1
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Badri Z, Foroutan-Nejad C. On the aromaticity of actinide compounds. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:551-560. [PMID: 38907002 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of actinides has flourished since the late 2010s with the synthesis of new actinide complexes and clusters. On the theoretical side, a range of tools is available for the characterization of these heavy element-containing compounds, but discrepancies in the assessment of aromaticity using different tools have led to controversies. In this Perspective, we examine the origin of controversies relating to the aromaticity of metallic compounds, with a focus on actinides. The aromaticity of actinides is important, not because these molecules are numerous or have a special role in catalysis or reactivity, but because this topic pushes theories of aromaticity to their limits. Owing to its reference independence, the magnetic criterion of aromaticity has been the most popular choice for the characterization of the aromaticity of metallic compounds, including actinide compounds. Through examination of several case studies, we show why this criterion might be misleading for metallic species and explain how findings relating to actinide compounds could reshape theories of aromaticity, not just for actinides but perhaps also for well-known hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Badri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Radenković S, Đorđević S, Nikolendžić M. Effect of Benzo-Annelation on Triplet State Energies in Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400361. [PMID: 38488676 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In a series of earlier studies, the effect of benzo-annelation was found to be a useful tool for tuning the aromaticity in polycyclic conjugated compounds to desired level. In this work we studied the (anti)aromaticity of benzo-annelated derivatives of three conjugated hydrocarbons (anthracene, fluoranthene and biphenylene) in their lowest lying singlet (S0) and triplet (T1) states by means of the energy effect (ef), harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA), multicentre delocalization indices (MCI), magnetically induced current densities (MICDs) and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS). We showed that benzo-annelation is a topology-based effect which can be used to modify the T1 state excitation energies (E(T1)). A quantitative model was established being able to accurately predict the E(T1) based only on the numbers of angularly, linearly and geminally annelated benzene rings. In addition, it was demonstrated that the E(T1) can be directly related to the (anti)aromatic character of the central ring in the studied molecules in their S0 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Marijana Nikolendžić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
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3
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Báez-Grez R, Rios RP. Is azulene's local aromaticity and relative stability driven by the Glidewell-Lloyd rule? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12162-12167. [PMID: 38590242 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The local aromaticity of azulene has been studied to understand their electronic properties. For this purpose, we have used the magnetic criterion through magnetically induced current density maps, ring current strengths, NICSzz(1), and the bifurcation value of three-dimensional surfaces of NICSzz. On the other hand, the delocalization criterion was used by calculating the MCI and ELFπ. The results show that the five-membered ring (5-MR) is more aromatic than the seven-membered ring (7-MR) and more aromatic than the free C5H5- ring. The opposite case is seen for the seven-membered ring, which is less aromatic than the free C7H7+. The local aromatic rings in azulene are formed due to an intramolecular electron transfer from the 7-MR to the 5-MR. In addition, the proposed resonance structures that allow explaining the properties of azulene, such as the dipole moment or the relative stability (in comparison to other isomers), show a preference for the formation of 5-MRs; for this reason, it is possible to conclude that the aromaticity and relative stability of azulene is driven by the Glidewell-Lloyd rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino Rios
- Centro de Investigación Medicina de Altura - CEIMA, Universidad Arturo Prat. Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile.
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
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4
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Jeilani YA, Van Duong L, Al Qahtani OMS, Nguyen MT. A reinvestigation of the boron cluster B 15+/0/-: a benchmark of density functionals and consideration of aromaticity models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11347-11359. [PMID: 38566485 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00077c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a thorough reinvestigation of the B15+/0/- isomers, first employing coupled-cluster theory CCSD(T) calculations to validate the performance of different DFT functionals. The B15+ cation has two planar lowest-lying isomers, while the first 3D isomer is less stable than the global minimum by ∼10 kcal mol-1. The PBE functional, within this benchmark survey, has proved to be reliable in predicting relative energies for boron isomers. Other functionals such as the TPSSh, PBE0 and HSE06 result in good energy ordering of isomers but warrant reconsideration when distinguishing between 2D and 3D forms. Caution is needed for structures having high spin contamination, as it may lead to significant errors. The anomalously lower stability of the B15- anion with respect to its neighbours, in terms of electron detachment energy, was explained through a competition between both rectangle and disk models for its geometry. This elucidates its stability with 12 electrons in rectangle model and instability with 10 electrons in disk-shaped structure, emphasizing the value of employing such geometric models. The proximity of the σ* LUMO to the π HOMO also contributes to the weakening of the B15- stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Long Van Duong
- Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics Research Group, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Laboratory of Chemical Computation and Modeling, Institute for Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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5
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Leyva-Parra L, Pino-Rios R. Update for Isomerization Stabilization Energies: The Fulvenization Approach. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1436-1442. [PMID: 38222592 PMCID: PMC10785285 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
An alternative approach for calculating aromatic stabilization energies is proposed based on transforming an (anti)aromatic ring into a fulvene isomer. This fulvenization process gives a value of 34.05 kcal·mol-1 for benzene in the singlet state and a value of -17.85 kcal·mol-1 in the triplet state. Additionally, it is possible to use experimental values (as long as they exist) for the calculation as the gas-phase formation enthalpies of benzene and fulvene, whose difference is 33.72 kcal·mol-1. On the other hand, this same approach has been evaluated on several six-membered rings, including those persubstituted, biradicals, azines, and inorganic analogues, giving results in agreement with those reported in the literature using different criteria. Additionally, it is possible to differentiate the aromaticity of the rings in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons according to Clar's rules. Assigning the (anti)aromatic character in various nonbenzenoid rings (neutral and charged), except for five- and seven-membered rings, is also possible. The construction of the fulvene isomers in PAHs is set such that nonaromaticity-related effects are not considered. The results show that the fulvenization approach is an effective and efficient approach that can serve as an alternative or complement to existing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leyva-Parra
- Departamento
de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Química Teórica
& Computacional (CQT&C), Universidad
Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto
de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo
Prat, 1100000 Iquique, Chile
- Química
y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, 1100000 Iquique, Chile
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6
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Báez-Grez R, Pino-Rios R. On the aromaticity and stability of benzynes in the ground and lowest-lying triplet excited states. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:6-12. [PMID: 37671655 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have revisited the aromaticity of benzyne isomers at the unrestricted density functional theory level (UDFT) using the energetic, magnetic, and delocalization criteria. In addition, this last criterion has also been analyzed employing complete active space (CASSCF) calculations. The results show conservation of aromaticity in these monocycles. Additionally it is observed that this trend is maintained in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives such as biradical didehydrophenanthrenes. Do these results imply a violation of Baird's rule? The answer is No, because this conservation in aromaticity is due to the loss of hydrogen atoms affects only the electronic σ skeleton and exerts a minor influence on the π cloud. Additionally, we have analyzed the relative stability of benzyne isomers and their relationship with experimental ΔES-T values. According to the literature, the stability of the benzynes in the singlet state is due to an effective interaction between the electrons of the biradical centers; however, this effect is completely reversed in the triplet state, which explains why the para isomer has the lowest ΔES-T gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile
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7
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Merino G, Solà M, Fernández I, Foroutan-Nejad C, Lazzeretti P, Frenking G, Anderson HL, Sundholm D, Cossío FP, Petrukhina MA, Wu J, Wu JI, Restrepo A. Aromaticity: Quo Vadis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5569-5576. [PMID: 37265727 PMCID: PMC10231312 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04998h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromaticity is one of the most deeply rooted concepts in chemistry. But why, if two-thirds of existing compounds can be classified as aromatic, is there no consensus on what aromaticity is? σ-, π-, δ-, spherical, Möbius, or all-metal aromaticity… why are so many attributes needed to specify a property? Is aromaticity a dubious concept? This perspective aims to reflect where the aromaticity community is and where it is going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Department de Química, Universitat de Girona C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69 Girona 17003 Catalonia Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Paolo Lazzeretti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084 SA Italy
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, D-35043 Marburg Germany
| | | | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Fernando P Cossío
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Instituto de Innovaciónen Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián Spain
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York 12222 USA
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia Calle 70 No. 52-21 050010 Medellín Colombia
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8
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Attia AAA, Muñoz-Castro A, Lupan A, King RB. Aromaticity in P 8 allotropes and (CH) 8 analogues: significance of their 40 valence electrons? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9364-9372. [PMID: 36920848 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The currently unknown phosphorus allotrope P8 is of interest since its 40 total valence electrons is a "magic number" corresponding to a filled 1S21P61D101S21F142P6 shell such as found in the relatively stable main group element clusters Al13- and Ge94-. However, P8 still remains as an elusive structure not realized experimentally. The lowest energy P8 structure by a margin of ∼9 kcal mol-1 is shown by density functional theory to be a cuneane analogue with no PP double bonds and two each of P5, P4, and P3 rings. Higher energy P8 structures are polycyclic systems having at most a single PP double bond. These P8 systems are not "carbon copies" of the corresponding (CH)8 hydrocarbons with exactly one hydrogen atom bonded to each carbon atom. Thus the lowest energy (CH)8 structure is cyclooctatetraene with four CC bonds followed by benzocyclobutene with three CC bonds. The cuneane (CH)8 structure is a relatively high energy isomer lying ∼36 kcal mol-1 above cyclooctatetraene. The cubane P8 and (CH)8 structures are even higher energy structures, lying ∼37 and ∼74 kcal mol-1 in energy above the corresponding global minima. Our results demonstrate differences in medium sized aggregates of elemental phosphorus and isolobal hydrocarbon species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A A Attia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babe-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile
| | - Alexandru Lupan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babe-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - R Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia.
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9
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Tang J, Wang Y, Bai W, Zhou Y, Yu W, Li Y. α-Rhenabenzofuran with nonaromatic T 0 and aromatic S 1 states. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9495-9500. [PMID: 35686950 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first α-rhenabenzofuran complexes 2-5 are obtained from one-pot reactions of ReCl3(PMePh2)3 with o-ethynyl phenols. With a delocalized structure, these paramagnetic compounds are nonaromatic at the ground state, which is a triplet. But they exhibit an aromatic singlet excited state, revealed by DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Yilun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, P.R. China
| | - Wei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Nanning, 530008, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, P.R. China
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10
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El Bakouri O, Szczepanik DW, Jorner K, Ayub R, Bultinck P, Solà M, Ottosson H. Three-Dimensional Fully π-Conjugated Macrocycles: When 3D-Aromatic and When 2D-Aromatic-in-3D? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8560-8575. [PMID: 35523019 PMCID: PMC9121391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Several fully π-conjugated
macrocycles with puckered or cage-type
structures were recently found to exhibit aromatic character according
to both experiments and computations. We examine their electronic
structures and put them in relation to 3D-aromatic molecules (e.g., closo-boranes) and to 2D-aromatic
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Using qualitative theory combined
with quantum chemical calculations, we find that the macrocycles explored
hitherto should be described as 2D-aromatic with three-dimensional
molecular structures (abbr. 2D-aromatic-in-3D) and not as truly 3D-aromatic.
3D-aromatic molecules have highly symmetric structures (or nearly
so), leading to (at least) triply degenerate molecular orbitals, and
for tetrahedral or octahedral molecules, an aromatic closed-shell
electronic structure with 6n + 2 electrons. Conversely,
2D-aromatic-in-3D structures exhibit aromaticity that results from
the fulfillment of Hückel’s 4n + 2
rule for each macrocyclic path, yet their π-electron counts
are coincidentally 6n + 2 numbers for macrocycles
with three tethers of equal lengths. It is notable that 2D-aromatic-in-3D
macrocyclic cages can be aromatic with tethers of different lengths, i.e., with π-electron counts different from 6n + 2, and they are related to naphthalene. Finally, we
identify tetrahedral and cubic π-conjugated molecules that fulfill
the 6n + 2 rule and exhibit significant electron
delocalization. Yet, their properties resemble those of analogous
compounds with electron counts that differ from 6n + 2. Thus, despite the fact that these molecules show substantial
π-electron delocalization, they cannot be classified as true
3D-aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
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11
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Grzybowski M, Morawski O, Nowak K, Garbacz P. Fluorene analogues of xanthenes - low molecular weight near-infrared dyes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5455-5458. [PMID: 35315849 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorene-based analogues of fluorescein, rhodol, and rhodamine exhibit absorption and fluorescence beyond 800-900 nm in water, 300-400 nm red-shifted compared to the original oxygen-bridged xanthene dyes, giving potential access to low molecular weight fluorescent markers for the second biological window (NIR-II, ca. 1000-1350 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olaf Morawski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Nowak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paula Garbacz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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[{Th(C 8H 8)Cl 2} 3] 2- is stable but not aromatic. Nature 2022; 603:E18-E20. [PMID: 35322245 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Bai W, Zhou Y, Bao X, Li Y. Synthesis, structure and aromaticity of metallapyridinium complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2876-2882. [PMID: 35099489 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04096k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first rhena-analogues of pyridinium (cyclopropametalla-2-isoquinolinium complexes) are obtained from o-ethynyl benzonitriles. Structural analysis and DFT calculations confirm their aromatic nature. Compared to rhenapyrylium, rhenapyridinium has a slightly stronger Hückel π-aromaticity, while a chlorine substituent on the rhenapyridinium ring decreases its aromaticity, which is revealed by NICS, EDDB, MCI and ΔBV(ELFπ) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Food Safety and Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Nanning, 530008, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China.
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, P.R. China
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14
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15
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16
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Yu P, Sterling AJ, Hein J. A Novel Automated Screening Method for Combinatorially Generated Small Molecules. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1637-1646. [PMID: 33844913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A main challenge in the enumeration of small-molecule chemical spaces for drug design is to quickly and accurately differentiate between possible and impossible molecules. Current approaches for screening enumerated molecules (e.g., 2D heuristics and 3D force fields) have not been able to achieve a balance between accuracy and speed. We have developed a new automated approach for fast and high-quality screening of small molecules, with the following steps: (1) for each molecule in the set, an ensemble of 2D descriptors as feature encoding is computed; (2) on a random small subset, classification (feasible/infeasible) targets via a 3D-based approach are generated; (3) a classification dataset with the computed features and targets is formed and a machine learning model for predicting the 3D approach's decisions is trained; and (4) the trained model is used to screen the remainder of the enumerated set. Our approach is ≈8× (7.96× to 8.84×) faster than screening via 3D simulations without significantly sacrificing accuracy; while compared to 2D-based pruning rules, this approach is more accurate, with better coverage of known feasible molecules. Once the topological features and 3D conformer evaluation methods are established, the process can be fully automated, without any additional chemistry expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingshi Yu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 29 St Giles', Oxford OX1 2JD, U.K.,Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, 15 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, U.K
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jotun Hein
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 29 St Giles', Oxford OX1 2JD, U.K
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17
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Foroutan-Nejad C. Bonding and Aromaticity in Electron-Rich Boron and Aluminum Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1367-1373. [PMID: 33538582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work bonding and aromaticity of triply bonded atoms of group 13 elements (M≡M, M = B and Al) in recently characterized B2Al3-, Na3Al2-, and Na4Al2 are studied. Here, I show that although molecular orbital-based analyses characterize triple bonds, the electropositive nature of group 13 elements gives these bonds unique characteristics. The bond orders derived from the delocalization index, topology of the electron density, and local characteristics of (3, -1) critical points, as defined within the context of quantum theory of atoms in molecules, do not conform with those of ordinary triple bonds. In Na3Al2- and Na4Al2 clusters non-nuclear attractors form between the electropositive Al atoms acting like pseudo atoms. The bond between boron atoms in B2Al3- is more similar to an ordinary triple covalent bond benefiting from the exchange-correlation component of the interatomic interaction energy as defined via interacting quantum atom theory. However, extreme electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged boron atoms attenuates this bond. Finally, current density analysis suggests that B2Al3- is a magnetic aromatic system, nearly 50% more aromatic compared to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Berger RJF, Monaco G, Zanasi R. On the topology of total and diamagnetic induced electronic currents in molecules. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:194101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0006992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. F. Berger
- Fachbereich für Chemie und Physik der Materialien, Paris-Lodron Universität Salzburg, Jakob-Harringerstr. 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - G. Monaco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli,” Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy
| | - R. Zanasi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli,” Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy
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19
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Berger RJF, Viel A. The symmetry principle of antiaromaticity. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Current definitions of aromaticity are purely phenomenological and relate symmetry, reactive stability and the occurrence of molecular diamagnetic response currents. The antithetical concept of antiaromaticity provides a connection between the contrary properties: structural instability or distortion out of higher symmetry, a small HOMO-LUMO gap, and paramagnetic response currents. We reveal the symmetry principle that is underlying antiaromaticity by showing an intimate and strict symmetry induced relation between these properties. The principle is mathematically rigorous and can be formulated like: First order (and related) Jahn-Teller distorted molecules out of non-cubic and non-icosahedral point groups are prone to induced paramagnetism in magnetic fields parallel to the main axis of symmetry. We show by the exemplary cases of cyclobutadiene, cyclcooctatetraene, pentalene and manganese trifluoride how this principle works and discuss this new perspective on antiaromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J. F. Berger
- Department for Chemistry and Physics of Materials , University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringerstr 2a, A-5020 Salzburg , Austria , Tel: +43-662-8044-6260, Fax: +43-662-8044-6289
| | - Alexandre Viel
- 8 Sente de la haie Saint-Marc , 78480 Verneuil sur Seine , France
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20
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Foroutan-Nejad C, Vícha J, Ghosh A. Relativity or aromaticity? A first-principles perspective of chemical shifts in osmabenzene and osmapentalene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10863-10869. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01481h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The topology of the magnetically induced current density in osmabenzene suggests that the molecule is a novel type of Craig–Möbius aromatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vícha
- Center of Polymer Systems
- University Institute
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín
- Zlín
- Czech Republic
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
- 9037 Tromsø
- Norway
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21
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Alvarez-Ramírez F, Ruiz-Morales Y. Database of Nuclear Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) versus NICSZZ of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). J Chem Inf Model 2019; 60:611-620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez-Ramírez
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico City 07730, Mexico
| | - Yosadara Ruiz-Morales
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico City 07730, Mexico
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22
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Barquera‐Lozada JE. Vorticity: Simplifying the analysis of the current density. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2602-2610. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José E. Barquera‐Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
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23
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Kupka T, Gajda Ł, Stobiński L, Kołodziej Ł, Mnich A, Buczek A, Broda MA. Local aromaticity mapping in the vicinity of planar and nonplanar molecules. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:359-372. [PMID: 31034627 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on nucleus-independent magnetic shielding (NICS) scans over the centers of six- and five-membered rings in selected metal phthalocyanines (MPc) and fullerene C60 for more accurate characterization of local aromaticity in these compounds. Detailed tests were conducted on model aromatic molecules including benzene, pyrrole, indole, isoindole, and carbazole and subsequently applied to H2 Pc, ZnPc, Al(OH)Pc, and CuPc. Similar behavior of three selected magnetic probes, Bq, 3 He, and 7 Li+ , approaching perpendicularly the ring centers, was observed. For better visualization of shielding zone over the centers of aromatic rings, we introduced a simple mathematical procedure: the first and second derivatives of scan curves with respect to magnetic probe position enabled their additional examination. It allowed an easier localization of curve minimum and discrimination between areas in space varying by the magnetic field magnitude and to illustrate local aromaticity of two different kinds of rings in MPc with better resolution. Our results supported earlier reports on very low aromaticity indexes of pyrrole ring incorporated into MPc and significant aromaticity of the central macrocycle. No direct dependence between harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity and NICS was observed. Instead, a correlation between position of scan curve minimum and its magnitude were observed. In addition, the NICS values and 3 He chemical shifts in the middle of neutral C60 and C606- anion agreed well with the reported experimental NMR values for He@C60 and He@C606- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Teobald Kupka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gajda
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Leszek Stobiński
- Faculty of Process and Chemical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 1, Waryńskiego Street, 00-645, Warsaw, Poland
- nanoMAT Ltd., Waryńskiego 1 (FL. 4, RM. 401), 00-645, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Adrianna Mnich
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Aneta Buczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
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24
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Monaco G, Zanasi R. Delocalization energy retrieved from the current density tensor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11564-11568. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00117d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anisotropy of the magnetically induced current density tensor can be computed by its original formulation, known in the literature as ACID, or by its revised definition, AACID, which takes into account the asymmetric nature of the tensor. In polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the excess of the integrated value of AACID over that computed for isolated ethylenes correlate with the Hückel delocalization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Monaco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- Fisciano 84084
- Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanasi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- Fisciano 84084
- Italy
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25
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Foroutan-Nejad C, Ghosh A. Magnetic Diversity in Heteroisocorroles: Aromatic Pathways in 10-Heteroatom-Substituted Isocorroles. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15865-15869. [PMID: 31458232 PMCID: PMC6643806 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A recent study on magnetically induced currents in 10-isocorrole derivatives indicated that both the free-base and metal-complexed forms of the unsubstituted macrocycle are homoaromatic. Furthermore, depending on the substituents at the 10-position, the aromatic character was found to swing between substantially homoaromatic to substantially antihomoaromatic. Heteroisocorroles, in which the saturated 10-position has been replaced by a heteroatom-containing group X, are predicted to exhibit even more dramatic variations in aromatic character, ranging from strongly aromatic (X = O, NH, PH, and S) to strongly antiaromatic (X = BH and CO). Interestingly, the experimentally studied X = SiMe2 case does not appear to sustain a significant global ring current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- CEITEC - Central
European Institute of Technology, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, CZ−62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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26
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Duong LV, Matito E, Solà M, Behzadi H, Momeni MJ, Nguyen MT. The electronic structure and stability of germanium tubes Ge30H12 and Ge33H12. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23467-23479. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the possibility of large cylindrical Ge clusters, we investigated the molecular and electronic structure of the germanium tube Ge30H12, composed of six parallel, planar hexagons using DFT calculations, and Ge33H12 generated from the insertion of Ge atoms at the center of three inner hexagons of Ge30H12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Van Duong
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST)
- Quang Trung Software City
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- Donostia
- Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science
- 48011 Bilbao
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Hadi Behzadi
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Kharazmi University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST)
- Quang Trung Software City
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry
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