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Sun D, Hu Y, Li Y, Yu X, Chen X, Shen P, Tang X, Wang Y, Lai C, Kang B, Bai Z, Ni Z, Wang N, Wang R, Guan L, Zhou W, Gao Y. Chamber Attention Network (CAN): Towards interpretable diagnosis of pulmonary artery hypertension using echocardiography. J Adv Res 2024; 63:103-115. [PMID: 37926144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate identification of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in primary care and rural areas can be a challenging task. However, recent advancements in computer vision offer the potential for automated systems to detect PAH from echocardiography. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to develop a precise and efficient diagnostic model for PAH tailored to the unique requirements of intelligent diagnosis, especially in challenging locales like high-altitude regions. METHODS We proposed the Chamber Attention Network (CAN) for PAH identification from echocardiographic images, trained on a dataset comprising 13,912 individual subjects. A convolutional neural network (CNN) for view classification was used to select the clinically relevant apical four chamber (A4C) and parasternal long axis (PLAX) views for PAH diagnosis. To assess the importance of different heart chambers in PAH diagnosis, we developed a novel Chamber Attention Module. RESULTS The experimental results demonstrated that: 1) The substantial correspondence between our obtained chamber attention vector and clinical expertise suggested that our model was highly interpretable, potentially uncovering diagnostic insights overlooked by the clinical community. 2) The proposed CAN model exhibited superior image-level accuracy and faster convergence on the internal validation dataset compared to the other four models. Furthermore, our CAN model outperformed the others on the external test dataset, with image-level accuracies of 82.53% and 83.32% for A4C and PLAX, respectively. 3) Implementation of the voting strategy notably enhanced the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of individual-level classification results, enhancing the reliability of our classification outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that CAN is a feasible technique for AI-assisted PAH diagnosis, providing new insights into cardiac structural changes observed in echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yangyi Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yunming Li
- Department of Information, Medical Support Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianbiao Yu
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, Army 954 Hospital, Shannan 856000, Tibet, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Army 954 Hospital, Shannan 856000, Tibet, China
| | - Pan Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xianglin Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chengcai Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo Kang
- Department of Academic Affairs, Army 954 Hospital, Shannan 856000, Tibet, China
| | - Zhijie Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhexin Ni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rui Wang
- General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lina Guan
- General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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Feng Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Guo H, Liu J. Efficacy and Safety of Bisoprolol in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:3067-3083. [PMID: 38152590 PMCID: PMC10752233 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s438930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of bisoprolol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Research Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statements. The primary outcome measures analyzed included: Pulmonary function(FEV1, FEV1%, FVC), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), adverse events and inflammatory cytokines(IL-6, IL-8, CRP). Results Thirty-five studies were included with a total of 3269 study participants, including 1650 in the bisoprolol group and 1619 in the control group. The effect of bisoprolol on lung function in patients with COPD, FEV1, MD (0.46 [95% CI, 0.27 to 0.65], P=0.000), FEV1%, MD (-0.64 [95% CI, 0.42 to 0.86], P=0.000), FVC, MD (0.20 [95% CI, 0.05 to 0.34], P=0.008), the results all showed a statistically significant result. The effect of bisoprolol on 6MWD in COPD patients, MD (1.37 [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.66], P=0.000), which showed a statistically significant result. The occurrence of adverse events in COPD patients treated with bisoprolol, RR (0.83 [95% CI, 0.54 to 1.26], P=0.382), resulted in no statistical significance. The effect of bisoprolol on inflammatory cytokines in COPD patients, IL-6, MD (-1.16 [95% CI, -1.67 to -0.65], P=0.000), IL-8, MD (-0.94 [95% CI, -1.32 to -0.56], P=0.000), CRP, MD (-1.74 [95% CI, -2.40 to -1.09], P=0.000), the results were statistically significant. We performed a subgroup analysis of each outcome indicator according to whether the patients had heart failure or not, and the results showed that the therapeutic effect of bisoprolol on COPD did not change with the presence or absence of heart failure. Conclusion Bisoprolol is safe and effective in the treatment of COPD, improving lung function and exercise performance in patients with COPD, and also reducing inflammatory markers in patients with COPD, and this effect is independent of the presence or absence of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Maternal and Child Health Hospital/Gansu Central Hospital, Lanzhou City, People’s Republic of China
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Silva JMA, Antonio EL, Dos Santos LFN, Serra AJ, Feliciano RS, Junior JAS, Ihara SSM, Tucci PJF, Moises VA. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle by pulmonary artery banding in rats: a study of structural, functional, and transcriptomics alterations in the right and left ventricles. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1129333. [PMID: 37576341 PMCID: PMC10414540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1129333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Right ventricular remodeling with subsequent functional impairment can occur in some clinical conditions in adults and children. The triggering factors, molecular mechanisms, and, especially, the evolution over time are still not well known. Left ventricular (LV) changes associated with right ventricular (RV) remodeling are also poorly understood. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate RV morphological, functional, and gene expression parameters in rats submitted to pulmonary artery banding compared to control rats, with the temporal evolution of these parameters, and to analyze the influence of RV remodeling by pulmonary artery banding in rats and their controls over time on LV geometry, histology, gene expression, and functional performance. Methods: Healthy 6-week-old male Wistar-EPM rats weighing 170-200 g were included. One day after the echocardiogram, depending on the animals undergoing the pulmonary artery banding (PAB) procedure or not (control group), they were then randomly divided into subgroups according to the follow-up time: 72 h, or 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks. In each subgroup, the following were conducted: a new echocardiogram, a hemodynamic study, the collection of material for morphological analysis (hypertrophy and fibrosis), and molecular biology (gene expression). The results were presented as the mean ± standard deviation of the mean. A two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test compared the variables of the subgroups and evolution follow-up times. The adopted significance level was 5%. Results: There was no significant difference among the subgroups in the percentage of water in both the lungs and the liver (the percentage of water in the lungs ranged from 76% to 78% and that of the liver ranged from 67% to 71%). The weight of the right chambers was significantly higher in PAB animals in all subgroups (RV PAB weighed from 0.34 to 0.48 g, and control subjects, from 0.17 to 0.20 g; right atrium (RA) with PAB from 0.09 to 0.14 g; and control subjects from 0.02 to 0.03 g). In the RV of PAB animals, there was a significant increase in myocyte nuclear volume (97 μm3-183.6 μm3) compared to control subjects (34.2 μm3-57.2 μm3), which was more intense in subgroups with shorter PAB follow-up time, and the fibrosis percentage (5.9%-10.4% vs. 0.96%-1.18%) was higher as the PAB follow-up time was longer. In the echocardiography result, there was a significant increase in myocardial thickness in all PAB groups (0.09-0.11 cm compared to control subjects-0.04-0.05 cm), but there was no variation in RV diastolic diameter. From 2 to 8 weeks of PAB, the S-wave (S') (0.031 cm/s and 0.040 cm/s), and fractional area change (FAC) (51%-56%), RV systolic function parameters were significantly lower than those of the respective control subjects (0.040 cm/s to 0.050 cm/s and 61%-67%). Furthermore, higher expression of genes related to hypertrophy and extracellular matrix in the initial subgroups and apoptosis genes in the longer follow-up PAB subgroups were observed in RV. On the other hand, LV weight was not different between animals with and without PAB. The nuclear volume of the PAB animals was greater than that of the control subjects (74 μm3-136 μm3; 40.8 μm3-46.9 μm3), and the percentage of fibrosis was significantly higher in the 4- and 8-week PAB groups (1.2% and 2.2%) compared to the control subjects (0.4% and 0.7%). Echocardiography showed that the diastolic diameter and LV myocardial thickness were not different between PAB animals and control subjects. Measurements of isovolumetric relaxation time and E-wave deceleration time at the echocardiography were different between PAB animals and control subjects in all subgroups, but there were no changes in diastolic function in the hemodynamic study. There was also increased expression of genes related to various functions, particularly hypertrophy. Conclusion: 1) Rats submitted to pulmonary artery banding presented RV remodeling compatible with hypertrophy. Such alterations were mediated by increased gene expression and functional alterations, which coincide with the onset of fibrosis. 2) Structural changes of the RV, such as weight, myocardial thickness, myocyte nuclear volume, and degree of fibrosis, were modified according to the time of exposure to pulmonary artery banding and related to variations in gene expression, highlighting the change from an alpha to a beta pattern from early to late follow-up times. 3) The study suggests that the left ventricle developed histological alterations accompanied by gene expression modifications simultaneously with the alterations found in the right ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ednei Luiz Antonio
- Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Karasu BB, Aydıncak HT. Right ventricular-pulmonary arterial uncoupling in mild-to-moderate asthma. J Asthma 2023; 60:543-552. [PMID: 35502969 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2022.2073548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persistent pulmonary hypertension and resulting right ventricular (RV) failure are highly encountered phenomenon in severe pulmonary diseases. However, in this study, we aimed to examine the effects of mild-to-moderate asthma on RV functions, pulmonary arterial stiffness (PAS), and coupling of RV to the pulmonary artery (PA) in the absence of overt pulmonary hypertension. METHODS We enrolled 53 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 50 healthy control subjects. A comprehensive two dimensional transthoracic echocardiography was performed on each individual. The parameters measuring RV function were all examined. PAS was calculated by dividing maximal frequency shift of pulmonary flow by pulmonary acceleration time. RV-PA coupling was estimated by the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) to pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) ratio (TAPSE/PASP). RESULTS Baseline demographics, clinical and laboratory parameters of both groups were similar (p > 0.05). Most of conventional echocardiographic parameters measuring RV function were impaired in patients with asthma compared to control subjects. PAS values were significantly higher in the asthma group [24 (21-26) vs. 20 (18-22), p < 0.001], and TAPSE/PASP ratio was significantly lower in the asthma group versus the control group [0.81 ± 0.08 vs. 0.96 ± 0.11, p < 0.001]. Multilinear regression analysis revealed PAS, TAPSE, and PASP as independent predictors of TAPSE/PASP ratio. CONCLUSION Mild-to-moderate asthma was shown to be associated with both subclinical RV dysfunction and increased PAS values. TAPSE/PASP ratio was also markedly decreased, suggesting RV-PA uncoupling even in the absence of overt pulmonary hypertension. PAS referring RV afterload was shown to be an independent predictor of TAPSE/PASP ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Banu Karasu
- Department of Cardiology, Etimesgut Sehit Sait Erturk State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatun Temel Aydıncak
- Department of Chest Diseases, Etimesgut Sehit Sait Erturk State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Banerjee S, Hong J, Umar S. Comparative analysis of right ventricular metabolic reprogramming in pre-clinical rat models of severe pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricular failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:935423. [PMID: 36158812 PMCID: PMC9500217 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.935423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) leads to right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and failure (RVF). The precise mechanisms of the metabolic basis of maladaptive PH-induced RVF (PH-RVF) are yet to be fully elucidated. Here we performed a comparative analysis of RV-metabolic reprogramming in MCT and Su/Hx rat models of severe PH-RVF using targeted metabolomics and multi-omics. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats (250–300 gm; n = 15) were used. Rats received subcutaneous monocrotaline (60 mg/kg; MCT; n = 5) and followed for ~30-days or Sugen (20 mg/kg; Su/Hx; n = 5) followed by hypoxia (10% O2; 3-weeks) and normoxia (2-weeks). Controls received saline (Control; n = 5). Serial echocardiography was performed to assess cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. Terminal RV-catheterization was performed to assess PH. Targeted metabolomics was performed on RV tissue using UPLC-MS. RV multi-omics analysis was performed integrating metabolomic and transcriptomic datasets using Joint Pathway Analysis (JPA). Results MCT and Su/Hx rats developed severe PH, RV-hypertrophy and decompensated RVF. Targeted metabolomics of RV of MCT and Su/Hx rats detected 126 and 125 metabolites, respectively. There were 28 and 24 metabolites significantly altered in RV of MCT and Su/Hx rats, respectively, including 11 common metabolites. Common significantly upregulated metabolites included aspartate and GSH, whereas downregulated metabolites included phosphate, α-ketoglutarate, inositol, glutamine, 5-Oxoproline, hexose phosphate, creatine, pantothenic acid and acetylcarnitine. JPA highlighted common genes and metabolites from key pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, etc. Conclusions Comparative analysis of metabolic reprogramming of RV from MCT and Su/Hx rats reveals common and distinct metabolic signatures which may serve as RV-specific novel therapeutic targets for PH-RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanshu Banerjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jason Hong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Soban Umar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Garcia-Gonzalez MA, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Atonal-Flores F, Flores-Hernandez J, Torres-Ramírez O, Diaz-Fonsecae A, Perez Vizcaino F, Lopez-Lopez JG. Sildenafil prevents right ventricular hypertrophy and improves heart rate variability in rats with pulmonary hypertension secondary to experimental diabetes. Clin Exp Hypertens 2022; 44:355-365. [DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2022.2050743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Garcia-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Laboratorio de Farmacia Clinica, Edificio FCQ10, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Veronica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Fausto Atonal-Flores
- Departamento de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Medicina, Metepec, Mexico
| | - Jorge Flores-Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Fisiología, Puebla,Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Torres-Ramírez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Diaz-Fonsecae
- Departamento de Farmacia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Francisco Perez Vizcaino
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Escuela de Medicina, Puebla,Mexico
| | - Jose Gustavo Lopez-Lopez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Laboratorio de Farmacia Clinica, Edificio FCQ10, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Mexico
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Lei I, Huang W, Ward PA, Pober JS, Tellides G, Ailawadi G, Pagani FD, Landstrom AP, Wang Z, Mortensen RM, Cascalho M, Platt J, Eugene Chen Y, Lam HYK, Tang PC. Differential inflammatory responses of the native left and right ventricle associated with donor heart preservation. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15004. [PMID: 34435466 PMCID: PMC8387788 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction and inflammation of hearts subjected to cold ischemic preservation may differ between left and right ventricles, suggesting distinct strategies for amelioration. METHODS AND RESULTS Explanted murine hearts subjected to cold ischemia for 0, 4, or 8 h in preservation solution were assessed for function during 60 min of warm perfusion and then analyzed for cell death and inflammation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting and total RNA sequencing. Increased cold ischemic times led to greater left ventricle (LV) dysfunction compared to right ventricle (RV). The LV experienced greater cell death assessed by TUNEL+ cells and cleaved caspase-3 expression (n = 4). While IL-6 protein levels were upregulated in both LV and RV, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-10, and MyD88 were disproportionately increased in the LV. Inflammasome components (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), adaptor molecule apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), cleaved caspase-1) and products (cleaved IL-1β and gasdermin D) were also more upregulated in the LV. Pathway analysis of RNA sequencing showed increased signaling related to tumor necrosis factor, interferon, and innate immunity with ex-vivo ischemia, but no significant differences were found between the LV and RV. Human donor hearts showed comparable inflammatory responses to cold ischemia with greater LV increases of TNFα, IL-10, and inflammasomes (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Mouse hearts subjected to cold ischemia showed time-dependent contractile dysfunction and increased cell death, inflammatory cytokine expression and inflammasome expression that are greater in the LV than RV. However, IL-6 protein elevations and altered transcriptional profiles were similar in both ventricles. Similar changes are observed in human hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ienglam Lei
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Peter A. Ward
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Jordan S. Pober
- Department of ImmunobiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Francis D. Pagani
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Richard M. Mortensen
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Jeffrey Platt
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yuqing Eugene Chen
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Paul C. Tang
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Sharifi Kia D, Kim K, Simon MA. Current Understanding of the Right Ventricle Structure and Function in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front Physiol 2021; 12:641310. [PMID: 34122125 PMCID: PMC8194310 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.641310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease resulting in increased right ventricular (RV) afterload and RV remodeling. PAH results in altered RV structure and function at different scales from organ-level hemodynamics to tissue-level biomechanical properties, fiber-level architecture, and cardiomyocyte-level contractility. Biomechanical analysis of RV pathophysiology has drawn significant attention over the past years and recent work has found a close link between RV biomechanics and physiological function. Building upon previously developed techniques, biomechanical studies have employed multi-scale analysis frameworks to investigate the underlying mechanisms of RV remodeling in PAH and effects of potential therapeutic interventions on these mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of RV structure and function in PAH, highlighting the findings from recent studies on the biomechanics of RV remodeling at organ, tissue, fiber, and cellular levels. Recent progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of RV remodeling in PAH, and effects of potential therapeutics, will be highlighted from a biomechanical perspective. The clinical relevance of RV biomechanics in PAH will be discussed, followed by addressing the current knowledge gaps and providing suggested directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Sharifi Kia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kang Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh - University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marc A Simon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Sharifi Kia D, Fortunato R, Maiti S, Simon MA, Kim K. An exploratory assessment of stretch-induced transmural myocardial fiber kinematics in right ventricular pressure overload. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3587. [PMID: 33574400 PMCID: PMC7878470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) remodeling and longitudinal fiber reorientation in the setting of pulmonary hypertension (PH) affects ventricular structure and function, eventually leading to RV failure. Characterizing the kinematics of myocardial fibers helps better understanding the underlying mechanisms of fiber realignment in PH. In the current work, high-frequency ultrasound imaging and structurally-informed finite element (FE) models were employed for an exploratory evaluation of the stretch-induced kinematics of RV fibers. Image-based experimental evaluation of fiber kinematics in porcine myocardium revealed the capability of affine assumptions to effectively approximate myofiber realignment in the RV free wall. The developed imaging framework provides a noninvasive modality to quantify transmural RV myofiber kinematics in large animal models. FE modeling results demonstrated that chronic pressure overload, but not solely an acute rise in pressures, results in kinematic shift of RV fibers towards the longitudinal direction. Additionally, FE simulations suggest a potential protective role for concentric hypertrophy (increased wall thickness) against fiber reorientation, while eccentric hypertrophy (RV dilation) resulted in longitudinal fiber realignment. Our study improves the current understanding of the role of different remodeling events involved in transmural myofiber reorientation in PH. Future experimentations are warranted to test the model-generated hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Sharifi Kia
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Ronald Fortunato
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Spandan Maiti
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Marc A. Simon
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 623A Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Kang Kim
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 623A Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Bidviene J, Muraru D, Maffessanti F, Ereminiene E, Kovács A, Lakatos B, Vaskelyte JJ, Zaliunas R, Surkova E, Parati G, Badano LP. Regional shape, global function and mechanics in right ventricular volume and pressure overload conditions: a three-dimensional echocardiography study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 37:1289-1299. [PMID: 33389362 PMCID: PMC8026459 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-02117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to assess the regional right ventricular (RV) shape changes in pressure and volume overload conditions and their relations with RV function and mechanics. The end-diastolic and end-systolic RV endocardial surfaces were analyzed with three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in 33 patients with RV volume overload (rToF), 31 patients with RV pressure overload (PH), and 60 controls. The mean curvature of the RV inflow (RVIT) and outflow (RVOT) tracts, RV apex and body (both divided into free wall (FW) and septum) were measured. Zero curvature defined a flat surface, whereas positive or negative curvature indicated convexity or concavity, respectively. The longitudinal and radial RV wall motions were also obtained. rToF and PH patients had flatter FW (body and apex) and RVIT, more convex interventricular septum (body and apex) and RVOT than controls. rToF demonstrated a less bulging interventricular septum at end-systole than PH patients, resulting in a more convex shape of the RVFW (r = − 0.701, p < 0.0001), and worse RV longitudinal contraction (r = − 0.397, p = 0.02). PH patients showed flatter RVFW apex at end-systole compared to rToF (p < 0.01). In both groups, a flatter RVFW apex was associated with worse radial RV contraction (r = 0.362 in rToF, r = 0.482 in PH at end-diastole, and r = 0.555 in rToF, r = 0.379 in PH at end-systole, respectively). In PH group, the impairment of radial contraction was also related to flatter RVIT (r = 0.407) and more convex RVOT (r = − 0.525) at end-systole (p < 0.05). In conclusion, different loading conditions are associated to specific RV curvature changes, that are related to longitudinal and radial RV dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Bidviene
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania. .,Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Denisa Muraru
- Department of Cardiological, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Egle Ereminiene
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Attila Kovács
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Lakatos
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jolanta-Justina Vaskelyte
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Remigijus Zaliunas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Elena Surkova
- Cardiac Division, Department of Echocardiography, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Department of Cardiological, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi P Badano
- Department of Cardiological, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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11
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Aghajanian A, Zhang H, Buckley BK, Wittchen ES, Ma WY, Faber JE. Decreased inspired oxygen stimulates de novo formation of coronary collaterals in adult heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 150:1-11. [PMID: 33038388 PMCID: PMC7855913 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Collateral vessels lessen myocardial ischemia when acute or chronic coronary obstruction occurs. It has long been assumed that although native (pre-existing) collaterals enlarge in obstructive disease, new collaterals do not form in the adult. However, the latter was recently shown to occur after coronary artery ligation. Understanding the signals that drive this process is challenged by the difficulty in studying collateral vessels directly and the complex milieu of signaling pathways, including cell death, induced by ligation. Herein we show that hypoxemia alone is capable of inducing collateral vessels to form and that the novel gene Rabep2 is required. OBJECTIVE Hypoxia stimulates angiogenesis during embryonic development and in pathological states. We hypothesized that hypoxia also stimulates collateral formation in adult heart by a process that involves RABEP2, a recently identified protein required for formation of collateral vessels during development. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of mice to reduced FiO2 induced collateral formation that resulted in smaller infarctions following LAD ligation and that reversed on return to normoxia. Deletion of Rabep2 or knockdown of Vegfa inhibited formation. Hypoxia upregulated Rabep2, Vegfa and Vegfr2 in heart and brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs). Knockdown of Rabep2 impaired migration of HBMVECs. In contrast to systemic hypoxia, deletion of Rabep2 did not affect collateral formation induced by ischemic injury caused by LAD ligation. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia induced formation of coronary collaterals by a process that required VEGFA and RABEP2, proteins also required for collateral formation during development. Knockdown of Rabep2 impaired cell migration, providing one potential mechanism for RABEP2's role in collateral formation. This appears specific to hypoxia, since formation after acute ischemic injury was unaffected in Rabep2-/- mice. These findings provide a novel model for studying coronary collateral formation, and demonstrate that hypoxia alone can induce new collaterals to form in adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Aghajanian
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Brian K Buckley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Willa Y Ma
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America.
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12
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Autogenous mitochondria transplantation for treatment of right heart failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 162:e111-e121. [PMID: 32919774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular hypertrophy and failure are major causes of cardiac morbidity and mortality. A key event in the progression to right ventricular hypertrophy and failure is cardiomyocyte apoptosis due to mitochondrial dysfunction. We sought to determine whether localized intramyocardial injection of autologous mitochondria from healthy muscle treats heart failure. METHODS Mitochondria transplanted from different sources were initially tested in cultured hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. A right ventricular hypertrophy/right ventricular failure model created through banding of the pulmonary artery in immature piglets was used for treatment with autologous mitochondria (pulmonary artery banded mitochondria injected/treated n = 6) from calf muscle, versus vehicle (pulmonary artery banded vehicle injected/treated n = 6) injected into the right ventricular free-wall, and compared with sham-operated controls (sham, n = 6). Animals were followed for 8 weeks by echocardiography (free-wall thickness, contractility), and dp/dt max was measured concomitantly with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis at study end point. RESULTS Internalization of mitochondria and adenosine triphosphate levels did not depend on the source of mitochondria. At 4 weeks, banded animals showed right ventricular hypertrophy (sham: 0.28 ± 0.01 cm vs pulmonary artery banding: 0.4 ± 0.02 cm wall thickness; P = .001), which further increased in pulmonary artery banded mitochondria injected/treated but declined in pulmonary artery banded vehicle injected/treated (0.47 ± 0.02 cm vs 0.348 ± 0.03 cm; P = .01). Baseline contractility was not different but was significantly reduced in pulmonary artery banded vehicle injected/treated compared with pulmonary artery banded mitochondria injected/treated and so was dp/dtmax. There was a significant difference in apoptotic cardiomyocyte loss and fibrosis in sham versus hypertrophied hearts with most apoptosis in pulmonary artery banded vehicle injected/treated hearts (sham: 1 ± 0.4 vs calf muscle vs vehicle: 13 ± 1.7; P = .001 and vs pulmonary artery banded mitochondria injected/treated: 8 ± 1.9, P = .01; pulmonary artery banded vehicle injected/treated vs pulmonary artery banded mitochondria injected/treated, P = .05). CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial transplantation allows for prolonged physiologic adaptation of the pressure-loaded right ventricular and preservation of contractility by reducing apoptotic cardiomyocyte loss.
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13
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Sharifi Kia D, Benza E, Bachman TN, Tushak C, Kim K, Simon MA. Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition Attenuates Right Ventricular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015708. [PMID: 32552157 PMCID: PMC7670537 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) results in increased right ventricular (RV) afterload and ventricular remodeling. Sacubitril/valsartan (sac/val) is a dual acting drug, composed of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan, that has shown promising outcomes in reducing the risk of death and hospitalization for chronic systolic left ventricular heart failure. In this study, we aimed to examine if angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibition using sac/val attenuates RV remodeling in PH. Methods and Results RV pressure overload was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats via banding the main pulmonary artery. Three different cohorts of controls, placebo‐treated PH, and sac/val‐treated PH were studied in a 21‐day treatment window. Terminal invasive hemodynamic measurements, quantitative histological analysis, biaxial mechanical testing, and constitutive modeling were employed to conduct a multiscale analysis on the effects of sac/val on RV remodeling in PH. Sac/val treatment decreased RV maximum pressures (29% improvement, P=0.002), improved RV contractile (30%, P=0.012) and relaxation (29%, P=0.043) functions, reduced RV afterload (35% improvement, P=0.016), and prevented RV‐pulmonary artery uncoupling. Furthermore, sac/val attenuated RV hypertrophy (16% improvement, P=0.006) and prevented transmural reorientation of RV collagen and myofibers (P=0.011). The combined natriuresis and vasodilation resulting from sac/val led to improved RV biomechanical properties and prevented increased myofiber stiffness in PH (61% improvement, P=0.032). Conclusions Sac/val may prevent maladaptive RV remodeling in a pressure overload model via amelioration of RV pressure rise, hypertrophy, collagen, and myofiber reorientation as well as tissue stiffening both at the tissue and myofiber level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Benza
- Heart and Vascular InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)Pittsburgh PA
| | - Timothy N Bachman
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PittsburghPA.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)Pittsburgh PA
| | - Claire Tushak
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PittsburghPA
| | - Kang Kim
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PittsburghPA.,Heart and Vascular InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)Pittsburgh PA.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)Pittsburgh PA.,Division of CardiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceUniversity of PittsburghPA.,Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and TherapeuticsUniversity of PittsburghPA
| | - Marc A Simon
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PittsburghPA.,Heart and Vascular InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)Pittsburgh PA.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)Pittsburgh PA.,Division of CardiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPA
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14
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Jiang H, Zhang L, Liu X, Sun W, Kato K, Chen C, Li X, Li T, Sun Z, Han W, Zhang F, Xiao Q, Yang Z, Hu J, Qin Z, Adams RH, Gao X, He Y. Angiocrine FSTL1 (Follistatin-Like Protein 1) Insufficiency Leads to Atrial and Venous Wall Fibrosis via SMAD3 Activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:958-972. [PMID: 32078339 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiocrine factors, mediating the endothelial-mural cell interaction in vascular wall construction as well as maintenance, are incompletely characterized. This study aims to investigate the role of endothelial cell-derived FSTL1 (follistatin-like protein 1) in vascular homeostasis. Approach and Results: Using conditional knockout mouse models, we show that loss of FSTL1 in endothelial cells (Fstl1ECKO) led to an increase of pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in the heart regurgitation especially with tricuspid valves. However, this abnormality was not detected in mutant mice with Fstl1 knockout in smooth muscle cells or hematopoietic cells. We further showed that there was excessive αSMA (α-smooth muscle actin) associated with atrial endocardia, heart valves, veins, and microvessels after the endothelial FSTL1 deletion. There was also an increase in collagen deposition, as demonstrated in livers of Fstl1ECKO mutants. The SMAD3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) phosphorylation (pSMAD3) was significantly enhanced, and pSMAD3 staining was colocalized with αSMA in vein walls, suggesting the activation of TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) signaling in vascular mural cells of Fstl1ECKO mice. Consistently, treatment with a TGFβ pathway inhibitor reduced the abnormal association of αSMA with the atria and blood vessels in Fstl1ECKO mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS The findings imply that endothelial FSTL1 is critical for the homeostasis of vascular walls, and its insufficiency may favor cardiovascular fibrosis leading to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Jiang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (H.J., L.Z., X. Liu, C.C., X. Li, T.L., Z.S., Y.H.)
| | - Luqing Zhang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (H.J., L.Z., X. Liu, C.C., X. Li, T.L., Z.S., Y.H.).,MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, China (L.Z., W.S., W.H., F.Z., Q.X., Z.Y., X.G.)
| | - Xuelian Liu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (H.J., L.Z., X. Liu, C.C., X. Li, T.L., Z.S., Y.H.)
| | - Wei Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, China (L.Z., W.S., W.H., F.Z., Q.X., Z.Y., X.G.).,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China (W.S.)
| | - Katsuhiro Kato
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Germany (K.K., R.H.A.).,Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Hospital, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Chuankai Chen
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (H.J., L.Z., X. Liu, C.C., X. Li, T.L., Z.S., Y.H.)
| | - Xiao Li
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (H.J., L.Z., X. Liu, C.C., X. Li, T.L., Z.S., Y.H.)
| | - Taotao Li
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (H.J., L.Z., X. Liu, C.C., X. Li, T.L., Z.S., Y.H.)
| | - Zhiliang Sun
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (H.J., L.Z., X. Liu, C.C., X. Li, T.L., Z.S., Y.H.)
| | - Wencan Han
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, China (L.Z., W.S., W.H., F.Z., Q.X., Z.Y., X.G.)
| | - Fujing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, China (L.Z., W.S., W.H., F.Z., Q.X., Z.Y., X.G.)
| | - Qi Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, China (L.Z., W.S., W.H., F.Z., Q.X., Z.Y., X.G.)
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, China (L.Z., W.S., W.H., F.Z., Q.X., Z.Y., X.G.)
| | - Junhao Hu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (J.H.)
| | - Zhihai Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, China (Z.Q.)
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Germany (K.K., R.H.A.)
| | - Xiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Disease Study, Model Animal Research Institute, Nanjing University, China (L.Z., W.S., W.H., F.Z., Q.X., Z.Y., X.G.)
| | - Yulong He
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cam-Su Genomic Resources Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (H.J., L.Z., X. Liu, C.C., X. Li, T.L., Z.S., Y.H.)
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15
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Kovacs G, Agusti A, Barberà JA, Celli B, Criner G, Humbert M, Sin DD, Voelkel N, Olschewski H. Pulmonary Vascular Involvement in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Is There a Pulmonary Vascular Phenotype? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:1000-1011. [PMID: 29746142 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201801-0095pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Kovacs
- 1 Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,2 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Alvar Agusti
- 3 Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,4 Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Albert Barberà
- 3 Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,4 Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gerard Criner
- 6 Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc Humbert
- 7 Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; Inserm U999; Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Don D Sin
- 8 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,9 Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Canada; and
| | - Norbert Voelkel
- 10 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Frije University, Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Horst Olschewski
- 1 Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,2 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
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16
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Avazmohammadi R, Mendiola EA, Soares JS, Li DS, Chen Z, Merchant S, Hsu EW, Vanderslice P, Dixon RAF, Sacks MS. A Computational Cardiac Model for the Adaptation to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the Rat. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:138-153. [PMID: 30264263 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) imposes pressure overload on the right ventricle (RV), leading to RV enlargement via the growth of cardiac myocytes and remodeling of the collagen fiber architecture. The effects of these alterations on the functional behavior of the right ventricular free wall (RVFW) and organ-level cardiac function remain largely unexplored. Computational heart models in the rat (RHMs) of the normal and hypertensive states can be quite valuable in simulating the effects of PAH on cardiac function to gain insights into the pathophysiology of underlying myocardium remodeling. We thus developed high-fidelity biventricular finite element RHMs for the normal and post-PAH hypertensive states using extensive experimental data collected from rat hearts. We then applied the RHM to investigate the transmural nature of RVFW remodeling and its connection to wall stress elevation under PAH. We found a strong correlation between the longitudinally-dominated fiber-level adaptation of the RVFW and the transmural alterations of relevant wall stress components. We further conducted several numerical experiments to gain new insights on how the RV responds both normally and in the post-PAH state. We found that the effect of pressure overload alone on the increased contractility of the RV is comparable to the effects of changes in the RV geometry and stiffness. Furthermore, our RHMs provided fresh perspectives on long-standing questions of the functional role of the interventricular septum in RV function. Specifically, we demonstrated that an inaccurate identification of the mechanical adaptation of the septum can lead to a significant underestimation of RVFW contractility in the post-PAH state. These findings show how integrated experimental-computational models can facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the cardiac remodeling events during PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Avazmohammadi
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Emilio A Mendiola
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - João S Soares
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David S Li
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samer Merchant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Edward W Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter Vanderslice
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A F Dixon
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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17
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Li Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Liu M, Meng X, Shi Y, Zhu W, Lu X. Tricuspid annular displacement measured by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography for predicting right ventricular function in pulmonary hypertension: A new approach to evaluating right ventricle dysfunction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11710. [PMID: 30045334 PMCID: PMC6078723 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the ability of tricuspid annular displacement measured by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) to predict right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients. Here, we present a new method for assessing RV function that also employs STE and is based on measurement of tricuspid annular displacement.A total of 225 patients were divided into 2 groups according to the pulmonary artery systolic blood pressure (PASP), estimated by echocardiographic measurement of tricuspid regurgitation: group I (PASP ≥50 mm Hg) and group II (36 mm Hg ≤ PASP <50 mm Hg). The tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV index of myocardial performance (RIMP), RV fractional area change (RVFAC), tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (s'), and the tricuspid annular longitudinal displacement (TMAD) parameters were measured. Thirty patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) examination, and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was calculated.The conventional parameters as well as the TMAD parameters differed significantly between the 2 groups (all P < .01). Good correlation was observed between the TMAD parameters and CMR-derived RVEF (all P < .01). The TMAD parameters had moderate predictive value for predicting RV dysfunction in PH patients (all P < .01). From receiver operating characteristic curves, we determined the optimal cut-off values for TMAD parameters for detecting RV dysfunction with good sensitivity and specificity.The TMAD parameters can predict the decline of RV function in patients with PH and thus provide new diagnostic indices for clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Li
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center
| | - Yuanhua Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Mingxi Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yanping Shi
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center
| | - Xiuzhang Lu
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center
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18
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The Echocardiographic Characteristics and Prognostic Significance of Pericardial Effusions in Eisenmenger Syndrome. Heart Lung Circ 2018; 27:394-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dou S, Zheng C, Ji X, Wang W, Xie M, Cui L, Xiao W. Co-existence of COPD and bronchiectasis: a risk factor for a high ratio of main pulmonary artery to aorta diameter (PA:A) from computed tomography in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:675-681. [PMID: 29520135 PMCID: PMC5834179 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s156126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary vascular disease, especially pulmonary hypertension, is an important complication of COPD. Bronchiectasis is considered not only a comorbidity of COPD, but also a risk factor for vascular diseases. The main pulmonary artery to aorta diameter ratio (PA:A ratio) has been found to be a reliable indicator of pulmonary vascular disease. It is hypothesized that the co-existence of COPD and bronchiectasis may be associated with relative pulmonary artery enlargement (PA:A ratio >1). Methods This retrospective study enrolled COPD patients from 2012 through 2016. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Bhalla score was used to determine the severity of bronchiectasis. Patient characteristics were analyzed in two ways: the high (PA:A >1) and low (PA:A ≤1) ratio groups; and COPD with and without bronchiectasis groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors for high PA:A ratios. Results In this study, 480 COPD patients were included, of whom 168 had radiographic bronchiectasis. Patients with pulmonary artery enlargement presented with poorer nutrition (albumin, 35.6±5.1 vs 38.3±4.9, P<0.001), lower oxygen partial pressure (74.4±34.5 vs 81.3±25.4, P<0.001), more severe airflow obstruction (FEV1.0, 0.9±0.5 vs 1.1±0.6, P=0.004), and a higher frequency of bronchiectasis (60% vs 28.8%, P<0.001) than patients in the low ratio group. Patients with both COPD and bronchiectasis had higher levels of systemic inflammation (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, P<0.001 and fibrinogen, P=0.006) and PA:A ratios (P<0.001). A higher PA:A ratio was significantly closely correlated with a higher Bhalla score (r=0.412, P<0.001). Patients with both COPD and bronchiectasis with high ratios presented higher levels of NT-proBNP (P<0.001) and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (P<0.001). Multiple logistic analyses have indicated that bronchiectasis is an independent risk factor for high PA:A ratios in COPD patients (OR =3.707; 95% CI =1.888-7.278; P<0.001). Conclusion Bronchiectasis in COPD has been demonstrated to be independently associated with relative pulmonary artery enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Dou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Ji
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Jinan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengshuang Xie
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Cui
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Lee DS, Jung YW. Protective Effect of Right Ventricular Mitochondrial Damage by Cyclosporine A in Monocrotaline-induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Korean Circ J 2018; 48:1135-1144. [PMID: 30403017 PMCID: PMC6221864 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Mitochondria play a key role in the pathophysiology of heart failure and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) play a critical role in cell death and a critical target for cardioprotection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of cyclosporine A (CsA), one of MPTP blockers, and morphological changes of mitochondria and MPTP related proteins in monocrotaline (MCT) induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Methods Eight weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to control, MCT (60 mg/kg) and MCT plus CsA (10 mg/kg/day) treatment groups. Four weeks later, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and morphological changes of right ventricle (RV) were done. Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for MPTP related protein were performed. Results In electron microscopy, CsA treatment prevented MCT-induced mitochondrial disruption of RV. RVH was significantly increased in MCT group compared to that of the controls but RVH was more increased with CsA treatment. Thickened medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteriole in PAH was not changed after CsA treatment. In western blot, caspase-3 was significantly increased in MCT group, and was attenuated in CsA treatment. There were no significant differences in voltage-dependent anion channel, adenine nucleotide translocator 1 and cyclophilin D expression in western blot and RT-PCR between the 3 groups. Conclusions CsA reduces MCT induced RV mitochondrial damage. Although, MPTP blocking does not reverse pulmonary pathology, it may reduce RV dysfunction in PAH. The results suggest that it could serve as an adjunctive therapy to PAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Seok Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea.
| | - Yong Wook Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
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21
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Asosingh K, Erzurum S. Mechanisms of right heart disease in pulmonary hypertension (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217753121. [PMID: 29264954 PMCID: PMC5798686 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217753121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current dogma is that pathological hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a direct consequence of pulmonary vascular remodeling. However, progression of right ventricle dysfunction is not always lung-dependent. Increased afterload caused by pulmonary vascular remodeling initiates the right ventricle hypertrophy, but determinants leading to adaptive or maladaptive hypertrophy and failure remain unknown. Ischemia in a hypertrophic right ventricle may directly contribute to right heart failure. Rapidly enlarging cardiomyocytes switch from aerobic to anaerobic energy generation resulting in cell growth under relatively hypoxic conditions. Cardiac muscle reacts to an increased afterload by over-activation of the sympathetic system and uncoupling and downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors. Recent studies suggest that β blocker therapy in PH is safe, well tolerated, and preserves right ventricle function and cardiac output by reducing right ventricular glycolysis. Fibrosis, an evolutionary conserved process in host defense and wound healing, is dysregulated in maladaptive cardiac tissue contributing directly to right ventricle failure. Despite several mechanisms having been suggested in right heart disease, the causes of maladaptive cardiac remodeling remain unknown and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Asosingh
- 1 2569 Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- 1 2569 Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,2 2569 Lerner Research Institute and Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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22
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Kobr J, Slavik Z, Uemura H, Saeed I, Furck A, Pizingerová K, Fremuth J, Tonar Z. Right Ventricular Pressure Overload and Pathophysiology of Growing Porcine Biomodel. Pediatr Cardiol 2016; 37:1498-1506. [PMID: 27558550 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-016-1463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective was to create a clinically relevant model of right ventricular hypertension and to study right ventricular myocardial pathophysiology in growing organism. The secondary objective was to analyse the effect of oral enoximone (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) therapy on right ventricular haemodynamic parameters and myocardial changes in biomodel of right ventricular hypertension. The study included a total of 12 piglets of 42 days of age. Under general anaesthesia, pulmonary artery banding (PAB) was performed surgically to constrict the main pulmonary artery to about 70-80 % of its original dimension. The study presented two groups of animals labelled C (control animals with PAB; n = 8) and E (animals with PAB and oral administration of enoximone; n = 4). Direct pressure and echocardiographic measurements were taken during operation (time-1), and again at 40 days after surgery (time-2). The animals were killed, and tissue samples from the heart chambers were collected for quantitative morphological assessment. Statistical analysis was performed on all acquired data. At time-2, the median weight of animals doubled and the median systolic pressure gradient across the PAB increased (46.59 ± 15.87 mmHg vs. 20.29 ± 5.76 mmHg; p < 0.001). Changes in haemodynamic parameters were compatible with right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in all the animals. Apoptosis, tissue proliferation and fibrosis were identified in all the myocardial tissue samples. Right ventricular pressure overload leads to increased apoptosis of cardiac myocytes, proliferation and myocardial fibrosis. Our study did not show evidence of haemodynamic benefit or myocardial protective effect of oral enoximone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kobr
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Pilsen and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Alej Svobody 80, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Slavik
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Hideki Uemura
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Imran Saeed
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Anke Furck
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Katerina Pizingerová
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Pilsen and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Alej Svobody 80, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Fremuth
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Pilsen and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Alej Svobody 80, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Tonar
- Department of Histology and Embryology and Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Karlovarska 48, 301 66, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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23
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Park DW, Sebastiani A, Yap CH, Simon MA, Kim K. Quantification of Coupled Stiffness and Fiber Orientation Remodeling in Hypertensive Rat Right-Ventricular Myocardium Using 3D Ultrasound Speckle Tracking with Biaxial Testing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165320. [PMID: 27780271 PMCID: PMC5079565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical and structural changes of right ventricular (RV) in response to pulmonary hypertension (PH) are inadequately understood. While current standard biaxial testing provides information on the mechanical behavior of RV tissues using surface markers, it is unable to fully assess structural and mechanical properties across the full tissue thickness. In this study, the mechanical and structural properties of normotensive and pulmonary hypertension right ventricular (PHRV) myocardium through its full thickness were examined using mechanical testing combined with 3D ultrasound speckle tracking (3D-UST). RV pressure overload was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by pulmonary artery (PA) banding. The second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors and Green-Lagrangian strain tensors were computed in the RV myocardium using the biaxial testing combined with 3D-UST. A previously established non-linear curve-fitting algorithm was applied to fit experimental data to a Strain Energy Function (SEF) for computation of myofiber orientation. The fiber orientations obtained by the biaxial testing with 3D-UST compared well with the fiber orientations computed from the histology. In addition, the re-orientation of myofiber in the right ventricular free wall (RVFW) along longitudinal direction (apex-to-outflow-tract direction) was noticeable in response to PH. For normotensive RVFW samples, the average fiber orientation angles obtained by 3D-UST with biaxial test spiraled from 20° at the endo-cardium to -42° at the epi-cardium (Δ = 62°). For PHRV samples, the average fiber orientation angles obtained by 3D-UST with biaxial test had much less spiral across tissue thickness: 3° at endo-cardium to -7° at epi-cardium (Δ = 10°, P<0.005 compared to normotensive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Woo Park
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrea Sebastiani
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc A. Simon
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kang Kim
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Avazmohammadi R, Hill MR, Simon MA, Zhang W, Sacks MS. A novel constitutive model for passive right ventricular myocardium: evidence for myofiber-collagen fiber mechanical coupling. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:561-581. [PMID: 27696332 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The function of right ventricle (RV) is recognized to play a key role in the development of many cardiopulmonary disorders, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Given the strong link between tissue structure and mechanical behavior, there remains a need for a myocardial constitutive model that accurately accounts for right ventricular myocardium architecture. Moreover, most available myocardial constitutive models approach myocardium at the length scale of mean fiber orientation and do not explicitly account for different fibrous constituents and possible interactions among them. In the present work, we developed a fiber-level constitutive model for the passive mechanical behavior of the right ventricular free wall (RVFW). The model explicitly separates the mechanical contributions of myofiber and collagen fiber ensembles, and accounts for the mechanical interactions between them. To obtain model parameters for the healthy passive RVFW, the model was informed by transmural orientation distribution measurements of myo- and collagen fibers and was fit to the mechanical testing data, where both sets of data were obtained from recent experimental studies on non-contractile, but viable, murine RVFW specimens. Results supported the hypothesis that in the low-strain regime, the behavior of the RVFW is governed by myofiber response alone, which does not demonstrate any coupling between different myofiber ensembles. At higher strains, the collagen fibers and their interactions with myofibers begin to gradually contribute and dominate the behavior as recruitment proceeds. Due to the use of viable myocardial tissue, the contribution of myofibers was significant at all strains with the predicted tensile modulus of [Formula: see text]32 kPa. This was in contrast to earlier reports (Horowitz et al. 1988) where the contribution of myofibers was found to be insignificant. Also, we found that the interaction between myo- and collagen fibers was greatest under equibiaxial strain, with its contribution to the total stress not exceeding 20 %. The present model can be applied to organ-level computational models of right ventricular dysfunction for efficient diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary hypertension disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Avazmohammadi
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael R Hill
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marc A Simon
- Departments of Cardiology and Bioengineering, Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Will Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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25
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Arnott C, Boehm C, Lau E, Celermajer DS. Survival outcomes in severe congenital versus non-congenital pulmonary hypertension. HEART ASIA 2016; 8:3-7. [PMID: 27326222 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2015-010702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since 2006, our institution has cared for 70 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and severe right ventricular (RV) hypertension; 44 with congenital heart disease (CHD) had Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) and 26 had PAH without CHD. We sought to determine and compare 'real-world' survival outcomes and cause of death in these two distinct groups. METHODS An observational study of consecutive adult patients from our CHD or PAH clinics with RV systolic pressure ≥80 mm Hg (on echocardiography or right-heart catheter). Detailed patient demographics, investigations and outcomes at baseline and follow-up were reviewed. RESULTS Patients with ES were younger than non-CHD group (39±9 vs 64±14 years, p<0.001) with a lower proportion of women (61% vs 85%; p=0.04), and higher RV systolic pressure. Estimated 1-year, 3-year and 7-year survival were not significantly different between the groups (98%, 95% and 74% ES; 100%, 92% and 63% non-CHD, p=0.52). In patients with non-CHD, poorer survival was associated with a diagnosis of connective tissue disease (HR 6.90, 95% CI 1.21 to 39.3) and number of PAH therapies (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.03 to 7.59). Mortality was directly attributed to PAH in 75% of non-CHD group compared with 31% in patients with ES (p=0.049), many of whom died from infection or bleeding. CONCLUSIONS We report favourable 7-year survival in adults with PAH and systemic RV pressures-equivalent in ES and non-CHD groups. Those with non-CHD predominately died of cardiac complications of PAH, as distinct from those with ES, many of whom died from complications of chronic cyanosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Arnott
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christiane Boehm
- Department of Cardiology , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Edmund Lau
- Department of Respiratory , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown, New South Wales , Australia
| | - David S Celermajer
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Hill MR, Simon MA, Valdez-Jasso D, Zhang W, Champion HC, Sacks MS. Structural and mechanical adaptations of right ventricle free wall myocardium to pressure overload. Ann Biomed Eng 2014. [PMID: 25164124 DOI: 10.1007/s10439‐014‐1096‐3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) failure in response to pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe disease that remains poorly understood. PH-induced pressure overload leads to changes in the RV free wall (RVFW) that eventually results in RV failure. While the development of computational models can benefit our understanding of the onset and progression of PH-induced pressure overload, detailed knowledge of the underlying structural and biomechanical events remains limited. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the structural and biomechanical adaptations of RV myocardium subjected to sustained pressure overload in a rat model. Hemodynamically confirmed severe chronic RV pressure overload was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats via pulmonary artery banding. Extensive tissue-level biaxial mechanical and histomorphological analyses were conducted to assess the remodeling response in the RV free wall. Simultaneous myofiber hypertrophy and longitudinal re-orientation of myo- and collagen fibers were observed, with both fiber types becoming more highly aligned. Transmural myo- and collagen fiber orientations were co-aligned in both the normal and diseased state. The overall tissue stiffness increased, with larger increases in longitudinal vs. circumferential stiffness. The latter was attributed to longitudinal fiber re-orientation, which increased the degree of anisotropy. Increased mechanical coupling between the two axes was attributed to the increased fiber alignment. Interestingly, estimated myofiber stiffness increased while the collagen fiber stiffness remained unchanged. The increased myofiber stiffness was consistent with clinical results showing titin-associated increased sarcomeric stiffening observed in PH patients. These results further our understanding of the underlying adaptive and maladaptive remodeling mechanisms and may lead to improved techniques for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hill
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th Street, University Station, C0200, POB 5.236, Austin, TX, 78712-0027, USA
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27
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Hill MR, Simon MA, Valdez-Jasso D, Zhang W, Champion HC, Sacks MS. Structural and mechanical adaptations of right ventricle free wall myocardium to pressure overload. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:2451-65. [PMID: 25164124 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) failure in response to pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe disease that remains poorly understood. PH-induced pressure overload leads to changes in the RV free wall (RVFW) that eventually results in RV failure. While the development of computational models can benefit our understanding of the onset and progression of PH-induced pressure overload, detailed knowledge of the underlying structural and biomechanical events remains limited. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the structural and biomechanical adaptations of RV myocardium subjected to sustained pressure overload in a rat model. Hemodynamically confirmed severe chronic RV pressure overload was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats via pulmonary artery banding. Extensive tissue-level biaxial mechanical and histomorphological analyses were conducted to assess the remodeling response in the RV free wall. Simultaneous myofiber hypertrophy and longitudinal re-orientation of myo- and collagen fibers were observed, with both fiber types becoming more highly aligned. Transmural myo- and collagen fiber orientations were co-aligned in both the normal and diseased state. The overall tissue stiffness increased, with larger increases in longitudinal vs. circumferential stiffness. The latter was attributed to longitudinal fiber re-orientation, which increased the degree of anisotropy. Increased mechanical coupling between the two axes was attributed to the increased fiber alignment. Interestingly, estimated myofiber stiffness increased while the collagen fiber stiffness remained unchanged. The increased myofiber stiffness was consistent with clinical results showing titin-associated increased sarcomeric stiffening observed in PH patients. These results further our understanding of the underlying adaptive and maladaptive remodeling mechanisms and may lead to improved techniques for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hill
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th Street, University Station, C0200, POB 5.236, Austin, TX, 78712-0027, USA
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28
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Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Haddad F, Chin KM, Forfia PR, Kawut SM, Lumens J, Naeije R, Newman J, Oudiz RJ, Provencher S, Torbicki A, Voelkel NF, Hassoun PM. Right heart adaptation to pulmonary arterial hypertension: physiology and pathobiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 62:D22-33. [PMID: 24355638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is closely related to right ventricular (RV) function. Although pulmonary load is an important determinant of RV systolic function in PAH, there remains a significant variability in RV adaptation to pulmonary hypertension. In this report, the authors discuss the emerging concepts of right heart pathobiology in PAH. More specifically, the discussion focuses on the following questions. 1) How is right heart failure syndrome best defined? 2) What are the underlying molecular mechanisms of the failing right ventricle in PAH? 3) How are RV contractility and function and their prognostic implications best assessed? 4) What is the role of targeted RV therapy? Throughout the report, the authors highlight differences between right and left heart failure and outline key areas of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Haddad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kelly M Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Paul R Forfia
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Heart Failure Program, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven M Kawut
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joost Lumens
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Naeije
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Newman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ronald J Oudiz
- The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Liu Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Division of Cardiology, Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Steve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Adam Torbicki
- Department of Pulmonary Circulation and Thromboembolic Diseases, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ECZ, Otwock, Poland
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Victoria Johnson Lab for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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29
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Drake JI, Gomez-Arroyo J, Dumur CI, Kraskauskas D, Natarajan R, Bogaard HJ, Fawcett P, Voelkel NF. Chronic carvedilol treatment partially reverses the right ventricular failure transcriptional profile in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:449-61. [PMID: 23632417 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00166.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular failure (RVF) is the most frequent cause of death in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); however, specific therapies targeted to treat RVF have not been developed. Chronic treatment with carvedilol has been shown to reduce established maladaptive right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy and to improve RV function in experimental PAH. However, the mechanisms by which carvedilol improves RVF are unknown. We have previously demonstrated by microarray analysis that RVF is characterized by a distinct gene expression profile when compared with functional, compensatory hypertrophy. We next sought to identify the effects of carvedilol on gene expression on a genome-wide basis. PAH and RVF were induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by the combination of VEGF-receptor blockade and chronic hypoxia. After RVF was established, rats were treated with carvedilol or vehicle for 4 wk. RNA was isolated from RV tissue and hybridized for microarray analysis. An initial prediction analysis of carvedilol-treated RVs showed that the gene expression profile resembled the RVF prediction set. However, a more extensive analysis revealed a small group of genes differentially expressed after carvedilol treatment. Further analysis categorized these genes in pathways involved in cardiac hypertrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and protein ubiquitination. Genes encoding proteins in the cardiac hypertrophy and protein ubiquitination pathways were downregulated in the RV by carvedilol, while genes encoding proteins in the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway were upregulated by carvedilol. These gene expression changes may explain some of the mechanisms that underlie the functional improvement of the RV after carvedilol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I Drake
- Victoria Johnson Center for Lung Obstructive Disease Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Voelkel NF, Gomez-Arroyo J, Abbate A, Bogaard HJ. Mechanisms of right heart failure-A work in progress and a plea for failure prevention. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:137-43. [PMID: 23662190 PMCID: PMC3641721 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.109957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert F. Voelkel
- The Victoria Johnson Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jose Gomez-Arroyo
- The Victoria Johnson Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Antonio Abbate
- The Victoria Johnson Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Harm J. Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zuo XR, Wang Q, Cao Q, Yu YZ, Wang H, Bi LQ, Xie WP, Wang H. Nicorandil prevents right ventricular remodeling by inhibiting apoptosis and lowering pressure overload in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44485. [PMID: 22970229 PMCID: PMC3436887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most of the deaths among patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are caused by progressive right ventricular (RV) pathological remodeling, dysfunction, and failure. Nicorandil can inhibit the development of PAH by reducing pulmonary artery pressure and RV hypertrophy. However, whether nicorandil can inhibit apoptosis in RV cardiomyocytes and prevent RV remodeling has been unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings RV remodeling was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT). RV systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured at the end of each week after MCT injection. Blood samples were drawn for brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) ELISA analysis. The hearts were excised for histopathological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and Western blotting analyses. The MCT-injected rats exhibited greater mortality and less weight gain and showed significantly increased RVSP and RV hypertrophy during the second week. These worsened during the third week. MCT injection for three weeks caused pathological RV remodeling, characterized by hypertrophy, fibrosis, dysfunction, and RV mitochondrial impairment, as indicated by increased levels of apoptosis. Nicorandil improved survival, weight gain, and RV function, ameliorated RV pressure overload, and prevented maladaptive RV remodeling in PAH rats. Nicorandil also reduced the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes, with a concomitant increase in Bcl-2/Bax ratio. 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) reversed these beneficial effects of nicorandil in MCT-injected rats. Conclusions/Significance Nicorandil inhibits PAH-induced RV remodeling in rats not only by reducing RV pressure overload but also by inhibiting apoptosis in cardiomyocytes through the activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ (mitoKATP) channels. The use of a mitoKATP channel opener such as nicorandil for PAH-associated RV remodeling and dysfunction may represent a new therapeutic strategy for the amelioration of RV remodeling during the early stages of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rong Zuo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Zhe Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Qing Bi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ping Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HW); (WX)
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HW); (WX)
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