine interface from first contact with the aqueous electrolyte to the electrochemical polarization conditions in a hybrid cell are investigated by a combination of in situ and ex situ methods. EQCM investigations confirm the flushing out of water from the pores during iodine formation at the positive electrode. XPS of the carbon surface shows irreversible oxidation at the initial electrolyte immersion and to a larger extent during the first few charge/discharge cycles. This leads to the creation of functional groups at the surface while further reactive sites are consumed by iodine, causing a kind of passivation during a stable cycling regime. Two sources of carbon electrode structural modifications during iodine formation in the nanopores have been revealed by in situ Raman spectroscopy, (i) charge transfer and (ii) mechanical strain, both causing reversible changes and thus preventing performance deterioration during the long-term cycling of energy storage devices that use iodine-charged carbon electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Fitzek
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Sterrer
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Schranger
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Angelina Sarapulova
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sonia Dsoke
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hartmuth Schroettner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology (PUT), 60965 Poznan, Poland
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Li Z, Chande C, Cheng YH, Basuray S. Recent State and Challenges in Spectroelectrochemistry with Its Applications in Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:667. [PMID: 36985074 PMCID: PMC10056660 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review paper presents the recent developments in spectroelectrochemical (SEC) technologies. The coupling of spectroscopy and electrochemistry enables SEC to do a detailed and comprehensive study of the electron transfer kinetics and vibrational spectroscopic fingerprint of analytes during electrochemical reactions. Though SEC is a promising technique, the usage of SEC techniques is still limited. Therefore, enough publicity for SEC is required, considering the promising potential in the analysis fields. Unlike previously published review papers primarily focused on the relatively frequently used SEC techniques (ultraviolet-visible SEC and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy SEC), the two not-frequently used but promising techniques (nuclear magnetic resonance SEC and dark-field microscopy SEC) have also been studied in detail. This review paper not only focuses on the applications of each SEC method but also details their primary working mechanism. In short, this paper summarizes each SEC technique's working principles, current applications, challenges encountered, and future development directions. In addition, each SEC technique's applicative research directions are detailed and compared in this review work. Furthermore, integrating SEC techniques into microfluidics is becoming a trend in minimized analysis devices. Therefore, the usage of SEC techniques in microfluidics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Charmi Chande
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sagnik Basuray
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Electrochemistry of Carbon Materials: Progress in Raman Spectroscopy, Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:640. [PMID: 36839009 PMCID: PMC9961505 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the discussion of applications of carbon material in electrochemistry. The paper starts with a general discussion on electrochemical doping. Then, investigations by spectroelectrochemistry are discussed. The Raman spectroscopy experiments in different electrolyte solutions are considered. This includes aqueous solutions and acetonitrile and ionic fluids. The investigation of carbon nanotubes on different substrates is considered. The optical absorption experiments in different electrolyte solutions and substrate materials are discussed. The chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes is considered. Finally, the application of carbon materials and chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes in batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, and nanoelectronic devices is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA) of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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In Situ Raman Microdroplet Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of CuSCN Electrodeposited on Different Substrates. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051256. [PMID: 34064622 PMCID: PMC8151883 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Systematic in situ Raman microdroplet spectroelectrochemical (Raman-μSEC) characterization of copper (I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) prepared using electrodeposition from aqueous solution on various substrates (carbon-based, F-doped SnO2) is presented. CuSCN is a promising solid p-type inorganic semiconductor used in perovskite solar cells as a hole-transporting material. SEM characterization reveals that the CuSCN layers are homogenous with a thickness of ca. 550 nm. Raman spectra of dry CuSCN layers show that the SCN− ion is predominantly bonded in the thiocyanate resonant form to copper through its S−end (Cu−S−C≡N). The double-layer capacitance of the CuSCN layers ranges from 0.3 mF/cm2 on the boron-doped diamond to 0.8 mF/cm2 on a glass-like carbon. In situ Raman-μSEC shows that, independently of the substrate type, all Raman vibrations from CuSCN and the substrate completely vanish in the potential range from 0 to −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl, caused by the formation of a passivation layer. At positive potentials (+0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl), the bands corresponding to the CuSCN vibrations change their intensities compared to those in the as-prepared, dry layers. The changes concern mainly the Cu−SCN form, showing the dependence of the related vibrations on the substrate type and thus on the local environment modifying the delocalization on the Cu−S bond.
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Ibáñez D, González-García MB, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P. Detection of dithiocarbamate, chloronicotinyl and organophosphate pesticides by electrochemical activation of SERS features of screen-printed electrodes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119174. [PMID: 33234478 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of Raman intensity due to the electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering (EC-SERS) effect is an interesting alternative to overcome the lack of sensitivity traditionally associated with Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, activation of metallic screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) by electrochemical route leads to the reproducible generation of nanostructures with excellent SERS properties. EC-SERS procedure proposed in this work for the detection of several pesticides (thiram, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos) with different nature, uses gold SPEs as SERS substrates, but also includes a preconcentration step as the initial and essential stage. Taking into account the small volume of solution employed, only 60 µL, the preconcentration cannot be performed for more than 15 min in order to ensure the proper contact of the solution with WE, RE and CE. Furthermore, selected temperature, 34 °C, is not very high to allow the exhaustive control of the drop volume. Optimization of preconcentration parameters (time and temperature) displays a crucial step, particularly in the detection of low concentrations of pesticides, because it will provide higher Raman intensity in EC-SERS experiments. After the initial step, gold SPEs were electrochemically activated by cyclic voltammetry, allowing the detection of very low concentration (µg·L-1) of pesticides due to the generation of fresh nanostructures with SERS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ibáñez
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain.
| | - María Begoña González-García
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | - David Hernández-Santos
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | - Pablo Fanjul-Bolado
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain.
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Shiraki T, Miyauchi Y, Matsuda K, Nakashima N. Carbon Nanotube Photoluminescence Modulation by Local Chemical and Supramolecular Chemical Functionalization. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1846-1859. [PMID: 32791829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been central materials in nanoscience and nanotechnologies. Single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) consisting of a cylindrical graphene show a metallic (met) or semiconducting (sc) property depending on their rolling up manner (chirality). The sc-SWCNTs show characteristic chirality-dependent optical properties of their absorption and photoluminescence (PL) in the near-infrared (NIR) region. These are derived from their highly π-conjugated structures having semiconducting crystalline sp2 carbon networks with defined nanoarchitectures that afford a strong quantum confinement and weak dielectric screening. Consequently, photoirradiation of the SWCNTs produces a stable and mobile exciton (excited electron-hole pair) even at room temperature, and the exciton properties dominate such optical phenomena in the SWCNTs. However, the mobile excitons decrease the PL efficiency due to nonradiative relaxation including collision with tube edges and relaxation to lower-lying dark states. A breakthrough regarding the efficient use of the mobile exciton for PL has recently been achieved by local chemical functionalization of the SWCNTs, in which the chemical reactions introduce local defects of oxygen and sp3 carbon atoms in the tube structures. The defect doping creates new emissive doped sites that have narrower band gaps and trap the mobile excitons, which provides locally functionalized SWCNTs (lf-SWCNTs). As a result, the localized exciton produces E11* PL with red-shifted wavelengths and enhanced PL quantum yields compared to the original E11 PL of the nonmodified SWCNTs.In this Account, we describe recently revealed fundamental properties of the lf-SWCNTs based on the analyses by photophysics, theoretical calculations, and electrochemistry combined with in situ PL spectroscopy. The new insight allows us to expand the wavelength regions of the NIR E11* PL derived from the localized exciton, in which upconversion generates a higher energy PL through thermal activation and proximal doped site formation using bis-aryldiazonium modifiers provides a much lower energy PL than typical E11* PL. Moreover, owing to the chemical reaction-dominant doping process, the molecular structure design of modifiers succeeds in producing functionalized lf-SWCNTs; namely, molecular functions are incorporated into the doped sites for their PL modulation. The wavelength changes/switching in the E11* PL selectively occurs by a supramolecular approach using molecular recognition and imine chemistry. Therefore, the local chemical functionalization of the SWCNTs is a key to designing the properties and creating their new functions of the lf-SWCNTs. Fundamental understanding of the doped site properties of the lf-SWCNTs and molecularly driven approaches for exciton and defect engineering would unveil the intrinsic natures of these materials, which is crucial for elevating the SWCNT-based nanotechnologies to the next stage. The resulting materials are of interest in the fields of high performance NIR-II imaging and sensing for bio/medical analyses and single-photon emitters in quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunari Matsuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Antuña-Jiménez D, Ibáñez D, González-García MB, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P. Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Metal Phthalocyanines: Characterization and Electrocatalysis in Chlorinated Media. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20133702. [PMID: 32630681 PMCID: PMC7374511 DOI: 10.3390/s20133702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal phthalocyanines are well-known sensing phases with applications in different scientific fields due to their interesting properties. Detailed characterization by Raman spectroscopy was performed in order to study the shifting of the vibrational bands related to the coordination sphere of each metal phthalocyanine. In this work, a study involving the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) with various metal phthalocyanines to electrochemically detect and quantify chlorine (Cl2) gas is presented. The Cl2 gas was generated in-situ via oxidation of the chloride present in form of aqueous salt solutions. The developed method offers not only the possibility to quantify chlorine, but also to discriminate among several chlorinated species due to the changes observed in the voltammetric profiles associated with the interaction between the specie assayed and the phthalocyanine metallic center. Optimization of detecting parameters was also performed to apply this procedure for the quantification of chlorine generated from commercial chlorine tablets. The development of this proof of concept shows interesting possibilities and easy-to-use applications with novel on metal phthalocyanines based SPE sensors.
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Nakashima N, Fukuzawa M, Nishimura K, Fujigaya T, Kato Y, Staykov A. Supramolecular Chemistry-Based One-Pot High-Efficiency Separation of Solubilizer-Free Pure Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Molecular Strategy and Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11847-11856. [PMID: 32539417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have the potential to revolutionize nanoscale electronics and power sources; however, their low purity and high separation cost limit their use in practical applications. Here we present a supramolecular chemistry-based one-pot, less expensive, scalable, and highly efficient separation of a solubilizer/adsorbent-free pure semiconducting SWCNT (sc-SWCNT) using flavin/isoalloxazine analogues with different substituents. On the basis of both experimental and computational simulations (DFT study), we have revealed the molecular requirements of the solubilizers as well as provided a possible mechanism for such a highly efficient selective sc-SWCNT separation. The present sorting method is very simple (one-pot) and gives a promising sc-SWCNT separation methodology. Thus, the study provides insight for the molecular design of an sc-SWCNT solubilizer with a high (n,m)-chiral selectivity, which benefits many areas including semiconducting nanoelectronics, thermoelectric, bio and energy materials, and devices using solubilizer-free very pure sc-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukuzawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kanako Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Aleksandar Staykov
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Garoz‐Ruiz J, Perales‐Rondon JV, Heras A, Colina A. Spectroelectrochemical Sensing: Current Trends and Challenges. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Garoz‐Ruiz
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad de Burgos Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n E-09001 Burgos Spain
| | | | - Aranzazu Heras
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad de Burgos Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n E-09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad de Burgos Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n E-09001 Burgos Spain
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Santidrián A, González-Domínguez JM, Diez-Cabanes V, Hernández-Ferrer J, Maser WK, Benito AM, Anśon-Casaos A, Cornil J, Da Ros T, Kalbáč M. A tool box to ascertain the nature of doping and photoresponse in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4063-4071. [PMID: 30714592 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of doping on the electronic properties in bulk single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) samples is studied for the first time using a new in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical method, and further verified by DFT calculations and photoresponse. We use p-/n-doped SWCNTs prepared by diazonium reactions as a versatile chemical strategy to control the SWCNT behavior. The measured and calculated data testify an acceptor effect of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (p-doping), and a donor effect (n-doping) in the case of benzyl alcohol. In addition, pristine and covalently functionalized SWCNTs were used for the preparation of photoactive film electrodes. The photocathodic current in the photoelectrochemical cell is consistently modulated by the doping group. These results validate the in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry as a unique tool box for predicting the electronic properties of functionalized SWCNTs in the form of thin films and their operational functionality in thin film devices for future optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santidrián
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejskova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Syrgiannis Z, Trautwein G, Calvaresi M, Modugno G, Zerbetto F, Carraro M, Prato M, Bonchio M. Controlling Size‐Dispersion of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Interaction with Polyoxometalates Armed with a Tryptophan Tweezer. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zois Syrgiannis
- Department of Chemical Sciences ‐ University of Padova and ITM‐CNR ‐ Unit of Padova University of Padova and via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- Center of Excellence and Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT) INSTM ‐ Unit of Trieste and University of Trieste via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste (TS) Italy
| | - Guido Trautwein
- Department of Chemical Sciences ‐ University of Padova and ITM‐CNR ‐ Unit of Padova University of Padova and via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician” Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Gloria Modugno
- Department of Chemical Sciences ‐ University of Padova and ITM‐CNR ‐ Unit of Padova University of Padova and via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician” Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Mauro Carraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences ‐ University of Padova and ITM‐CNR ‐ Unit of Padova University of Padova and via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center of Excellence and Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT) INSTM ‐ Unit of Trieste and University of Trieste via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste (TS) Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory ‐ CIC biomaGUNE Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia‐San Sebastian Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque 48013 Bilbao Spain
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences ‐ University of Padova and ITM‐CNR ‐ Unit of Padova University of Padova and via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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Ibañez D, Gomez E, Valles E, Colina A, Heras A. Spectroelectrochemical monitoring of contaminants during the electrochemical filtration process using free-standing carbon nanotube filters. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Zhang XP, Jiang WL, Cao SH, Sun HJ, You XQ, Cai SH, Wang JL, Zhao CS, Wang X, Chen Z, Sun SG. NMR spectroelectrochemistry in studies of hydroquinone oxidation by polyaniline thin films. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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16
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Berger F, Higgins TM, Rother M, Graf A, Zakharko Y, Allard S, Matthiesen M, Gotthardt JM, Scherf U, Zaumseil J. From Broadband to Electrochromic Notch Filters with Printed Monochiral Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11135-11142. [PMID: 29521086 PMCID: PMC5887085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dense layers of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) serve as electrochromic (EC) materials in the near-infrared with high optical density and high conductivity. EC cells with tunable notch filter properties instead of broadband absorption are created via highly selective dispersion of specific semiconducting SWNTs through polymer-wrapping followed by deposition of thick films by aerosol-jet printing. A simple planar geometry with spray-coated mixed SWNTs as the counter electrode renders transparent metal oxides redundant and facilitates complete bleaching within a few seconds through iongel electrolytes with high ionic conductivities. Monochiral (6,5) SWNT films as working electrodes exhibit a narrow absorption band at 997 nm (full width at half-maximum of 55-73 nm) with voltage-dependent optical densities between 0.2 and 4.5 and a modulation depth of up to 43 dB. These (6,5) SWNT notch filters can retain more than 95% of maximum bleaching for several hours under open-circuit conditions. In addition, different levels of transmission can be set by applying constant low voltage (1.5 V) pulses with modulated width or by a given number of fixed short pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix
J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Higgins
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Rother
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maik Matthiesen
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan M. Gotthardt
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Zhai Y, Zhu Z, Zhou S, Zhu C, Dong S. Recent advances in spectroelectrochemistry. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3089-3111. [PMID: 29379916 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07803j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The integration of two quite different techniques, conventional electrochemistry and spectroscopy, into spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) provides a complete description of chemically driven electron transfer processes and redox events for different kinds of molecules and nanoparticles. SEC possesses interdisciplinary advantages and can further expand the scopes in the fields of analysis and other applications, emphasizing the hot issues of analytical chemistry, materials science, biophysics, chemical biology, and so on. Considering the past and future development of SEC, a review on the recent progress of SEC is presented and selected examples involving surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), near-infrared (NIR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), fluorescence, as well as other SEC are summarized to fully demonstrate these techniques. In addition, the optically transparent electrodes and SEC cell design, and the typical applications of SEC in mechanism study, electrochromic device fabrication, sensing and protein study are fully introduced. Finally, the key issues, future perspectives and trends in the development of SEC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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18
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Abstract
We have observed that C60+ ions isolated in cryogenic matrices show distinct near-IR photoluminescence upon excitation in the near-IR range. By contrast, UV photoexcitation does not lead to measurable luminescence. Near-IR C60+ photoluminescence is a one-photon process. The emission is mainly concentrated in one band and corresponds to 2A1u ← 2E1g relaxation. We present experimental data for the Stokes shift, power, and temperature dependencies as well as the quantum efficiency of the photoluminescence. Our findings may be relevant for astronomy, considering recent unequivocal assignment of five diffuse interstellar bands to near-IR absorption bands of C60+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Strelnikov
- Division of Physical Chemistry of Microscopic Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Bastian Kern
- Division of Physical Chemistry of Microscopic Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Division of Physical Chemistry of Microscopic Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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19
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Ibañez D, Galindo M, Colina A, Valles E, Heras A, Gomez E. Silver nanoparticles/free-standing carbon nanotube Janus membranes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Barrera J, Ibañez D, Heras A, Ruiz V, Colina A. In-situ Evidence of the Redox-State Dependence of Photoluminescence in Graphene Quantum Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:531-537. [PMID: 28067529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the optical properties of graphene quantum dots (GQD) during electrochemical reduction and oxidation were investigated by photoluminescence (PL) spectroelectrochemistry, which provided direct in situ evidence of the dependence of GQD luminescence on their redox state. We demonstrated that GQD PL intensity was enhanced upon reduction (quantum yield increased from 0.44 to 0.55) and substantially bleached during oxidation (quantum yield ∼0.12). Moreover, PL emission blue/red-shifted upon GQD reduction/oxidation, rendering information about electronic transitions involved in the redox processes, namely, the π → π* and the n → π* transitions between energy levels of the aromatic sp2 domains and the functional groups, respectively. PL intensity changes during GQD reduction/oxidation resulted from a variation in structural changes in GQD as a result of charge injection, as corroborated by in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Barrera
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos , Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - David Ibañez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos , Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Heras
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos , Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruiz
- IK4-CIDETEC, Materials Division, P° Miramón 196, E-20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos , Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
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21
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Joko Y, Sasaki R, Shintani K. Dynamic encapsulation of corannulene molecules into a single-walled carbon nanotube. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27704-27715. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05542k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corannulene molecules dynamically encapsulated into a single-walled carbon nanotube form an ordered stack or a partially ordered stack where concave–concave corannulene dimers are the structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Joko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems
- University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
| | - R. Sasaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems
- University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
| | - K. Shintani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems
- University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
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22
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Ibañez D, Garoz-Ruiz J, Plana D, Heras A, Fermín D, Colina A. Spectroelectrochemistry at free-standing carbon nanotubes electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Moser ML, Li G, Chen M, Bekyarova E, Itkis ME, Haddon RC. Fast Electrochromic Device Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5386-5393. [PMID: 27531707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical properties of electrochromic materials can be controlled by the application of an electric field allowing recent development of new applications such as smart windows technology for indoor climate control and energy conservation. We report the fabrication of a single-walled nanotube (SWNT) thin film based electro-optical modulator controlled by ionic liquid polarization in which the active electrochromic layer is made of a film of semiconducting (SC-) SWNTs and the counter-electrode is composed of a film of metallic (MT-) SWNTs. Optimization of this electro-optical cell allows the operations with an optical modulation depth of 3.7 dB and a response time in the millisecond range, which is thousands of times faster than typical electrolyte-controlled devices. In addition, a dual electro-optical device was built utilizing electro-optically active SC-SWNT films for each electrode that allowed increasing modulation depth of 6.7 dB while preserving the speed of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mingguang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mikhail E Itkis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Robert C Haddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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24
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Lebedeva MA, Chamberlain TW, Scattergood PA, Delor M, Sazanovich IV, Davies ES, Suyetin M, Besley E, Schröder M, Weinstein JA, Khlobystov AN. Stabilising the lowest energy charge-separated state in a {metal chromophore - fullerene} assembly: a tuneable panchromatic absorbing donor-acceptor triad. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5908-5921. [PMID: 30034733 PMCID: PMC6024556 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreduction of fullerene and the consequent stabilisation of a charge-separated state in a donor-acceptor assembly have been achieved, overcoming the common problem of a fullerene-based triplet state being an energy sink that prevents charge-separation. A route to incorporate a C60-fullerene electron acceptor moiety into a catecholate-Pt(ii)-diimine photoactive dyad, which contains an unusually strong electron donor, 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate, has been developed. The synthetic methodology is based on the formation of the aldehyde functionalised bipyridine-Pt(ii)-3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol dyad which is then added to the fullerene cage via a Prato cycloaddition reaction. The resultant product is the first example of a fullerene-diimine-Pt-catecholate donor-acceptor triad, C60bpy-Pt-cat. The triad exhibits an intense solvatochromic absorption band in the visible region due to catechol-to-diimine charge-transfer, which, together with fullerene-based transitions, provides efficient and tuneable light harvesting of the majority of the UV/visible spectral range. Cyclic voltammetry, EPR and UV/vis/IR spectroelectrochemistry reveal redox behaviour with a wealth of reversible reduction and oxidation processes forming multiply charged species and storing multiple redox equivalents. Ultrafast transient absorption and time resolved infrared spectroscopy, supported by molecular modelling, reveal the formation of a charge-separated state [C60˙-bpy-Pt-cat˙+] with a lifetime of ∼890 ps. The formation of cat˙+ in the excited state is evidenced directly by characteristic absorption bands in the 400-500 nm region, while the formation of C60˙- was confirmed directly by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, TRIR. An IR-spectroelectrochemical study of the mono-reduced building block (C60-bpy)PtCl2, revealed a characteristic C60˙- vibrational feature at 1530 cm-1, which was also detected in the TRIR spectra. This combination of experiments offers the first direct IR-identification of C60˙- species in solution, and paves the way towards the application of transient infrared spectroscopy to the study of light-induced charge-separation in C60-containing assemblies, as well as fullerene films and fullerene/polymer blends in various OPV devices. Identification of the unique vibrational signature of a C60-anion provides a new way to follow photoinduced processes in fullerene-containing assemblies by means of time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy, as demonstrated for the fullerene-transition metal chromophore assembly with the lowest energy charge-separated excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Lebedeva
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford , OX1 3PS , UK .
| | - Thomas W Chamberlain
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK
| | | | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK .
- Laser for Science Facility , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Oxfordshire , OX11 0QX , UK
| | - E Stephen Davies
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
| | - Mikhail Suyetin
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
| | - Martin Schröder
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK
| | | | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
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25
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Ibañez D, Garoz-Ruiz J, Heras A, Colina A. Simultaneous UV–Visible Absorption and Raman Spectroelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8210-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Ibañez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael
Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Jesus Garoz-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael
Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Heras
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael
Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael
Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
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26
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Zhang W, Zhu S, Luque R, Han S, Hu L, Xu G. Recent development of carbon electrode materials and their bioanalytical and environmental applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:715-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00297d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New synthetic approaches, materials, properties, electroanalytical applications and perspectives of carbon materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Rafael Luque
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Shuang Han
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Lianzhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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27
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Garoz-Ruiz J, Ibañez D, Romero EC, Ruiz V, Heras A, Colina A. Optically transparent electrodes for spectroelectrochemistry fabricated with graphene nanoplatelets and single-walled carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid optically transparent electrodes based on single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets have been fabricated. The new methodology can be used with other carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ibañez
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidad de Burgos
- E-09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Edna C. Romero
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidad de Burgos
- E-09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Virginia Ruiz
- IK4-CIDETEC
- Materials Division
- E-20009 San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Aranzazu Heras
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidad de Burgos
- E-09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidad de Burgos
- E-09001 Burgos
- Spain
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28
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Kavan L, Vlckova Zivcova Z, Petrak V, Frank O, Janda P, Tarabkova H, Nesladek M, Mortet V. Boron-doped Diamond Electrodes: Electrochemical, Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman Study towards Corrosion-modifications at Nanoscale. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Frank O, Dresselhaus MS, Kalbac M. Raman spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry of isotopically engineered graphene systems. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:111-8. [PMID: 25569178 DOI: 10.1021/ar500384p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: The special properties of graphene offer immense opportunities for applications to many scientific fields, as well as societal needs, beyond our present imagination. One of the important features of graphene is the relatively simple tunability of its electronic structure, an asset that extends the usability of graphene even further beyond present experience. A direct injection of charge carriers into the conduction or valence bands, that is, doping, represents a viable way of shifting the Fermi level. In particular, electrochemical doping should be the method of choice, when higher doping levels are desired and when a firm control of experimental conditions is needed. In this Account, we focus on the electrochemistry of graphene in combination with in situ Raman spectroscopy, that is, in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry. Such a combination of methods is indeed very powerful, since Raman spectroscopy not only can readily monitor the changes in the doping level but also can give information on eventual stress or disorder in the material. However, when Raman spectroscopy is employed, one of its main strengths lies in the utilization of isotope engineering during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of the graphene samples. The in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study of multilayered systems with smartly designed isotope compositions in individual layers can provide a plethora of knowledge about the mutual interactions (i) between the graphene layers themselves, (ii) between graphene layers and their directly adjacent environment (e.g., substrate or electrolyte), and (iii) between graphene layers and their extended environment, which is separated from the layer by a certain number of additional graphene layers. In this Account, we show a few examples of such studies, from monolayer to two-layer and three-layer specimens and considering both turbostratic and AB interlayer ordering. Furthermore, the concept and the method can be extended further beyond the three-layer systems, for example, to heterostructures containing other 2-D materials beyond graphene. Despite a great deal of important results being unraveled so far through the in situ spectroelectrochemistry of graphene based systems, many intriguing challenges still lie immediately ahead. For example, apart from the aforementioned 2-D heterostructures, a substantial effort should be put into a more detailed exploration of misoriented (twisted) bilayer or trilayer graphenes. Marching from the oriented, AB-stacked to AA-stacked, bilayers, every single angular increment of the twist between the layers creates a new system in terms of its electronic properties. Mapping those properties and interlayer interactions dependent on the twist angle represents a sizable task, yet the reward might be the path toward the realization of various types of advanced devices. And last but not least, understanding the electrochemistry of graphene paves the way toward a controlled and targeted functionalization of graphene through redox reactions, especially when equipped with the possibility of an instantaneous monitoring of the thus introduced changes to the electronic structure of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otakar Frank
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, CZ-18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mildred S. Dresselhaus
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Kalbac
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, CZ-18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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30
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Park CS, Lee CJ, Kim EK. Stable p-type properties of single walled carbon nanotubes by electrochemical doping. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:16243-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01667c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a highly stable p-type doping for single walled carbon nanotubes using an electrochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Soo Park
- Department of Physics and Research Institute for Natural Science
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Jin Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyu Kim
- Department of Physics and Research Institute for Natural Science
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- Republic of Korea
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31
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Nastasi F, Puntoriero F, Natali M, Mba M, Maggini M, Mussini P, Panigati M, Campagna S. Photoinduced intercomponent excited-state decays in a molecular dyad made of a dinuclear rhenium(i) chromophore and a fullerene electron acceptor unit. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:909-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photoinduced triplet charge-separated state is formed in 1 in ca. 100 ps and recombines by a spin-selective process, forming the fullerene triplet state, within 10 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nastasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM; sezione di Messina)
- Messina
- Italy
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM; sezione di Messina)
- Messina
- Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM; sezione di Ferrara)
- Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Miriam Mba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Padova
- Padova
- Italy
| | - Michele Maggini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Padova
- Padova
- Italy
| | - Patrizia Mussini
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | - Monica Panigati
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC)-CNR
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM; sezione di Messina)
- Messina
- Italy
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)-CNR
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32
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Kalbáč M, Vales V, Kavan L, Dunsch L. Doping of C70 fullerene peapods with lithium vapor: Raman spectroscopic and Raman spectroelectrochemical studies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:485706. [PMID: 25397777 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/48/485706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry were applied to study the lithium vapor doping of C70@SWCNTs (peapods). A strong degree of doping was proved by the vanishing of the single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT's) radial breathing mode (RBM) and by the attenuation of the tangential (TG) band intensity. In contrast to potassium vapor doping, the strong downshift of the frequency of the TG band has not been observed for Li-doping. The Li vapor treated peapods remained partly doped even if they were exposed to humid air. This has been reflected by a reduced intensity of the nanotube and the fullerene modes and by the change of the shape of the RBM band as compared to that of the undoped sample. The modes of the intratubular fullerene were almost unresolved after the contact of the Li-doped sample with water. A lithium insertion into the interior of a peapod and its strong interaction with the intratubular fullerene is suggested to be responsible for the air-insensitive residual doping. This residual doping was studied by spectroelectrochemical measurements. The TG band of the Li doped peapods is partly upshifted during the anodic doping, which points to the different state of C70@SWCNTs and C60@SWCNTs studied previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kalbáč
- Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany. J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, CZ-18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Roy D, Tiwari N, Mukhopadhyay K, Shripathi T, Saxena AK. The Role of Functional Moieties on Carbon Nanotube Surfaces in Solar Energy Conversion. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3839-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schäfer S, Cogan NMB, Krauss TD. Spectroscopic investigation of electrochemically charged individual (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3138-3144. [PMID: 24797608 DOI: 10.1021/nl5003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) of (6,5) chirality were investigated by means of optical spectroscopy while their charge state was controlled electrochemically. The photoluminescence of the SWNTs was found to be quenched at positive and negative potentials, where the onset and offset varied for each individual SWNT. We propose that differences in the local environment of the individual SWNT lead to a shift of the Fermi energy, resulting in a distribution of the oxidation and reduction potentials. The exciton emission energy was found to correlate with the oxidation and reduction potential. Further proof of a correlation was found by deliberately doping individual SWNTs and monitoring their photoluminescence spectral shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Optics, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Dynamic Raman Spectroelectrochemistry of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes modified electrodes using a Langmuir-Schaefer method. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kant R, Islam MM. Theory of single potential step absorbance transient at an optically transparent rough and finite fractal electrode: EC′ mechanism. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Empirical prediction of electronic potentials of single-walled carbon nanotubes with a specific chirality (n,m). Sci Rep 2013; 3:2959. [PMID: 24129863 PMCID: PMC3797431 DOI: 10.1038/srep02959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of the electronic states of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with a specific chirality has been a central issue in the science of SWNTs. Here we present the empirical equations with fitting parameters for the determination of the reduction and oxidation potentials of SWNTs for a wide range of diameters and chiral angles. In these equations, a distinct chirality family dependence of the reduction potentials is observed, while the oxidation potentials show a simple diameter dependence nearly proportional to the inversed nanotube diameter. Based on observations of the asymmetric chirality dependence between the reduction and oxidation potentials, the Fermi levels of the SWNTs were revealed to have a definite chirality family dependence, which indicates that the work functions of the SWNTs with small diameters deviate from the values for the large diameter SWNTs and graphene. We also performed quantum chemical calculations to compare the experiment to the calculations.
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Kern B, Strelnikov D, Weis P, Böttcher A, Kappes MM. IR absorptions of C60(+) and C60(-) in neon matrixes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8251-5. [PMID: 23902528 DOI: 10.1021/jp4054605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C60(+) ions were produced by electron-impact ionization of sublimed C60, collimated into an ion beam, turned 90° by an electrostatic deflector to separate them from neutrals, mass filtered by a radio frequency quadrupole, and co-deposited with Ne on a cold 5 K gold-coated sapphire substrate. Infrared absorption spectroscopy revealed the additional presence of C60 and C60(-) in the as-prepared cryogenic matrixes. To change the C60(+)/C60(-) ratio, CCl4 or CO2 electron scavengers were added to the matrix gas. Also taking into account DFT calculations, we have identified nine new previously unpublished IR absorptions of C60(+) and seven of C60(-) in Ne matrixes. Our measurements are in very good agreement with DFT calculations, predicting D5d C60(+) and D3d C60(-) ground states. The new results may be of interest regarding the presence of C60 and C70 (as well as ions thereof) in Space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Kern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Sakamoto S, Tominaga M. Determination of the diameter-dependent onset potential for the oxygenation of SWCNTs. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2680-4. [PMID: 23894127 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the diameter-dependent onset potential for the oxygenation of a SWCNT (single-walled carbon nanotube) is an important issue because its chemical and physical properties, such as chemical reactivity, electronic conductance, and optical characteristics, would be changed. We investigated the diameter-dependent onset potential for the oxygenation of SWCNTs in neutral aqueous solution by using in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical measurements, which was explained quantitatively in terms of the strain energy per carbon atom. These results will be useful for the fabrication of materials in which CNTs are used as a platform for applications such as fuel cells, capacitors, and Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 96-342-3655
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Kavan L. Exploiting Nanocarbons in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. MAKING AND EXPLOITING FULLERENES, GRAPHENE, AND CARBON NANOTUBES 2013; 348:53-93. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Effect of Different Concentrations of Nitric Acid on the Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Transparent Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes were dispersed in deionized water with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate as surfactant. The solutions were sprayed on UV and plasma treated polyethylene terephthalate to achieve transparent conductive films with excellent adhesion. The carbon nanotube films were further treated with different concentrations of nitric acid to improve conductivity. SWCNTs and films were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis, field-emitting scanning electron microscopy, UV-VIS spectrophotometer, four-point probe method, and Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the conductivity of carbon nanotube films with high transparency was improved to a greater degree with higher concentration of nitric acid due to effectively removing residual surfactants. The low sheet resistance films of ~100 Ω/sq @ 80T% have widely applications in touch screen, flat panel displays, organic light emitting diode, and etc.
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Živcová ZV, Frank O, Petrák V, Tarábková H, Vacík J, Nesládek M, Kavan L. Electrochemistry and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry of low and high quality boron doped diamond layers in aqueous electrolyte solution. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hirana Y, Niidome Y, Nakashima N. Effect of Charge of a Matrix Polymer on the Electronic States of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20120116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Hirana
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Yasuro Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University
- Core Research of Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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Schäfer S, Wang Z, Rammelberg HU, Kipp T, Mews A. Tip-Induced Charging of Free Standing Semiconductor Nanowires and Carbon Nanotubes. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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González-Diéguez N, Colina A, López-Palacios J, Heras A. Spectroelectrochemistry at Screen-Printed Electrodes: Determination of Dopamine. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9146-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3018444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia González-Diéguez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos
s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos
s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Jesús López-Palacios
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos
s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Heras
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos
s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
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Ingrosso C, Bianco GV, Lopalco P, Tamborra M, Curri ML, Corcelli A, Bruno G, Agostiano A, Siciliano P, Striccoli M. Surface chemical functionalization of single walled carbon nanotubes with a bacteriorhodopsin mutant. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6434-6441. [PMID: 22961248 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31999c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been chemically functionalized at their walls with a membrane protein, namely the mutated bacteriorhodopsin D96N, integrated in its native archaeal lipid membrane. The modification of the SWNT walls with the mutant has been carried out in different buffer solutions, at pH 5, 7.5 and 9, to investigate the anchoring process, the typical chemical and physical properties of the component materials being dependent on the pH. The SWNTs modified by interactions with bacteriorhodopsin membrane patches have been characterized by UV-vis steady state, Raman and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by atomic force and transmission electron microscopy. The investigation shows that the membrane protein patches wrap the carbon walls by tight chemical interactions undergoing a conformational change; such chemical interactions increase the mechanical strength of the SWNTs and promote charge transfers which p-dope the nano-objects. The functionalization, as well as the SWNT doping, is favoured in acid and basic buffer conditions; such buffers make the nanotube walls more reactive, thus catalysing the anchoring of the membrane protein. The direct electron communication among the materials can be exploited for effectively interfacing the transport properties of carbon nanotubes with both molecular recognition capability and photoactivity of the cell membrane for sensing and photoconversion applications upon integration of the achieved hybrid materials in sensors or photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ingrosso
- CNR-IMM, Via per Monteroni, Campus Universitario, Palazzina A3, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Chng ELK, Pumera M. Nanographite Impurities in Carbon Nanotubes: Their Influence on the Oxidation of Insulin, Nitric Oxide, and Extracellular Thiols. Chemistry 2011; 18:1401-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pumera M. Voltammetry of carbon nanotubes and graphenes: excitement, disappointment, and reality. CHEM REC 2011; 12:201-13. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Klod S, Dunsch L. A combination of in situ ESR and in situ NMR spectroelectrochemistry for mechanistic studies of electrode reactions: the case of p-benzoquinone. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49:725-729. [PMID: 21972011 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A combined in situ NMR and in situ ESR spectroelectrochemical study of a reaction mechanism is presented detecting and describing the whole number of paramagnetic and diamagnetic intermediates and final products in an electrode reaction. While in situ NMR spectroelectrochemistry provides a powerful method for the study of structural or electronic changes of diamagnetic molecules in any electrochemical reaction mechanism, in situ ESR spectroelectrochemistry is the method of choice to detect paramagnetic structures and to characterise their electronic state via the g-value and hyperfine splitting in redox reactions. To demonstrate the power of this combination of magnetic spectroscopies in electrochemistry, the reduction of p-benzoquinone to hydroquinone is followed by both these spectroelectrochemical methods at selected pH values, thus considering the influence of the proton on the reaction mechanism. The results of both in situ spectroelectrochemical methods at the same redox system are used to get the complete reaction mechanism of p-benzoquinone at electrodes in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Klod
- Centre of Spectroelectrochemistry, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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