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Sun MH, Gao SS, Hu ZY, Barakat T, Liu Z, Yu S, Lyu JM, Li Y, Xu ST, Chen LH, Su BL. Boosting molecular diffusion following the generalized Murray's Law by constructing hierarchical zeolites for maximized catalytic activity. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac236. [PMID: 36632521 PMCID: PMC9828477 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion is an extremely critical step in zeolite catalysis that determines the catalytic performance, in particular for the conversion of bulky molecules. Introducing interconnected mesopores and macropores into a single microporous zeolite with the rationalized pore size at each level is an effective strategy to suppress the diffusion limitations, but remains highly challenging due to the lack of rational design principles. Herein, we demonstrate the first example of boosting molecular diffusion by constructing hierarchical Murray zeolites with a highly ordered and fully interconnected macro-meso-microporous structure on the basis of the generalized Murray's Law. Such a hierarchical Murray zeolite with a refined quantitative relationship between the pore size at each length scale exhibited 9 and 5 times higher effective diffusion rates, leading to 2.5 and 1.5 times higher catalytic performance in the bulky 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene cracking reaction than those of microporous ZSM-5 and ZSM-5 nanocrystals, respectively. The concept of hierarchical Murray zeolites with optimized structural features and their design principles could be applied to other catalytic reactions for maximized performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhi-Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China,Nanostructure Research Centre, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tarek Barakat
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI), University of Namur, Namur B-5000, Belgium
| | - Zhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jia-Min Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shu-Tao Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Schneider D, Hwang S, Haase J, Miersemann E, Kärger J. Quantitating Diffusion Enhancement in Pore Hierarchies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11565-11572. [PMID: 36107750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A microporous continuum traversed by a set of mutually perpendicular channels is considered to be a model for a hierarchically porous system of the mesoporous zeolite type. Transient profiles of molecular uptake as determined by kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation are found to be in excellent agreement with the result attained by the application of the two-region model (the Kärger model) of molecular diffusion. In particular, it is found that, in the two limiting cases referred to as fast exchange and slow exchange, there exist two simple analytical expressions for the rate of molecular uptake and hence for the quantification of transport enhancement in comparison with the purely microporous adsorbent. In the general case, transport enhancement is simply recognized by the reciprocal addition of the expressions in the two limiting cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schneider
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), Institute at the Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstraße 14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Hwang
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Haase
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig, Structural Commission "Propagation in Nature, Technology and Society" 04107 Leipzig, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, Germany
| | - E Miersemann
- Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig, Structural Commission "Propagation in Nature, Technology and Society" 04107 Leipzig, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Leipzig University, Augustusplatz 10, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig, Structural Commission "Propagation in Nature, Technology and Society" 04107 Leipzig, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractLabeling in diffusion measurements by pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR is based on the observation of the phase of nuclear spins acquired in a constant magnetic field with purposefully superimposed field gradients. This labeling does in no way affect microdynamics and provides information about the probability distribution of molecular displacements as a function of time. An introduction of the measuring principle is followed by a detailed description of the ranges of measurements and their limitation. Particular emphasis is given to an explanation of possible pitfalls in the measurements and the ways to circumvent them. Showcases presented for illustrating the wealth of information provided by PFG NMR include a survey on the various patterns of concentration dependence of intra-particle diffusion and examples of transport inhibition by additional transport resistances within the nanoporous particles and on their external surface. The latter information is attained by combination with the outcome of tracer exchange experiments, which are shown to become possible via a special formalism of PFG NMR data analysis. Further evidence provided by PFG NMR concerns diffusion enhancement in pore hierarchies, diffusion anisotropy and the impact of diffusion on chemical conversion in porous catalysts. A compilation of the specifics of PFG NMR and of the parallels with other measurement techniques concludes the paper.
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Potter ME. Down the Microporous Rabbit Hole of Silicoaluminophosphates: Recent Developments on Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Potter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Ursueguía D, Díaz E, Ordóñez S. Densification-Induced Structure Changes in Basolite MOFs: Effect on Low-Pressure CH 4 Adsorption. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1089. [PMID: 32492794 PMCID: PMC7353190 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks' (MOFs) adsorption potential is significantly reduced by turning the original powder into pellets or granules, a mandatory step for their use at industrial scale. Pelletization is commonly performed by mechanical compression, which often induces the amorphization or pressure-induced phase transformations. The objective of this work is the rigorous study of the impact of mechanical pressure (55.9, 111.8 and 186.3 MPa) onto three commercial materials (Basolite C300, F300 and A100). Phase transformations were determined by powder X-ray diffraction analysis, whereas morphological changes were followed by nitrogen physisorption. Methane adsorption was studied in an atmospheric fixed bed. Significant crystallinity losses were observed, even at low applied pressures (up to 69.9% for Basolite C300), whereas a structural change occurred to Basolite A100 from orthorhombic to monoclinic phases, with a high cell volume reduction (13.7%). Consequently, adsorption capacities for both methane and nitrogen were largely reduced (up to 53.6% for Basolite C300), being related to morphological changes (surface area losses). Likewise, the high concentration of metallic active centers (Basolite C300), the structural breathing (Basolite A100) and the mesopore-induced formation (Basolite F300) smooth the dramatic loss of capacity of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salvador Ordóñez
- Catalysis, Reactors and Control Research Group (CRC), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain; (D.U.); (E.D.)
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Abstract
AbstractMeasurement of molecular diffusion in nanoporous host materials, which are typically inhomogeneous and anisotropic, often involves an intricate web of factors and relations to be taken into account since the associated diffusivities are a function of the diffusion path of the guest molecules during a given observation time. Depending on the observation time, therefore, the result of the experimental measurement can point to completely different conclusions about the underlying diffusion phenomena. The risk of misinterpretation of the experimental data, by correlating them with irrelevant phenomena, may be reduced if there is an option to compare the data with the results of totally independent measurements. The present communication addresses this issue with reference to the particular potentials of pulsed field gradient NMR and microimaging by infrared microscopy as techniques of microscopic diffusion measurement.
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Hwang S, Kärger J. NMR diffusometry with guest molecules in nanoporous materials. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 56:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
This review presents the state-of-the-art of multiscale adsorption and transport in hierarchical porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Coasne
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- LIPHY
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
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Kärger J, Ruthven DM. Diffusion in nanoporous materials: fundamental principles, insights and challenges. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing complexity of nanoporous catalysts and adsorbents presents a challenge to both the experimental measurement and theoretical modeling of transport behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences
- University of Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Douglas M. Ruthven
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Maine
- Orono
- USA
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Schneider D, Mehlhorn D, Zeigermann P, Kärger J, Valiullin R. Transport properties of hierarchical micro–mesoporous materials. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3439-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00715a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work provides an overview of different experimental techniques of diffusion measurements in porous materials and discusses transport properties of several classes of hierarchically organized micro-mesoporous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schneider
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences
- University of Leipzig
- Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Dirk Mehlhorn
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences
- University of Leipzig
- Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Philipp Zeigermann
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences
- University of Leipzig
- Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Jörg Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences
- University of Leipzig
- Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Rustem Valiullin
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences
- University of Leipzig
- Leipzig
- Germany
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Titze T, Lauerer A, Heinke L, Chmelik C, Zimmermann NER, Keil FJ, Ruthven DM, Kärger J. Transport in Nanoporous Materials Including MOFs: The Applicability of Fick’s Laws. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14580-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Titze
- Department of Interface Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Alexander Lauerer
- Department of Interface Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe (Germany)
| | - Christian Chmelik
- Department of Interface Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig (Germany)
| | - Nils E. R. Zimmermann
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, (USA)
| | - Frerich J. Keil
- Department of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg (Germany)
| | | | - Jörg Kärger
- Department of Interface Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig (Germany)
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Titze T, Lauerer A, Heinke L, Chmelik C, Zimmermann NER, Keil FJ, Ruthven DM, Kärger J. Transport in nanoporösen Materialien, einschließlich MOFs: über die Anwendbarkeit der Fickschen Gesetze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mehlhorn D, Inayat A, Schwieger W, Valiullin R, Kärger J. Probing Mass Transfer in Mesoporous Faujasite-Type Zeolite Nanosheet Assemblies. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1681-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chang CC, Teixeira AR, Li C, Dauenhauer PJ, Fan W. Enhanced molecular transport in hierarchical silicalite-1. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13943-13950. [PMID: 24099522 DOI: 10.1021/la403706r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the mass transport of petrochemical and biomass derived molecules in microporous and mesoporous solid catalysts is important for developing the next generation of heterogeneous catalysts for traditional hydrocarbon processing including biomass pyrolysis and upgrading. Hierarchical zeolites with both micropores and mesopores exhibit enhanced mass transport and unique catalytic performance in reactions involving large molecules. However, quantitative description of mass transport in such materials remains elusive, owing to the complicated structure of hierarchical pores and difficulty in the synthesis of the materials with controllable structures. In this work, zero length column chromatography (ZLC) was used to study temperature-dependent diffusion of cyclohexane in silicalite-1, self-pillared pentasil (SPP) zeolite, and three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous imprinted (3DOm-i) silicalite-1. The samples were synthesized with controllable characteristic diffusion lengths from micrometer scale (ca. 20 μm) to nanometer scale (ca. 2 nm), allowing systematic study of the effect of mesoporosity on the mass transport behavior of hierarchical zeolites. The results show that the introduction of mesoporosity can indeed significantly facilitate the mass transport of cyclohexane in hierarchical silicalite-1 by reducing diffusional time constants, indicating rapid overall adsorption and desorption. However, when the length scale of the material approaches several nanometers, the contribution from the surface resistance, or "surface barrier", to overall mass transfer becomes dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chih Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst , 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Shakhov A, Reichenbach C, Kondrashova D, Zeigermann P, Mehlhorn D, Enke D, Valiullin R. Exploring Internal Structure of Nanoporous Glasses Obtained by Leaching of Phase-Separated Alkali Borosilicate Glasses. CHEM-ING-TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bonilla MR, Titze T, Schmidt F, Mehlhorn D, Chmelik C, Valiullin R, Bhatia SK, Kaskel S, Ryoo R, Kärger J. Diffusion Study by IR Micro-Imaging of Molecular Uptake and Release on Mesoporous Zeolites of Structure Type CHA and LTA. MATERIALS 2013; 6:2662-2688. [PMID: 28811401 PMCID: PMC5521224 DOI: 10.3390/ma6072662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mesopores in the interior of microporous particles may significantly improve their transport properties. Complementing previous macroscopic transient sorption experiments and pulsed field gradient NMR self-diffusion studies with such materials, the present study is dedicated to an in-depth study of molecular uptake and release on the individual particles of mesoporous zeolitic specimens, notably with samples of the narrow-pore structure types, CHA and LTA. The investigations are focused on determining the time constants and functional dependences of uptake and release. They include a systematic variation of the architecture of the mesopores and of the guest molecules under study as well as a comparison of transient uptake with blocked and un-blocked mesopores. In addition to accelerating intracrystalline mass transfer, transport enhancement by mesopores is found to be, possibly, also caused by a reduction of transport resistances on the particle surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Rincon Bonilla
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Tobias Titze
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franz Schmidt
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dirk Mehlhorn
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christian Chmelik
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Rustem Valiullin
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Suresh K Bhatia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ryong Ryoo
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
| | - Jörg Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kärger J, Valiullin R. Mass transfer in mesoporous materials: the benefit of microscopic diffusion measurement. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4172-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35326e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Mehlhorn D, Valiullin R, Kärger J, Cho K, Ryoo R. Exploring Mass Transfer in Mesoporous Zeolites by NMR Diffusometry. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 5:699-720. [PMID: 28817004 PMCID: PMC5448955 DOI: 10.3390/ma5040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of mesoporous zeolites, the exploration of their transport properties has become a task of primary importance for the auspicious application of such materials in separation technology and heterogeneous catalysis. After reviewing the potential of the pulsed field gradient method of NMR (PFG NMR) for this purpose in general, in a case study using a specially prepared mesoporous zeolite NaCaA as a host system and propane as a guest molecule, examples of the attainable information are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Mehlhorn
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | - Rustem Valiullin
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | - Jörg Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | - Kanghee Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
| | - Ryong Ryoo
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
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