1
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Nho HW, Park WW, Lee B, Kim S, Yang C, Kwon OH. Intrachain photophysics of a donor-acceptor copolymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:1982-1992. [PMID: 34897314 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By taking advantage of bulk-heterojunction structures formed by blending conjugated donor polymers and non-fullerene acceptors, organic photovoltaic devices have recently attained promising power conversion efficiencies of above 18%. For optimizing organic photovoltaic devices, it is essential to understand the elementary processes that constitute light harvesters. Utilising femtosecond-resolved spectroscopic techniques that can access the timescales of locally excited (LE) state and charge-transfer (CT)/-separated (CS) states, herein we explored their photophysics in single chains of the top-notch performance donor-acceptor polymer, PM6, which has been widely used as a donor in state-of-the-art non-fullerene organic photovoltaic devices, in a single LE state per chain regime. Our observations revealed the ultrafast formation of a CT state and its equilibrium with the parent LE state. From the chain-length dependence of their lifetimes, the equilibrated states were found to idle until they reach a chain folding. At the chain folding, the CT state transforms into an interchain CT state that bifurcates into forming a CS state or annihilation within a picosecond. The observation of prevalent nonexponential behaviour in the relaxation of the transient species is attributed to the wide chain-length distribution that determines the emergence of the chain foldings in a single chain, thus, the lifetime of a LE and equilibrated CT states. Our findings indicate that the abundance of chain folding, where the generation of the "reactive" CS state is initiated from the interchain CT state, is essential for maximising charge carriers in organic photovoltaic devices based on PM6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Won Nho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 415, Advanced Material Research Building (103), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 415, Advanced Material Research Building (103), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byongkyu Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 701-4, 2nd Engineering Building (104), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 701-4, 2nd Engineering Building (104), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 701-4, 2nd Engineering Building (104), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 415, Advanced Material Research Building (103), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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2
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Huang J, Yang J, Sun H, Feng K, Liao Q, Li B, Yan H, Guo X. A
Cost‐Effective D‐A‐D
Type
Hole‐Transport
Material Enabling 20% Efficiency Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Huiliang Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Qiaogan Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 China
| | - Bolin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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3
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Deutsch M, Wirsing S, Kaiser D, Fink RF, Tegeder P, Engels B. Geometry relaxation-mediated localization and delocalization of excitons in organic semiconductors: A quantum chemical study. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0028943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Deutsch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S. Wirsing
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - D. Kaiser
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - R. F. Fink
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - P. Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Li P, Liang Q, Hong EYH, Chan CY, Cheng YH, Leung MY, Chan MY, Low KH, Wu H, Yam VWW. Boron(iii) β-diketonate-based small molecules for functional non-fullerene polymer solar cells and organic resistive memory devices. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11601-11612. [PMID: 34094407 PMCID: PMC8162878 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of acceptor-donor-acceptor chromophoric small-molecule non-fullerene acceptors, 1-4, with difluoroboron(iii) β-diketonate (BF2bdk) as the electron-accepting moiety has been developed. Through the variation of the central donor unit and the modification on the peripheral substituents of the terminal BF2bdk acceptor unit, their photophysical and electrochemical properties have been systematically studied. Taking advantage of their low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels (from -3.65 to -3.72 eV) and relatively high electron mobility (7.49 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1), these BF2bdk-based compounds have been employed as non-fullerene acceptors in organic solar cells with maximum power conversion efficiencies of up to 4.31%. Moreover, bistable resistive memory characteristics with charge-trapping mechanisms have been demonstrated in these BF2bdk-based compounds. This work not only demonstrates for the first time the use of a boron(iii) β-diketonate unit in constructing non-fullerene acceptors, but also provides more insights into designing organic materials with multi-functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Li
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Quanbin Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Eugene Yau-Hin Hong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chin-Yiu Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yat-Hin Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yi Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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5
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Yudanova EI, Krinichnyi VI, Denisov NN. Light-Induced EPR Study of the Effect of Coumarin Trace Additives on Spin Dynamics in the P3DDT/PC61BM Polymer Composite. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143920040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Krainova N, Grede AJ, Tsokkou D, Banerji N, Giebink NC. Polaron Photoconductivity in the Weak and Strong Light-Matter Coupling Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:177401. [PMID: 32412265 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.177401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the potential for cavity-modified electron transfer in a doped organic semiconductor through the photocurrent that arises from exciting charged molecules (polarons). When the polaron optical transition is strongly coupled to a Fabry-Perot microcavity mode, we observe polaron polaritons in the photoconductivity action spectrum and find that their magnitude depends differently on applied electric field than photocurrent originating from the excitation of uncoupled polarons in the same cavity. Crucially, moving from positive to negative detuning causes the upper and lower polariton photocurrents to swap their field dependence, with the more polaronlike branch resembling that of an uncoupled excitation. These observations are understood on the basis of a phenomenological model in which strong coupling alters the Onsager dissociation of polarons from their dopant counterions by effectively increasing the thermalization length of the photoexcited charge carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Krainova
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Alex J Grede
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Demetra Tsokkou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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7
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Roncali J, Grosu I. The Dawn of Single Material Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801026. [PMID: 30643714 PMCID: PMC6325606 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Single material organic solar cells (SMOSCs) are based on ambivalent materials containing electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) units capable to ensure the basic functions of light absorption, exciton dissociation, and charge transport. Compared to bicomponent bulk heterojunctions, SMOSCs present several major advantages such as considerable simplification of cell fabrication and a strong stabilization of the morphology of the D/A interface, and thus of the cell lifetime. In addition to these technical issues, SMOSCs pose fundamental questions regarding the possible formation, and dissociation of excitons on the same molecular D-A architecture. SMOSCs are developed with various approaches, namely "double-cable" polymers, block copolymers, oligomers, and molecules that differ by the donor platform: polymer or molecule, the nature of A, the D-A connection, and the intra- and intermolecular interactions of D and A. Although for several years the maximum efficiency of SMOSCs has remained limited to 1.0-1.5%, impressive progress has been recently accomplished leading to SMOSCs with 4.0-5.0% efficiency. Here, recent advances in the synthesis of D-A materials for SMOSCs are presented in the broader context of the chemistry of organic photovoltaic materials in order to discuss possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Roncali
- Group Linear Conjugated SystemsMoltech Anjou CNRSUniversity of Angers2Bd lavoisier49045AngersFrance
| | - Ion Grosu
- Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry CenterBabeş‐Bolyai University11 Arany Janos str.400028Cluj‐NapocaRomania
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8
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Garg S, Schwartz H, Kozlowska M, Kanj AB, Müller K, Wenzel W, Ruschewitz U, Heinke L. Lichtinduziertes Schalten der Leitfähigkeit von MOFs mit eingelagertem Spiropyran. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Garg
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Heidi Schwartz
- Department für ChemieUniversität zu Köln Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Deutschland
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Anemar Bruno Kanj
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Kai Müller
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department für ChemieUniversität zu Köln Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Deutschland
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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9
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Garg S, Schwartz H, Kozlowska M, Kanj AB, Müller K, Wenzel W, Ruschewitz U, Heinke L. Conductance Photoswitching of Metal-Organic Frameworks with Embedded Spiropyran. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1193-1197. [PMID: 30421842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as well as smart, stimuli-responsive MOF materials have attracted considerable attention with respect to advanced applications in energy harvesting and storage as well as in signal processing. Here, the conductance of MOF films of type UiO-67 with embedded photoswitchable nitro-substituted spiropyrans was investigated. Under UV irradiation, the spiropyran (SP) reversibly isomerizes to the open merocyanine (MC) form, a zwitterionic molecule with an extended conjugated π-system. The light-induced SP-MC isomerization allows for remote control over the conductance of the SP@UiO-67 MOF film, and the conductance can be increased by one order of magnitude. This research has the potential to contribute to the development of a new generation of photoelectronic devices based on smart hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Garg
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Heidi Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anemar Bruno Kanj
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kai Müller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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10
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Matsuda W, Sakurai T, Ghosh G, Ghosh S, Seki S. Transient Optical-Microwave Spectroscopy for Electron Mobility Assessment in Solids and Gels: A Comprehensive Approach. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2018. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.31.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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11
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Noriega R. Efficient Charge Transport in Disordered Conjugated Polymer Microstructures. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800096. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Noriega
- Chemistry Department; University of Utah; 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
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12
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Zhang W, Liu P, Sadollahkhani A, Li Y, Zhang B, Zhang F, Safdari M, Hao Y, Hua Y, Kloo L. Investigation of Triphenylamine (TPA)-Based Metal Complexes and Their Application in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:9231-9240. [PMID: 31457437 PMCID: PMC6645494 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylamine-based metal complexes were designed and synthesized via coordination to Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) using their respective acetate salts as the starting materials. The resulting metal complexes exhibit more negative energy levels (vs vacuum) as compared to 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), high hole extraction efficiency, but low hole mobilities and conductivities. Application of dopants typically used for Spiro-OMeTAD was not successful, indicating a more complicated mechanism of partial oxidation besides the redox potential. However, utilization as hole-transport material was successful, giving a highest efficiency of 11.1% under AM 1.5G solar illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azar Sadollahkhani
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Biaobiao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fuguo Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Majid Safdari
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yan Hao
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yong Hua
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Kloo
- Department
of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, and Department of Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Brückner C, Stolte M, Würthner F, Pflaum J, Engels B. QM/MM calculations combined with the dimer approach on the static disorder at organic-organic interfaces of thin-film organic solar cells composed of small molecules. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brückner
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry; Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry; Würzburg Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimentelle Physik VI; Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
- Bayerisches Zentrum für Angewandte Energieforschung (ZAE Bayern e.V.); Würzburg Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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14
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Benchmarking singlet and triplet excitation energies of molecular semiconductors for singlet fission: Tuning the amount of HF exchange and adjusting local correlation to obtain accurate functionals for singlet–triplet gaps. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Organic (opto)electronic materials have received considerable attention due to their applications in thin-film-transistors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, sensors, photorefractive devices, and many others. The technological promises include low cost of these materials and the possibility of their room-temperature deposition from solution on large-area and/or flexible substrates. The article reviews the current understanding of the physical mechanisms that determine the (opto)electronic properties of high-performance organic materials. The focus of the review is on photoinduced processes and on electronic properties important for optoelectronic applications relying on charge carrier photogeneration. Additionally, it highlights the capabilities of various experimental techniques for characterization of these materials, summarizes top-of-the-line device performance, and outlines recent trends in the further development of the field. The properties of materials based both on small molecules and on conjugated polymers are considered, and their applications in organic solar cells, photodetectors, and photorefractive devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Ostroverkhova
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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16
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Funahashi M. Integration of electro-active π-conjugated units in nanosegregated liquid-crystalline phases. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Li Z, Zhu Z, Chueh CC, Jo SB, Luo J, Jang SH, Jen AKY. Rational Design of Dipolar Chromophore as an Efficient Dopant-Free Hole-Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11833-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong’an Li
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sae Byeok Jo
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jingdong Luo
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sei-Hum Jang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex K.-Y. Jen
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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18
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Seki K, Wojcik M. Temperature scaling of effective polaron mobility in energetically disordered media. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:034106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4958835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Seki
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Mariusz Wojcik
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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19
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Gsänger M, Bialas D, Huang L, Stolte M, Würthner F. Organic Semiconductors based on Dyes and Color Pigments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3615-45. [PMID: 27028553 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic dyes and pigments constitute a large class of industrial products. The utilization of these compounds in the field of organic electronics is reviewed with particular emphasis on organic field-effect transistors. It is shown that for most major classes of industrial dyes and pigments, i.e., phthalocyanines, perylene and naphthalene diimides, diketopyrrolopyrroles, indigos and isoindigos, squaraines, and merocyanines, charge-carrier mobilities exceeding 1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) have been achieved. The most widely investigated molecules due to their n-channel operation are perylene and naphthalene diimides, for which even values close to 10 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) have been demonstrated. The fact that all of these π-conjugated colorants contain polar substituents leading to strongly quadrupolar or even dipolar molecules suggests that indeed a much larger structural space shows promise for the design of organic semiconductor molecules than was considered in this field traditionally. In particular, because many of these dye and pigment chromophores demonstrate excellent thermal and (photo-)chemical stability in their original applications in dyeing and printing, and are accessible by straightforward synthetic protocols, they bear a particularly high potential for commercial applications in the area of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Gsänger
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Brückner C, Engels B. A theoretical description of charge reorganization energies in molecular organic P-type semiconductors. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:1335-44. [PMID: 27059122 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport properties of materials composed of small organic molecules are important for numerous optoelectronic applications. A material's ability to transport charges is considerably influenced by the charge reorganization energies of the composing molecules. Hence, predictions about charge-transport properties of organic materials deserve reliable statements about these charge reorganization energies. However, using density functional theory which is mostly used for the predictions, the computed reorganization energies depend strongly on the chosen functional. To gain insight, a benchmark of various density functionals for the accurate calculation of charge reorganization energies is presented. A correlation between the charge reorganization energies and the ionization potentials is found which suggests applying IP-tuning to obtain reliable values for charge reorganization energies. According to benchmark investigations with IP-EOM-CCSD single-point calculations, the tuned functionals provide indeed more reliable charge reorganization energies. Among the standard functionals, ωB97X-D and SOGGA11X yield accurate charge reorganization energies in comparison with IP-EOM-CCSD values. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brückner
- Julius-Maximilians-Universitöt Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Julius-Maximilians-Universitöt Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Fusco S, Maglione C, Velardo A, Piccialli V, Liguori R, Peluso A, Rubino A, Centore R. N-Rich Fused Heterocyclic Systems: Synthesis, Structure, Optical and Electrochemical Characterization. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Minar NK, Docampo P, Fattakhova-Rohlfing D, Bein T. Guided in Situ Polymerization of MEH-PPV in Mesoporous Titania Photoanodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10356-10364. [PMID: 25893850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of conjugated polymers into porous metal oxide networks is a challenging task, which is being pursued via many different approaches. We have developed the guided in situ polymerization of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) in porous titania films by means of surface functionalization. The controlled polymerization via the Gilch route was induced by an alkoxide base and by increasing the temperature. The selected and specially designed surface-functionalizing linker molecules mimic the monomer or its activated form, respectively. In this way, we drastically enhanced the amount of MEH-PPV incorporated into the porous titania phase compared to nonfunctionalized samples by a factor of 6. Additionally, photovoltaic measurements were performed. The devices show shunting or series resistance limitations, depending on the surface functionalization prior to in situ polymerization of MEH-PPV. We suggest that the reason for this behavior can be found in the orientation of the grown polymer chains with respect to the titania surface. Therefore, the geometry of the anchoring via the linker molecules is relevant for exploiting the full electronic potential of the conjugated polymer in the resulting hybrid composite. This observation will help to design future synthesis methods for new hybrid materials from conjugated polymers and n-type semiconductors to take full advantage of favorable electronic interactions between the two phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma K Minar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Pablo Docampo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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23
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Muangpaisal R, Hung WI, Lin JT, Ting SY, Chen LY. Binaphthalene bridged bipolar transporting materials for blue electroluminescence: toward high EL efficiency via molecular tuning. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Sun Z, Stafström S. Dynamics of exciton dissociation in donor-acceptor polymer heterojunctions. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:164905. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4802764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Yudanova EI, Krinichnyi VI. Influence of ultrasonic, microwave, and thermal effects on photoinduced charge transfer in poly(3-hexylthiophene)-Methanofullerene composites: EPR study. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x13040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Tautz R, Da Como E, Wiebeler C, Soavi G, Dumsch I, Fröhlich N, Grancini G, Allard S, Scherf U, Cerullo G, Schumacher S, Feldmann J. Charge Photogeneration in Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Materials: Influence of Excess Excitation Energy and Chain Length. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4282-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja309252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Tautz
- Photonics and Optoelectronics
Group, Department of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Enrico Da Como
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United
Kingdom
| | - Christian Wiebeler
- Physics Department
and Center
for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100,
33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133
Milano, Italy
| | - Ines Dumsch
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group
and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils Fröhlich
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group
and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Giulia Grancini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli
70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sybille Allard
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group
and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group
and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133
Milano, Italy
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Physics Department
and Center
for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100,
33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Photonics and Optoelectronics
Group, Department of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
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27
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Hoffmann ST, Jaiser F, Hayer A, Bässler H, Unger T, Athanasopoulos S, Neher D, Köhler A. How Do Disorder, Reorganization, and Localization Influence the Hole Mobility in Conjugated Copolymers? J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1772-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308820j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T. Hoffmann
- Experimental Physics II and
Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30,
95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Jaiser
- Soft Matter Physics, Institute
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anna Hayer
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250,
64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Experimental Physics II and
Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30,
95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Unger
- Experimental Physics II and
Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30,
95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Soft Matter Physics, Institute
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stavros Athanasopoulos
- Experimental Physics II and
Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30,
95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson
Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Neher
- Soft Matter Physics, Institute
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II and
Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30,
95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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28
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Zitzler-Kunkel A, Lenze MR, Meerholz K, Würthner F. Enhanced photocurrent generation by folding-driven H-aggregate formation. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50263e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Beliatis MJ, Henley SJ, Han S, Gandhi K, Adikaari AADT, Stratakis E, Kymakis E, Silva SRP. Organic solar cells with plasmonic layers formed by laser nanofabrication. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8237-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51334c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Huang L, Stolte M, Bürckstümmer H, Würthner F. High-performance organic thin-film transistor based on a dipolar organic semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:5750-4. [PMID: 22899558 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A merocyanine dye with an outstandingly large dipole moment of 14 Debye affords thin-film transistors with 0.18 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) hole mobility and a 10(6) on/off ratio. These results suggest that molecules that lack symmetry and possess large dipole moments can perform excellent charge carrier transport contrary to established molecular semiconductor design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Huang
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie & Röntgen Research, Center for Complex Material Systems, Germany
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31
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Lin HY, Huang WC, Chen YC, Chou HH, Hsu CY, Lin JT, Lin HW. BODIPY dyes with β-conjugation and their applications for high-efficiency inverted small molecule solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8913-5. [PMID: 22842497 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34286c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule BODIPY dyes incorporating conjugated substituents at the β sites have been synthesized. Solution processed inverted bulk heterojunction cells were fabricated from the blends of the dyes and PC(71)BM. The cells exhibited very high open-circuit voltages (>0.9 V) and a high conversion efficiency of 3.22% has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
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32
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Tautz R, Da Como E, Limmer T, Feldmann J, Egelhaaf HJ, von Hauff E, Lemaur V, Beljonne D, Yilmaz S, Dumsch I, Allard S, Scherf U. Structural correlations in the generation of polaron pairs in low-bandgap polymers for photovoltaics. Nat Commun 2012; 3:970. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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33
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Lukin L. A way for evaluating parameters of electron transport in non-polar molecular liquids derived from analysis of the trapped electron recombination kinetics. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Khademi S, Song JY, Wyatt PB, Kreouzis T, Gillin WP. Ambipolar charge transport in "traditional" organic hole transport layers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:2278-2283. [PMID: 22467553 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors are often labeled as electron or hole transport materials due to the primary role they perform in devices. However, despite these labels we have shown using time-of-flight that two of the traditional "hole transport materials" TPD and NPB are actually excellent electron transporters the electron transport properties of which are comparable to those for holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khademi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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35
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Ojala A, Bürckstümmer H, Hwang J, Graf K, von Vacano B, Meerholz K, Erk P, Würthner F. Planar, bulk and hybrid merocyanine/C60heterojunction devices: a case study on thin film morphology and photovoltaic performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14927c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Gallego-Gómez F, Álvarez-Santos JC, Rodríguez-Redondo JL, Font-Sanchis E, Villalvilla JM, Sastre-Santos Á, Díaz-García MA, Fernández-Lázaro F. Millisecond photorefractivity with novel dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran-containing polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31320k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Faist MA, Kirchartz T, Gong W, Ashraf RS, McCulloch I, de Mello JC, Ekins-Daukes NJ, Bradley DDC, Nelson J. Competition between the Charge Transfer State and the Singlet States of Donor or Acceptor Limiting the Efficiency in Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:685-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210029w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence
and Optical Information, Ministry of Education and Institute of Optoelectronics
Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Bürckstümmer H, Tulyakova EV, Deppisch M, Lenze MR, Kronenberg NM, Gsänger M, Stolte M, Meerholz K, Würthner F. Efficient Solution-Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells by Antiparallel Supramolecular Arrangement of Dipolar Donor-Acceptor Dyes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11628-32. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Bürckstümmer H, Tulyakova EV, Deppisch M, Lenze MR, Kronenberg NM, Gsänger M, Stolte M, Meerholz K, Würthner F. Efficient Solution-Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells by Antiparallel Supramolecular Arrangement of Dipolar Donor-Acceptor Dyes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Etzold F, Howard IA, Mauer R, Meister M, Kim TD, Lee KS, Baek NS, Laquai F. Ultrafast exciton dissociation followed by nongeminate charge recombination in PCDTBT:PCBM photovoltaic blends. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9469-79. [PMID: 21553906 DOI: 10.1021/ja201837e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The precise mechanism and dynamics of charge generation and recombination in bulk heterojunction polymer:fullerene blend films typically used in organic photovoltaic devices have been intensively studied by many research groups, but nonetheless remain debated. In particular the role of interfacial charge-transfer (CT) states in the generation of free charge carriers, an important step for the understanding of device function, is still under active discussion. In this article we present direct optical probes of the exciton dynamics in pristine films of a prototypic polycarbazole-based photovoltaic donor polymer, namely poly[N-11''-henicosanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), as well as the charge generation and recombination dynamics in as-cast and annealed photovoltaic blend films using methanofullerene (PC(61)BM) as electron acceptor. In contrast to earlier studies we use broadband (500-1100 nm) transient absorption spectroscopy including the previously unobserved but very important time range between 2 ns and 1 ms, which allows us not only to observe the entire charge carrier recombination dynamics but also to quantify the existing decay channels. We determine that ultrafast exciton dissociation occurs in blends and leads to two separate pools of products, namely Coulombically bound charge-transfer (CT) states and unbound (free) charge carriers. The recombination dynamics are analyzed within the framework of a previously reported model for poly(3-hexylthiophene):PCBM (Howard, I. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 14866) based on concomitant geminate recombination of CT states and nongeminate recombination of free charge carriers. The results reveal that only ~11% of the initial photoexcitations generate interfacial CT states that recombine exclusively by fast nanosecond geminate recombination and thus do not contribute to the photocurrent, whereas ~89% of excitons create free charge carriers on an ultrafast time scale that then contribute to the extracted photocurrent. Despite the high yield of free charges the power conversion efficiency of devices remains moderate at about 3.0%. This is largely a consequence of the low fill factor of devices. We relate the low fill factor to significant energetic disorder present in the pristine polymer and in the polymer:fullerene blends. In the former we observed a significant spectral relaxation of exciton emission (fluorescence) and in the latter of the polaron-induced ground-state bleaching, implying that the density of states (DOS) for both excitons and charge carriers is significantly broadened by energetic disorder in pristine PCDTBT and in its blend with PCBM. This disorder leads to charge trapping in solar cells, which in turn causes higher carrier concentrations and more significant nongeminate recombination. The nongeminate recombination has a significant impact on the IV curves of devices, namely its competition with charge carrier extraction causes a stronger bias dependence of the photocurrent of devices, in turn leading to the poor device fill factor. In addition our results demonstrate the importance of ultrafast free carrier generation and suppression of interfacial CT-state formation and question the applicability of the often used Braun-Onsager model to describe the bias dependence of the photocurrent in polymer:fullerene organic photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Etzold
- Max Planck Research Group for Organic Optoelectronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany
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41
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Ghedini M, Golemme A, Aiello I, Godbert N, Termine R, Crispini A, La Deda M, Lelj F, Amati M, Belviso S. Liaisons between photoconductivity and molecular frame in organometallic Pd(ii) and Pt(ii) complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11926e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors. UNIMOLECULAR AND SUPRAMOLECULAR ELECTRONICS I 2011; 312:1-65. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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43
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Devizis A, Serbenta A, Peckus D, Thiessen A, Alle R, Meerholz K, Hertel D, Gulbinas V. Electric field assisted charge carrier photogeneration in poly(spirobifluorene-co-benzothiadiazole). J Chem Phys 2010; 133:164904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3493589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Deibel C, Strobel T, Dyakonov V. Role of the charge transfer state in organic donor-acceptor solar cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4097-111. [PMID: 20803527 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer complexes are interfacial charge pairs residing at the donor-acceptor heterointerface in organic solar cell. Experimental evidence shows that it is crucial for the photovoltaic performance, as both photocurrent and open circuit voltage directly depend on it. For charge photogeneration, charge transfer complexes represent the intermediate but essential step between exciton dissotiation and charge extraction. Recombination of free charges to the ground state is via the bound charge transfer state before being lost to the ground state. In terms of the open circuit voltage, its maximum achievable value is determined by the energy of the charge transfer state. An important question is whether or not maximum photocurrent and maximum open circuit voltage can be achieved simultaneously. The impact of increasing the CT energy-in order to raise the open circuit voltage, but lowering the kinetic excess energy of the CT complexes at the same time-on the charge photogeneration will accordingly be discussed. Clearly, the fundamental understanding of the processes involving the charge transfer state is essential for an optimisation of the performance of organic solar cells.
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Charge transport in nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xu M, Huang W, Peng J. Measurement of carrier mobility of polymer using a chargeseparation layer. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-3188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nagata Y. Polarizable Atomistic Calculation of Site Energy Disorder in Amorphous Alq3. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:474-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Huang WS, Wu YH, Hsu YC, Lin HC, Lin JT. Synthesis, characterization, and photophysics of electroluminescent fluorene/dibenzothiophene- and fluorene/dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide-based main-chain copolymers bearing benzimidazole-based iridium complexes as backbones or dopants. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Velusamy M, Huang JH, Hsu YC, Chou HH, Ho KC, Wu PL, Chang WH, Lin JT, Chu CW. Dibenzo[f,h]thieno[3,4-b] quinoxaline-Based Small Molecules for Efficient Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells. Org Lett 2009; 11:4898-901. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9019953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marappan Velusamy
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsien Huang
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chan Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Hsin Chou
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Wu
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hau Chang
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Jiann T. Lin
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Institute of Chemistry and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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