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Rahmani N, Motamedi P, Amani-Shalamzari S, Escobar KA, Suzuki K. Swimming in cold water increases the browning process by diminishing the Myostatin pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:884. [PMID: 39093510 PMCID: PMC11297105 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis and increases energy expenditure via non-shivering thermogenesis in mammals. Cold exposure and exercise have been shown to increase BAT and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) in mice. This study aimed to determine whether there is an additive effect of exercise during cold exposure on markers related to browning of adipose tissue. in Wistar rats. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control (C, 25˚C), Swimming in Neutral (SN, 30˚C) water, and Swimming in Cold (SC, 15˚C) water. Swimming included intervals of 2-3 min, 1 min rest, until exhausted, three days a week for six weeks, with a training load of 3-6% body weight. After the experimental protocol, interscapular BAT and inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) were excised, weighed, and processed for beiging marker gene expression. RESULTS SN and SC resulted in lower body weight gain, associated with reduced WAT and BAT volume and increased BAT number with greater effects observed in SC. Myostatin protein expression was lower in BAT, WAT, soleus muscle, and serum NC and SC compared to the C group. Expression of the interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) gene in both BAT and WAT tissues was significantly greater in the SC than in the C. Expression of the PGC-1α in BAT was significantly increased in the SC compared to C and increased in WAT in NC and SC. Expression of the UCP1 in BAT and WAT increased in the SC group compared to other groups. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate that six weeks of swimming training in cold water promotes additive effects of the expression of genes and proteins involved in the browning process of adipose tissue in Wistar rats. Myostatin inhibition may possess a regulator effect on the PGC-1α - UCP1 pathway that mediates adipose tissue browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Rahmani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pezhman Motamedi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurt A Escobar
- Physiology of Exercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Japan.
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Tipton M. Extreme environmental physiology in the dock. Med Leg J 2024; 92:61-71. [PMID: 38420761 PMCID: PMC11264552 DOI: 10.1177/00258172231182601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
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Mi C, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Lin L. Mechanisms of low nighttime temperature promote oil accumulation in Brassica napus L. based on in-depth transcriptome analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14372. [PMID: 38812077 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Rape (Brassica napus L.; AACC) is an important oil-bearing crop worldwide. Temperature significantly affects the production of oil crops; however, the mechanisms underlying temperature-promoted oil biosynthesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that a temperature-sensitive cultivar (O) could accumulate higher seed oil content under low nighttime temperatures (LNT,13°C) compared with a temperature-insensitive cultivar (S). We performed an in-depth transcriptome analysis of seeds from both cultivars grown under different nighttime temperatures. We found that low nighttime temperatures induced significant changes in the transcription patterns in the seeds of both cultivars. In contrast, the expression of genes associated with fatty acid and lipid pathways was higher in the O cultivar than in the S cultivar under low nighttime temperatures. Among these genes, we identified 14 genes associated with oil production, especially BnLPP and ACAA1, which were remarkably upregulated in the O cultivar in response to low nighttime temperatures compared to S. Further, a WGCNA analysis and qRT-PCR verification revealed that these genes were mainly regulated by five transcription factors, WRKY20, MYB86, bHLH144, bHLH95, and NAC12, whose expression was also increased in O compared to S under LNT. These results allowed the elucidation of the probable molecular mechanism of oil accumulation under LNT conditions in the O cultivar. Subsequent biochemical assays verified that BnMYB86 transcriptionally activated BnLPP expression, contributing to oil accumulation. Meanwhile, at LNT, the expression levels of these genes in the O plants were higher than at high nighttime temperatures, DEGs (SUT, PGK, PK, GPDH, ACCase, SAD, KAS II, LACS, FAD2, FAD3, KCS, KAR, ECR, GPAT, LPAAT, PAP, DGAT, STERO) related to lipid biosynthesis were also upregulated, most of which are used in oil accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Mi
- Agricultural Research Institute, Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Industrial Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yanning Zhao
- Vegetable Research Institute, Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Liangbin Lin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Sumi D, Okazaki K, Goto K. Gastrointestinal function following endurance exercise under different environmental temperatures. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1601-1608. [PMID: 38172425 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the effects of different environmental temperatures on exercise-induced gastrointestinal (GI) damage and delayed gastric emptying (GE) rate. METHODS Eleven trained males completed three trials on different days, consisting of (1) exercise in a thermoneutral environment (CON, 23 °C), (2) exercise in a hot environment (HOT, 35 °C), and (3) exercise in a cold environment (COLD, 10 °C). The subjects performed high-intensity interval-type endurance exercises in all trials. Blood intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) levels was determine before and after exercise. We evaluated Tmax (time when the 13C-excretion/h reached a maximum level) as an indication of the GE rate during post-exercise. RESULTS Rectal temperature during exercise was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the HOT (38.7 ± 0.3 °C) trial compared with the CON (38.2 ± 0.3 °C) and COLD (38.2 ± 0.3 °C) trials, with no significant difference between the CON and COLD trials. Plasma I-FABP level after exercise (relative to the pre-exercise level) were significantly greater (P = 0.005) in the HOT trial (92.9 ± 69.6%) than in the CON (37.2 ± 31.6%) and COLD (37.6 ± 41.8%) trials. However, there was no significant difference between the CON and COLD trials. Moreover, the Tmax was delayed significantly (P = 0.006) in the HOT trial compared with the CON and COLD trials, with no significant difference between the CON and COLD trials. CONCLUSION GI function following endurance exercise was similar between thermoneutral and cold environments, while endurance exercise in a hot environment exacerbated GI function compared with thermoneutral and cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Institute of Sport Science, ASICS Corporation, Kobe, Japan
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Okazaki
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Borgenström J, Kyröläinen H, Pihlainen K, Vaara JP, Ojanen T. Effects of male paratroopers' initial body composition on changes in physical performance and recovery during a 20-day winter military field training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:437-446. [PMID: 38084583 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Changes in physiological markers and physical performance in relation to paratroopers' initial body composition were investigated during a 20-day winter military field training (MFT) and the subsequent 10-day recovery period. Body composition, serum hormone concentrations and enzymatic biomarkers, and physical performance of 58 soldiers were measured before, during, and after MFT. Comparisons were done according to soldiers' body fat percentage before MFT between low-fat (<12% body fat) and high-fat (>12% body fat) groups. Correlations between body fat percentage preceding MFT and changes in muscle mass, physical performance, and serum hormone concentrations and enzymatic biomarkers were investigated. It was hypothesized that soldiers with a higher fat percentage would have smaller decrements in muscle mass, physical performance, and serum testosterone concentration. The change in muscle and fat mass was different between groups (p < 0.001) as the low-fat group lost 0.8 kg of muscle mass and 2.0 kg of fat mass, while there was no change in muscle mass and a loss of 3.7 kg of fat mass in the high-fat group during MFT. Fat percentage before MFT correlated with the changes in muscle mass (R2 = 0.26, p < 0.001), serum testosterone concentration (R2 = 0.22, p < 0.001), and evacuation test time (R2 = 0.10, p < 0.05) during MFT. The change in muscle mass was correlated with the changes in evacuation test time (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05) and countermovement jump test results (R2 = 0.13, p < 0.01) during MFT. Soldiers with a higher initial fat percentage lost less muscle mass, and had smaller decrements in some aspects of physical performance, as well as in serum testosterone concentration during MFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jere Borgenström
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, P.O. Box 7, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Defence Command, Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 919, 00131 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, P.O. Box 7, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 5, 04401 Järvenpää, Finland
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Callovini A, Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Decet M, Skafidas S, Pellegrini B, Bortolan L, Schena F. Independent, additive and interactive effects of acute normobaric hypoxia and cold on submaximal and maximal endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1185-1200. [PMID: 37962573 PMCID: PMC10955012 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the independent and combined effects of hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.5%) and cold (- 20 °C) on physiological and perceptual responses to endurance exercise. METHODS 14 trained male subjects ( V . O2max: 64 ± 5 mL/kg/min) randomly performed a discontinuous maximal incremental test to exhaustion on a motorized treadmill under four environmental conditions: Normothermic-Normoxia (N), Normothermic-Hypoxia (H), Cold-Normoxia (C) and Cold-Hypoxia (CH). Performance and physiological and perceptual responses throughout exercise were evaluated. RESULTS Maximal WorkLoad (WL) and WL at lactate threshold (LT) were reduced in C (- 2.3% and - 3.5%) and H (- 18.0% and - 21.7%) compared to N, with no interactive (p = 0.25 and 0.81) but additive effect in CH (- 21.5% and - 24.6%). Similarly, HRmax and Vemax were reduced in C (- 3.2% and - 14.6%) and H (- 5.0% and - 7%), showing additive effects in CH (- 7.7% and - 16.6%). At LT, additive effect of C (- 2.8%) and H (- 3.8%) on HR reduction in CH (- 5.7%) was maintained, whereas an interactive effect (p = 0.007) of the two stressors combined was noted on Ve (C: - 3.1%, H: + 5.5%, CH: - 10.9%). [La] curve shifted on the left in CH, displaying an interaction effect between the 2 stressors on this parameter. Finally, RPE at LT was exclusively reduced by hypoxia (p < 0.001), whereas TSmax is synergistically reduced by cold and hypoxia (interaction p = 0.047). CONCLUSION If compared to single stress exposure, exercise performance and physiological and perceptual variables undergo additive or synergistic effects when cold and hypoxia are combined. These results provide new insight into human physiological responses to extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Callovini
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - A Fornasiero
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Savoldelli
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - M Decet
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Skafidas
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - B Pellegrini
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Bortolan
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Schena
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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7
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Zhang J, You S, Yu L, Zhang Y, Li Z, Zhao N, Zhang B, Kang L, Sun S. The hysteresis damage of cold exposure on tissue and transcript levels in mice. J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103823. [PMID: 38442663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although cold stress-induced damage to the heart and thyroid has been reported, specific organ associations between the heart and thyroid with delayed injury mechanisms have not been investigated. In this study, we determined the damage time and transcript levels of a large number of genes in the heart and thyroid after cold exposure. Meanwhile, we analysed the relationship between heart and thyroid injury in human medical records to determine the association of delayed injury from cold exposure. METHODS Mice were exposed to cold stress and hysteresis injury. Gene changes at the transcriptional level were detected using high throughput sequencing technology. The most variable genes were verified at the protein level using Western Blotting and medical records were collected and analysed. RESULTS The damage was the most severe when the animals were allowed to recover to room temperature for 4 h after exposure to cold stress. During this process, STAT1 and ATF3 genes were acutely up-regulated. Analysis of human medical records showed the highest correlation between AST and T4 under cold stress (p = 0.0011). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to cold increases blood level of free thyroid hormone and biomarkers of myocardial injury, as well as related mRNA levels. These changes were more pronounced after return to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang University of Science&Technology, School of Medicine, Korla, 841000, China
| | - Shiwan You
- Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zuoping Li
- Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Lihua Kang
- Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Wallace PJ, Hartley GL, Nowlan JG, Ljubanovich J, Sieh N, Taber MJ, Gagnon DD, Cheung SS. Endurance capacity impairment in cold air ranging from skin cooling to mild hypothermia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:58-69. [PMID: 37942528 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00663.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the effects of cold air (0°C) exposure on endurance capacity to different levels of cold strain ranging from skin cooling to core cooling of Δ-1.0°C. Ten males completed a randomized, crossover, control study consisting of a cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) at 70% of their peak power output following: 1) 30-min of exposure to 22°C thermoneutral air (TN), 2) 30-min exposure to 0°C air leading to a cold shell (CS), 3) 0°C air exposure causing mild hypothermia of -0.5°C from baseline rectal temperature (HYPO-0.5°C), and 4) 0°C air exposure causing mild hypothermia of -1.0°C from baseline rectal temperature (HYPO-1.0°C). The latter three conditions tested TTE in 0°C air. Core temperature and seven-site mean skin temperature at the start of the TTE were: TN (37.0 ± 0.2°C, 31.2 ± 0.8°C), CS (37.1 ± 0.3°C, 25.5 ± 1.4°C), HYPO-0.5°C (36.6 ± 0.4°C, 22.3 ± 2.2°C), HYPO-1.0°C (36.4 ± 0.5°C, 21.4 ± 2.7°C). There was a significant condition effect (P ≤ 0.001) for TTE, which from TN (23.75 ± 13.75 min) to CS (16.22 ± 10.30 min, Δ-30.9 ± 21.5%, P = 0.055), HYPO-0.5°C (8.50 ± 5.23 min, Δ-61.4 ± 19.7%, P ≤ 0.001), and HYPO-1.0°C (6.50 ± 5.60 min, Δ-71.6 ± 16.4%, P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, participants had a greater endurance capacity in CS compared with HYPO-0.5°C (P = 0.046), and HYPO-1.0°C (P = 0.007), with no differences between HYPO-0.5°C and HYPO-1.0°C (P = 1.00). Endurance capacity impairment at 70% peak power output occurs early in cold exposure with skin cooling, with significantly larger impairments with mild hypothermia up to Δ-1.0°C.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed a novel protocol that cooled skin temperature, or skin plus core temperature (Δ-0.5°C or Δ-1.0 °C), to determine a dose-response of cold exposure on endurance capacity at 70% peak power output. Skin cooling significantly impaired exercise tolerance time by ∼31%, whereas core cooling led to a further reduction of 30%-40% with no difference between Δ-0.5°C and Δ-1.0°C. Overall, simply cooling the skin impaired endurance capacity, but this impairment is further magnified by core cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Wallace
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey L Hartley
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josh G Nowlan
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johnathan Ljubanovich
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nina Sieh
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Taber
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- N2M Consulting Inc., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominique D Gagnon
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Mäkelänkatu, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1-145. [PMID: 37796292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Wallace PJ, Gagnon DD, Hartley GL, Taber MJ, Cheung SS. Effects of skin and mild core cooling on cognitive function in cold air in men. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15893. [PMID: 38114071 PMCID: PMC10730300 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the effects of skin and core cooling on cognitive function in 0°C cold air. Ten males completed a randomized, repeated measures study consisting of four environmental conditions: (i) 30 min of exposure to 22°C thermoneutral air (TN), (ii) 15 min to 0°C cold air which cooled skin temperature to ~27°C (CS), (iii) 0°C cold air exposure causing mild core cooling of ∆-0.3°C from baseline (C-0.3°C) and (iv) 0°C cold air exposure causing mild core cooling of ∆-0.8°C from baseline (C-0.8°C). Cognitive function (reaction time [ms] and errors made [#]) were tested using a simple reaction test, a two-six item working memory capacity task, and vertical flanker task to assess executive function. There were no condition effects (all p > 0.05) for number of errors made on any task. There were no significant differences in reaction time relative to TN for the vertical flanker and item working memory capacity task. However, simple reaction time was slower in C-0.3°C (297 ± 33 ms) and C-0.8°C (296 ± 41 ms) compared to CS (267 ± 26 ms) but not TN (274 ± 38). Despite small changes in simple reaction time (~30 ms), executive function and working memory was maintained in 0°C cold air with up to ∆-0.8°C reduction in core temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J. Wallace
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Dominique D. Gagnon
- Faculty of Sports and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki MäkelänkatuHelsinkiFinland
- School of Kinesiology and Health SciencesLaurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioCanada
| | - Geoffrey L. Hartley
- Department of Physical and Health EducationNipissing UniversityNorth BayOntarioCanada
| | - Michael J. Taber
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- NM Consulting Inc.St. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Stephen S. Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
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Ojanen T, Pihlainen K, Vaara JP, Kyröläinen H. Physiological and physical performance changes during a 20-day winter military training course and its subsequent 10-day recovery period. Int J Circumpolar Health 2023; 82:2207287. [PMID: 37119213 PMCID: PMC10150620 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2023.2207287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated physiological, mental and physical performance changes during a 20-day winter military training course and the following 10-day recovery period. Fifty-eight (age 19 ± 1 years, height 182 ± 6 cm, body mass 78.5 ± 7.2 kg) male soldiers volunteered. Body composition, serum biomarker levels and performance tests were measured four times during the study. In addition, questionnaires were collected daily for subjective stress and rate of perceived exertion. The course induced significant declines in body (-3.9%, p < 0.05) and fat mass (-31.6%, p < 0.05) as well as in all assessed physical performance variables (-9.2 - -20.2%, p < 0.05), testosterone (-73.7%, p < 0.001) and IGF-1 concentrations (-43.6%, p < 0.001). At the same time, the sex hormone-binding globulin, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein values increased significantly (46.3-1952.7%, p < 0.05). After the 10-day recovery period, the body composition and hormonal values returned to the baseline (p < 0.05), as did some physical performance variables, such as 2 min sit-ups and the evacuation test (p < 0.05). However, explosive force production in the upper and lower bodies remained unrecovered. The 20-day winter military training caused significant physiological and mental stress, as well as a drastic decline in physical performance even for highly physically fit soldiers, and the 10-day recovery period did not establish full recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Ojanen
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, Tuusula, Finland
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Training Division, Defence Command, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Lechner R, Beres Y, Oberst A, Bank K, Tannheimer M, Kulla M, Hossfeld B. Analysis of tourniquet pressure over military winter clothing and a short review of combat casualty care in cold weather warfare. Int J Circumpolar Health 2023; 82:2194141. [PMID: 36989123 PMCID: PMC10062217 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2023.2194141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold weather warfare is of increasing importance. Haemorrhage is the most common preventable cause of death in military conflicts. We analysed the pressure of the Combat Application Tourniquet® Generation 7 (CAT), the SAM® Extremity Tourniquet (SAMXT) and the SOF® Tactical Tourniquet Wide Generation 4 (SOFTT) over different military cold weather clothing setups with a leg tourniquet trainer. We conducted a selective PubMed search and supplemented this with own experiences in cold weather medicine. The CAT and the SAMXT both reached the cut off value of 180mmHg in almost all applications. The SOFTT was unable to reach the 180mmHg limit in less than 50% of all applications in some clothing setups. We outline the influence of cold during military operations by presenting differences between military and civilian cold exposure. We propose a classification of winter warfare and identify caveats and alterations of Tactical Combat Casualty Care in cold weather warfare, with a special focus on control of bleeding. The application of tourniquets over military winter clothing is successful in principle, but effectiveness may vary for different tourniquet models. Soldiers are more affected and impaired by cold than civilians. Military commanders must be made aware of medical alterations in cold weather warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Lechner
- Bundeswehr Hospital Ulm, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yannick Beres
- Bundeswehr Hospital Ulm, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Ulm, Germany
| | - Amelie Oberst
- Bundeswehr Hospital Ulm, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kristina Bank
- Bundeswehr Hospital Ulm, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Tannheimer
- University Ulm, Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Kulla
- Bundeswehr Hospital Ulm, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bjoern Hossfeld
- Bundeswehr Hospital Ulm, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Yánez Benñitez C, Lorente-Aznar T, Labaka I, Soteras I, Baselga M, Morishita K, Ribeiro M, Güemes A. Extremity Tourniquet Self-Application by Antarctica Zodiac Crew Members. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e561. [PMID: 37937358 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Search and rescue teams and Antarctic research groups use protective cold-water anti-exposure suits (AES) when cruising on Zodiacs. Extremity tourniquet (ET) self-application (SA) donned with AESs has not been previously studied. Our study therefore assessed the SA of 5 commercial ETs (CAT, OMNA, RATS, RMT, and SWAT-T) among 15 volunteers who donned these suits. Tourniquet's SA ability, ease of SA, tolerance, and tourniquet preference were measured. All ETs tested were self-applied to the upper extremity except for the SWAT, which was self-applied with the rest to the lower extremity. Ease- of- SA mean values were compared using the Friedman and Durbin-Conover post hoc tests (P < 0.001). Regarding the upper extremity, OMNA achieved the highest score of 8.5 out of 10, while RMT, and SWAT received lower scores than other options (P < 0.001). For lower extremities, SWAT was found to be inferior to other options (P < 0.01). Overall, OMNA was the best performer. The RATS showed significantly lower tolerance than the other groups in repeated- measures ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.01). Additionally, out of the 5 ETs tested, 60% of subjects preferred OMNA. The study concluded that SA commercial ETs are feasible over cold-water anti-exposure suits in the Antarctic climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Yánez Benñitez
- Department of General, GI, and Acute Care Surgery, San Jorge University Hospital, Huesca, Spain
| | - Teófilo Lorente-Aznar
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Antarctic Expedition, Jaca Health Center, Paseo de la Constitución, Huesca, Spain
| | - Idurre Labaka
- Emergency Medicine, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia, Spain
| | - Iñigo Soteras
- Emergency Medical System (SEM), Department of Medical Science, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Baselga
- Surgical, Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute for Health Research Aragón, University of Zaragoza, San Juan Bosco, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Koji Morishita
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro
- Department of Trauma, Burns, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E
| | - Antonio Güemes
- Department of General Surgery, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
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14
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Malko MM, Peng X, Gao X, Cai J, Zhou Q, Wang X, Jiang D. Effect of Exogenous Calcium on Tolerance of Winter Wheat to Cold Stress during Stem Elongation Stage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3784. [PMID: 37960140 PMCID: PMC10649948 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature stress during stem elongation is a major factor limiting wheat yield. While calcium (Ca2+) is known to enhance stress tolerance, it's potential as an alternative to cold priming and the underlying mechanisms in wheat remains unclear. The current study assessed the effects of exogenous Ca2+ and calcium inhibitors on wheat growth and related physiology mechanisms under low-temperature stress. The results revealed that exogenous Ca2+ increased photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity, lowered cell membrane damage, and ultimately enhanced tolerance to low-temperature stress during the stem elongation stage, compared with the non-exogenous Ca2+ treatment. Moreover, exogenous Ca2+ induced endogenous Ca2+ content and triggered the upregulation of Ca2+ signaling and cold-responsive related genes. This study highlights the significance of exogenous Ca2+ in enhancing stress tolerance and contributing to wheat yield improvement under low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maguje Masa Malko
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.M.M.); (X.P.); (X.G.); (J.C.); (Q.Z.); (D.J.)
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia
| | - Xinyue Peng
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.M.M.); (X.P.); (X.G.); (J.C.); (Q.Z.); (D.J.)
| | - Xing Gao
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.M.M.); (X.P.); (X.G.); (J.C.); (Q.Z.); (D.J.)
| | - Jian Cai
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.M.M.); (X.P.); (X.G.); (J.C.); (Q.Z.); (D.J.)
| | - Qin Zhou
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.M.M.); (X.P.); (X.G.); (J.C.); (Q.Z.); (D.J.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.M.M.); (X.P.); (X.G.); (J.C.); (Q.Z.); (D.J.)
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.M.M.); (X.P.); (X.G.); (J.C.); (Q.Z.); (D.J.)
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15
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Feng Z, Hu Y, Yu S, Bai H, Sun Y, Gao W, Li J, Qin X, Zhang X. Exercise in cold: Friend than foe to cardiovascular health. Life Sci 2023; 328:121923. [PMID: 37423378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been proven to benefit human health comprehensively regardless of the intensity, time, or environment. Recent studies have found that combined exercise with a cold environment displays a synergistical beneficial effect on cardiovascular system compared to exercise in thermoneutral environment. Cold environment leads to an increase in body heat loss, and has been considered a notorious factor for cardiovascular system. Exercise in cold increases the stress of cardiovascular system and risks of cardiovascular diseases, but increases the body tolerance to detrimental insults and benefits cardiovascular health. The biological effects and its underlying mechanisms of exercise in cold are complex and not well studied. Evidence has shown that exercise in cold exerts more noticeable effects on sympathetic nervous activation, bioenergetics, anti-oxidative capacity, and immune response compared to exercise in thermoneutral environment. It also increases the secretion of a series of exerkines, including irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21, which may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits induced by exercise in cold. Further well-designed studies are needed to advance the biological effects of exercise in cold. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise in cold will help prescribe cold exercise to those who can benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Sen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Haomiao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yubo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Weilu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Xiangyang Qin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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16
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Yánez Benítez C, Lorente-Aznar T, Labaka I, Ribeiro MAF, Viteri Y, Morishita K, Baselga M, Güemes A. Tourniquet self-application assessment in cold weather conditions. BMC Emerg Med 2023; 23:101. [PMID: 37653492 PMCID: PMC10472695 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-023-00871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study aimed to assess the ability of nonmedical civilians to self-apply extremity tourniquets in cold weather conditions while wearing insulating technical clothing after receiving basic training. METHODS A field study was conducted among 37 voluntary participants of an expedition party to the Spanish Antarctic base. The researchers assessed the participant's ability to self-apply five commercial extremity tourniquets (CAT, OMNA, RMT, SWAT-T, and RATS) over cold-weather clothing and their achieved effectiveness for vascular occlusion. Upper extremity self-application was performed with a single-handed technique (OHT), and lower extremity applying a two-handed technique (THT). Perceptions of self-application ease mean values ± standard deviation (SD) were compared by applying a 5% statistical significance threshold. Frequency count determined tourniquet preference. RESULTS All the tested ETs, except the SWAT-T, were properly self-applied with an OHT, resulting in effective vascular occlusion in the upper extremity. The five devices tested were self-applied correctly in the lower extremities using THT. The ratcheting marine-designed OMNA ranked the highest for application easiness on both the upper and lower extremities, and the windlass CAT model was the preferred device by most participants. CONCLUSIONS Civilian extremity tourniquet self-application on both upper and lower extremities can be accomplished in cold weather conditions despite using cold-weather gloves and technical clothing after receiving brief training. The ratcheting marine-designed OMNA ranked the highest for application ease, and the windlass CAT model was the preferred device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Yánez Benítez
- General and GI Surgery Department, San Jorge University Hospital, SALUD, Avenida Martínez de Velasco, 36, Huesca, 22004, Spain.
| | | | - Idurre Labaka
- Emergency Medicine, Donostia University Hospital, C/ Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua, Donostia, Spain
| | - Marcelo A F Ribeiro
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yosu Viteri
- Emergency Department, Torrelodones University Hospital, Avenida Castillo Olivares, s/n, Madrid, 28250, Spain
| | - Koji Morishita
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta Baselga
- Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute for Health Research of Aragón, C/ de San Juan Bosco, 13, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Antonio Güemes
- Department of General Surgery, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Avenida San Juan Bosco, 15, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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17
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Portes AMO, Paula ABR, Miranda DCD, Resende LT, Coelho BIC, Teles MC, Jardim IABA, Natali AJ, Castrucci AMDL, Isoldi MC. A systematic review of the effects of cold exposure on pathological cardiac remodeling in mice. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103598. [PMID: 37321023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cold promotes cardiac remodeling, characterized by deleterious effects on structure and function, contributing to increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms associated with these changes are poorly understood. This review gathers the literature data on the main alterations and mechanisms associated with the adverse cardiac structural and functional remodeling induced by cold exposure in mice. Original studies were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases from January 1990 to June 2022. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the criteria established by PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022350637). The risk of bias was evaluated by the SYRCLE. Eligible studies included original papers published in English that evaluated cardiac outcomes in mice submitted to short- or long-time cold exposure and had a control group at room temperature. Seventeen original articles were included in this review. Cold exposure induces pathological cardiac remodeling, characterized by detrimental structural and functional parameters, changes in metabolism and autophagy process, and increases in oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In addition, Nppa, AT1A, Fbp3, BECN, ETA, and MT, appear to play fundamental roles in regulating cardiac remodeling. We suggest that strategies that seek to minimize the CVD risk and adverse effects of cold exposure should target these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Martins Oliveira Portes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
| | | | - Denise Coutinho de Miranda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Governador Ozanam Coelho University Center, Uba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Cecília Teles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio José Natali
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Mauro César Isoldi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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18
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Wakabayashi H, Sugiyama K, Suzuki S, Sakihama Y, Hashimoto M, Barwood MJ. Influence of acute beetroot juice supplementation on cold-induced vasodilation and fingertip rewarming. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:495-507. [PMID: 36305974 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vasoactive ingredients in beetroot (BR) such as nitrate are known to induce vasodilation in temperate conditions. This study investigated the effect of BR ingestion on cold induced vasodilation (CIVD) and rewarming of finger skin temperature (Tfing) during and after hand immersion in cold water. METHODS Twenty healthy males (mean ± SD; age 22.2 ± 0.7 years, height 172.6 ± 6.0 cm, body mass 61.3 ± 11.7 kg) repeated a hand cold water immersion test twice with prior BR or water beverage ingestion (randomised order). They rested for 2 h in thermoneutral conditions (27 °C, 40% relative humidity) after consuming the beverage, then immersed their non-dominant hand in 8 °C water for 30 min. They then rewarmed their hand in the ambient air for 20 min. Skin temperature at seven body sites, Tfing, finger skin blood flow (SkBFfing), and blood pressure were measured. RESULTS During hand immersion parameters of CIVD (Tfing and SkBFfing) were not different between BR and water conditions although skin temperature gradient from proximal to distal body sites was significantly smaller with BR (P < 0.05). During rewarming, SkBFfing and cutaneous vascular conductance were significantly higher with BR than with water (P < 0.05). The rewarming speed in Tfing and SkBFfing was significantly faster with BR at 15- (BR 1.24 ± 0.22 vs water 1.11 ± 0.26 °C/min) and 20-min rewarming (P < 0.05). Additionally, individuals with slower rewarming speed with water demonstrated accelerated rewarming with BR supplementation. CONCLUSION BR accelerated rewarming in Tfing and SkBFfing after local cold stimulus, whereas, CIVD response during hand cold immersion was not affected by BR ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Ergonomics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Koji Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Ergonomics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Environmental Ergonomics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sakihama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Martin J Barwood
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
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19
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Analysis of Factors Associated With Continued Cooling of Core Temperature After Prolonged Cold-Water Swimming. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:378-385. [PMID: 36754061 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the factors associated with continued cooling duration of core temperature (Tcore°) after prolonged outdoor cold-water swimming. METHODS We designed a cohort study among swimmers participating in an outdoor cold-water swim during qualifying for the English Channel Swim. The day before the event, the participants completed a demographic questionnaire, and body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (mBCA 525, Seca). The swimming event consisted of laps over a 1000-m course, for up to 6 hours, in water at 12.5 to 13 °C. Tcore° was measured using an ingestible temperature sensor (e-Celsius, BodyCap) during and up to 1 hour after the swim. RESULTS A total of 14 participants (38 [11] y; N = 14, n = 11 males, n = 8 in swimming costume and n = 6 in wetsuit) were included. Before swimming, Tcore° was 37.54 (0.39) °C. The participants swam for an average of 194.00 (101.94) minutes, and mean Tcore° when exiting the water was 35.21 (1.30) °C. The duration of continued cooling was 25 (17) minutes with a minimum Tcore° of 34.66 (1.26) °C. Higher body mass index (r = .595, P = .032) and fat mass (r = .655, P = .015) were associated with longer continued cooling, independent of wetsuit wear. Also, the rate of Tcore° drop during swimming (-1.22 [1.27] °C/h) was negatively correlated with the rate of Tcore° gain after swimming (+1.65 [1.23] °C/h, r = -.682, P = .007). CONCLUSION Increased body mass index and fat mass were associated with Tcore° continued cooling duration after prolonged outdoor cold-water swimming at 12.5 to 13 °C. The rate of Tcore° drop during swimming was negatively correlated with the rate of rewarming.
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20
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Talebian Nia M, Leclerc C, Glazebrook C, Chopek J, Giesbrecht GG. Corticospinal and spinal excitability during peripheral or central cooling in humans. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103489. [PMID: 36796930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cold exposure can impair fine and gross motor control and threaten survival. Most motor task decrement is due to peripheral neuromuscular factors. Less is known about cooling on central neural factors. Corticospinal and spinal excitability were determined during cooling of the skin (Tsk) and core (Tco). Eight subjects (four female) were actively cooled in a liquid perfused suit for 90 min (2 °C inflow temperature), passively cooled for 7 min, and then rewarmed for 30 min (41 °C inflow temperature). Stimulation blocks included 10 transcranial magnetic stimulations [eliciting motor evoked potentials (MEPs) which indicate corticospinal excitability], 8 trans-mastoid electrical stimulations [eliciting cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEPs) which indicate spinal excitability] and 2 brachial plexus electrical stimulations [eliciting maximal compound motor action potentials (Mmax)]. These stimulations were delivered every 30 min. Cooling for 90 min reduced Tsk to 18.2 °C while Tco did not change. At the end of rewarming Tsk returned to baseline while Tco decreased by 0.8 °C (afterdrop) (P < 0.001). Metabolic heat production was higher than baseline at the end of passive cooling (P = 0.01), and 7 min into rewarming (P = 0.04). MEP/Mmax remained unchanged throughout. CMEP/Mmax increased by 38% at end cooling (although increased variability at this time rendered the increase insignificant, P = 0.23) and 58% at end warming when Tco was 0.8 °C below baseline (P = 0.02). Cooling increased spinal excitability but not corticospinal excitability. Cooling may decrease cortical and/or supraspinal excitability which is compensated for by increased spinal excitability. This compensation is key to providing a motor task and survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Talebian Nia
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreational Management, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - C Leclerc
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreational Management, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - C Glazebrook
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreational Management, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - J Chopek
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - G G Giesbrecht
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreational Management, University of Manitoba, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Depts. of Anesthesia and Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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21
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Panpan Z, Alifu N, Sataer M, Yiming A, Amuti S, Wenjing M, Binghua W. Effects of phytoestrogens combined with cold stress on sperm parameters and testicular proteomics in rats. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220531. [PMID: 36742450 PMCID: PMC9883686 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens and cold negatively influence male fertility. However, the combined effects of these two factors on male reproduction remain unknown. Herein, we studied the changes of sperm parameters and identify potential biomarkers involved in testis of rats, which were intervened by phytoestrogens combined with cold stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and model groups. The rats in the model group were fed an estrogen diet and placed in a climate chamber [10 ± 2°C; humidity of 75 ± 5%] for 12 h/daily. When compared with the control group after 24 weeks, the rats in the model group showed increased food intake, urine and stool outputs, and higher estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. However, lower sperm concentration, motility, and viability, and reduced testosterone levels were detected. The epithelial cells of the seminiferous tubules and epididymal ducts presented morphological abnormalities. Proteomic analysis showed that 24 testicular proteins were upregulated and 15 were downregulated. The identified proteins were involved in reticulophagy and stress response. Our findings suggest that the phytoestrogens combined with cold stress had negative effects on the reproductive function of male rats and provide the basis for the establishment of "course simulation" type of oligospermia animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Panpan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Shangde North Road 345, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Nurbiah Alifu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Shangde North Road 345, Urumqi 830017, China
| | | | - Adilijiang Yiming
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Shangde North Road 345, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Siyiti Amuti
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Shangde North Road 345, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Ma Wenjing
- Central Laboratory, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wang Binghua
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Shangde North Road 345, Urumqi 830017, China
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Hu Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Yu S, Li M, Zhou J, Wu G, Xing W, Dong L, Liu Y, Fang G, Li J, Zhao J, Zhang X, Gao F. Temperature-dependent metabolite orchestration to acute submaximal exercise indicates cardiorespiratory fitness in humans. Life Sci 2023; 313:121284. [PMID: 36529280 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), an important biomarker of human health, is impaired in cold environment compared to thermoneutral condition. The study aimed to investigate the role of metabolome response to acute exercise in regulation of CRF at different ambient temperatures. MAIN METHODS A total of 27 young adults were recruited, and each subject underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and a constant load submaximal exercise at both room temperature (25 °C) and cold temperature (0 °C). The serum samples were collected before and immediately after constant load exercise. KEY FINDINGS Acute cold exposure decreased CRF by 41 %, accompanied by a metabolic shift to anaerobic respiration. It also decreased VO2 and increased respiratory quotient during constant load exercise. Metabolome profiling revealed that acute exercise reprogrammed serum metabolome in an ambient temperature-dependent manner. Specifically, exercise increased a cluster of fatty acids during cold exposure, possibly due to impaired fatty acid oxidation. The correlations between metabolite responses to acute exercise and exercise parameters were analyzed using partial least squares regression and machine learning, revealing that metabolite responses to acute exercise were highly correlated with exercise parameters and predictive of CRF. Among the contributors, tryptophan and its metabolites stood out as important ones. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggested that the metabolite responses to acute submaximal exercise unmasks the exercise performance at different ambient temperatures, highlighting the role of metabolite orchestration in the physiological regulation of CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Sen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guiling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wenjuan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guoliang Fang
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Yu L, Zhou T, Shao M, Zhang T, Wang J, Ma Y, Xu S, Chen Y, Zhu J, Pan F. The role of meteorological factors in suicide mortality in Wuhu, a humid city along the Yangtze River in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9558-9575. [PMID: 36057060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the climate continues to change, suicide is becoming more frequent. In this study, absolute humidity (AH) was included for the first time and Wuhu, a typical subtropical city along the Yangtze River, was taken as the research object to explore the impact of suicide death risk on meteorological factors. The daily meteorological factors and suicide mortality data of Wuhu city from 2014 to 2020 were collected. Guided by structural equation model (SEM), a time series analysis method combining distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) and generalized additive model (GAM) was adopted. To investigate the correlation among different populations, we stratified age and gender at different meteorological levels. A total of 1259 suicide deaths were collected in Wuhu. The results indicated that exceedingly low and low levels of AH short-term exposure increased suicide mortality, with the maximum effect occurring at lag 14 for both levels of exposure, when the relative risk (RR) was 1.131 (95% CI: 1.030, 1.242) and 1.065 (95% CI: 1.006, 1.127), respectively. Exposure to exceedingly high and exceedingly low levels of temperature mean (T mean) also increased suicide mortality, with maximum RR values of 1.132 (lag 14, 95% CI: 1.015, 1.263) and 1.203 (lag 0, 95% CI: 1.079, 1.340), sequentially. As for diurnal temperature range (DTR), low-level exposure decreased the risk of suicide, while high-level exposure increased this risk, with RR values of 0.955 (lag 0, 95% CI: 0.920, 0.991, minimum) and 1.060 (lag 0, 95% CI: 1.018, 1.104, maximum), sequentially. Stratified analysis showed that AH and DTR increased the suicide death risk in male and elderly people, while the risk effect of T mean have no effect on young people only. In summary, male and elderly people appear to be more vulnerable to adverse weather effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming Shao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jinian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yubo Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiansheng Zhu
- Wuhu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
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Wang R, Yu M, Xia J, Xing J, Fan X, Xu Q, Cang J, Zhang D. Overexpression of TaMYC2 confers freeze tolerance by ICE-CBF-COR module in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042889. [PMID: 36466238 PMCID: PMC9710523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dongnongdongmai No.1 (Dn1) is one of the few winter wheat varieties that can successfully overwinter at temperatures as low as -25°C or even lower. To date, few researches were carried to identify the freeze tolerance genes in Dn1 and applied them to improve plant resistance to extreme low temperatures. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor MYC2 is a master regulator in JA signaling, which has been reported to involve in responses to mild cold stress (2°C and 7°C). We hypothesized that MYC2 might be part of the regulatory network responsible for the tolerance of Dn1 to extreme freezing temperatures. In this study, we showed that wheat MYC2 (TaMYC2) was induced under both extreme low temperature (-10°C and-25°C) and JA treatments. The ICE-CBF-COR transcriptional cascade, an evolutionary conserved cold resistance pathway downstream of MYC2, was also activated in extreme low temperatures. We further showed that overexpression of any of the MYC2 genes from Dn1 TaMYC2A, B, D in Arabidopsis led to enhanced freeze tolerance. The TaMYC2 overexpression lines had less electrolyte leakage and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and an increase in proline content, an increases antioxidant defences, and the enhanced expression of ICE-CBF-COR module under the freezing temperature. We further verified that TaMYC2 might function through physical interaction with TaICE41 and TaJAZ7, and that TaJAZ7 physically interacts with TaICE41. These results elucidate the molecular mechanism by which TaMYC2 regulates cold tolerance and lay the foundation for future studies to improve cold tolerance in plants.
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Blokker T, Bucher E, Steiner T, Wehrlin JP. Effect of cold ambient temperature on heat flux, skin temperature, and thermal sensation at different body parts in elite biathletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:966203. [PMID: 36406769 PMCID: PMC9666787 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.966203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When exercising in the cold, optimizing thermoregulation is essential to maintain performance. However, no study has investigated thermal parameters with wearable-based measurements in a field setting among elite Nordic skiers. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the thermal response and sensation measured at different body parts during exercise in a cold environment in biathletes. METHODS Thirteen Swiss national team biathletes (6 females, 7 males) performed two skiing bouts in the skating technique on two consecutive days (ambient temperature: -3.74 ± 2.32 °C) at 78 ± 4% of maximal heart rate. Heat flux (HF), core (Tcore) and skin (Tskin) temperature were measured with sensors placed on the thigh, back, anterior and lateral thorax. Thermal sensation (TS) was assessed three times for different body parts: in protective winter clothing, in a race suit before (PRE) and after exercise (POST). RESULTS HF demonstrated differences (p < 0.001) between sensor locations, with the thigh showing the highest heat loss (344 ± 37 kJ/m2), followed by the back (269 ± 6 kJ/m2), the lateral thorax (220 ± 47 kJ/m2), and the anterior thorax (192 ± 37 kJ/m2). Tcore increased (p < 0.001). Tskin decreased for all body parts (p < 0.001). Thigh Tskin decreased more than for other body parts (p < 0.001). From PRE to POST, TS of the hands decreased (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Biathletes skiing in a race suit at moderate intensity experience significant heat loss and a large drop in Tskin, particularly at the quadriceps muscle. To support the optimal functioning of working muscles, body-part dependent differences in the thermal response should be considered for clothing strategy and for race suit design.
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Lemieux P, Roudier E, Birot O. Angiostatic freeze or angiogenic move? Acute cold stress prevents angiokine secretion from murine myotubes but primes primary endothelial cells for greater migratory capacity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:975652. [PMID: 36324307 PMCID: PMC9618727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.975652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle tissue can adapt to exercise and environmental stressors with a remarkable plasticity. Prolonged cold stress exposure has been associated to increased skeletal muscle capillarization. Angioadaptation refers to the coordinated molecular and cellular processes that influence the remodeling of skeletal muscle microvasculature. Two cell types are central to angioadaptation: the myocytes, representing an important source of angiokines; and the skeletal muscle endothelial cell (SMECs), targets of these angiokines and main constituents of muscle capillaries. The influence of cold stress on skeletal muscle angioadaptation remains largely unknown, particularly with respect to myocyte-specific angiokines secretion or endothelial cell angioadaptive responses. Here, we use an in vitro model to investigate the impact of cold stress (28°C versus 37°C) on C2C12 myotubes and SMECs. Our main objectives were to evaluate: 1) the direct impact of cold stress on C2C12 cellular expression of angiokines and their release in the extracellular environment; 2) the indirect impact of cold stress on SMECs migration via these C2C12-derived angiokines; and 3) the direct effect of cold stress on SMECs angioadaptive responses, including migration, proliferation, and the activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). Cold stress reduced the secretion of angiokines in C2C12 myotubes culture media irrespective their pro-angiogenic or angiostatic nature. In SMECs, cold stress abrogated cell proliferation and reduced the activation of VEGFR2 despite a greater expression of this receptor. Finally, SMECs pre-conditioned to cold stress displayed an enhanced migratory response when migration was stimulated in rewarming conditions. Altogether our results suggest that cold stress may be overall angiostatic. However, cold stress accompanied by rewarming may be seen as a pro-angiogenic stressor for SMECs. This observation questions the potential for using pre-cooling in sport-performance or therapeutic exercise prescription to enhance skeletal muscle angioadaptive responses to exercise.
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Hu Y, Liu Y, Li S. Effect of Acute Cold Stress on Neuroethology in Mice and Establishment of Its Model. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192671. [PMID: 36230412 PMCID: PMC9559653 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold environment is an inevitable stress source for humans and livestock in cold areas, which easily induce a cold stress response and then cause a series of abnormal changes in energy metabolism, neuroendocrine system, behavior and emotion. Homeostasis is maintained by the unified regulation of the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, metabolism and behavior under cold exposure. Behavior is an indispensable part of the functional regulation of the body to respond to environmental changes. At present, the behavioral changes caused by cold exposure are unclear or even chaotic due to the difficulty of defining cold stress. Therefore, this study aims to systematically observe the changes in spontaneous movement, exploratory behavior and anxiety of mice under different intensity cold exposure and summarize the characteristics and behavior traits combined with relevant blood physiological indexes under corresponding conditions. Mice models of cold stress with different intensities were established (cold exposure gradients were 22 °C, 16 °C, 10 °C and 4 °C, and time gradients of each temperature were 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h and 12 h). After the corresponding cold exposure treatment, mice immediately carried out the open field test(OFT) and elevated plus maze test (PMT) to evaluate their spontaneous movement, exploratory behavior and anxiety. Subsequently, blood samples were collected and used for the determination of corticosterone (Cort), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Spontaneous movement of mice increased under 22 °C cold exposure, but their exploration behavior did not significantly change, and their anxiety improved at the initial stage. The spontaneous movement and anxiety of mice increased in the initial stage and decreased in the later stage under cold exposure at 16, 10 and 4 °C and the exploratory behavior was inhibited. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and locus coeruleus-noradrenergic (LC/NE) system were activated by cold stress and fluctuated with different intensities of cold exposure. Meanwhile, serum DA increased, and 5-HT was the opposite under different intensities of cold exposure. In conclusion, mild acute cold exposure promoted the spontaneous movement, increased exploratory behavior and improved anxiety. As the intensity of cold exposure increases, cold exposure had a negative effect on spontaneous movement, exploratory behavior and emotion. The physiological basis of these behavioral and emotional changes in mice under different intensity cold stimulation is the fluctuation of Cort, CRH, E, NE, DA and 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Hu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shize Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
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Stein JA, Hepler TC, DeBlauw JA, Beattie CM, Beshirs CD, Holte KM, Kurtz BK, Hatch-McChesney A, Heinrich KM, Farina EK. Anthropometrics and body composition predict performance during a simulated direct-fire engagement. ERGONOMICS 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36006381 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2117420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study determined anthropometric and body composition predictors of performance during a simulated direct-fire engagement. Healthy subjects (N = 33, age = 25.7 ± 7.0 yr) underwent anthropometric and body composition assessments before completing a simulated direct-fire engagement - consisting of marksmanship with cognitive workload assessment and a fire-and-move drill (16 × 6-m sprints) while wearing combat load. Susceptibility to enemy fire was modelled on sprint duration. Partial correlations and multiple linear regressions established the relationships between predictors and performance outcomes, controlling for age and sex. Significance was p ≤ 0.05. Higher percent body fat, fat mass, fight load index predicted greater susceptibility to enemy fire (r = 0.40 to 0.42) and lower cognitive performance (r= -0.45 to -0.49). Higher BMI also predicted lower cognitive performance (r= -0.49). Shorter stature/hand length predicted higher marksmanship accuracy (r= -0.40), while higher fat-free mass/fat-free mass index predicted slower reaction times (r = 0.36-0.41). These data suggest anthropometric and body composition measures modulate combat effectiveness and reinforce body composition standards in military organisations. Practitioner summary: This study identified field-expedient anthropometric and body composition predictors of a simulated direct-fire engagement that evaluated survivability (i.e. susceptibility to enemy fire) and lethality (i.e. marksmanship, cognitive performance) outcomes. Our findings suggest that anthropometric and body composition measures may play a role in soldier survivability and lethality during simulated direct-fire engagements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stein
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Timothy C Hepler
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Justin A DeBlauw
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Cassandra M Beattie
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chaddrick D Beshirs
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kendra M Holte
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Brady K Kurtz
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Emily K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Wang H, Cheng L, Han Y. Effect of oral administration of GABA on thermoregulation in athletes during exercise in cold environments: A preliminary study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:883571. [PMID: 35911099 PMCID: PMC9335056 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.883571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a common ingredient in sports supplements and other health products, regulates body temperature in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH). To date, no study has examined the effect of GABA on thermoregulation during exercise in humans in a cold temperature environment (11 ± 0.3°C, 45% ± 2% relative humidity). Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind study. Ten trained male athletes consumed either a drink (3 ml/kg weight) containing GABA (1,000 mg, trial G) or an equivalent amount of placebo drink (trial C) before exercise. They rested for 20 min and then cycled at 60% of maximum output power for 40 min, pedaling at 60 rpm, and recovered for 20 min. Core temperature (Tc), skin temperature (upper arm, chest, thigh, calf), and heart rate (HR) were monitored at rest (T0), exercise begins (T20), 20 min of exercise (T40), the exercise ends (T60), and at recovery (T80). Results Compared to T0, Tc decreased significantly at T20 and increased significantly at T40, T60 and T80 (p < 0.01). From 35–80 min, the Tc was higher in trial G (peaked at 37.96 ± 0.25°C) than in trial C (37.89 ± 0.37°C), but it failed to reach significant difference (p > 0.05); Tsk continued to increase during exercise and was significantly higher than T0 at T40 (p < 0.05), T60 and T80 (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in Tsk between the two trials (p > 0.05). Conclusion Our findings provide initial evidence that oral administration of GABA does not affect thermoregulation and has no adverse effects on the body as an ergogenic exercise supplement during exercise in cold environments.
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Hendriks-Balk MC, Damianaki A, Polychronopoulou E, Brito W, Pruijm M, Wuerzner G. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography Enables the Detection of a Cold Pressor Test-Induced Increase in Renal Microcirculation in Healthy Participants. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:899327. [PMID: 35669471 PMCID: PMC9163379 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.899327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundRenal microcirculation is essential for regulation of the glomerular filtration rate, the reabsorption of salt and water from the interstitium, and hence the blood pressure. Renal ultrasonography coupled to Doppler analysis and contrast-enhanced ultrasound enables the study of renal perfusion. So far, physiologic interventions have rarely been performed to assess the renal perfusion. The objective of our study was to measure the renal perfusion in response to a cold pressor test (CPT).MethodsHealthy adult participants were exposed to a 2 min CPT or a sham exposure (body temperature). Systemic hemodynamics, renal resistive index (RRI) and renal perfusion index (PI) were measured before and during the CPT or the sham exposure. Renal responses were compared using a paired Student's t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test. Pearson correlation test was used to test association of variables of interest.ResultsForty-one normotensive participants (21 women) were included in the study. Mean blood pressure and heart rate both increased with the CPT. The RRI decreased from 0.60 ± 0.05 arbitrary units (AU) to 0.58 ± 0.05 AU (p < 0.05) and the PI increased from 2,074 AU (1,358–3,346) to 3,800 AU (2,118–6,399) (p < 0.05) (+66% (24–106%)). Compared to the sham exposure, the increase in PI with the CPT was more marked. There was a negative association between the increase in heart rate and mean blood pressure with the RRI (r: −0.550, p = 0.002 and r: −0.395, P = 0.016), respectively.ConclusionDoppler Ultrasound and CEUS enable the detection of physiological changes within the macro- and microvascular renal circulation. The CPT decreases the RRI and increases the PI. Whether these changes are present in pathological states such as diabetes or hypertension will need additional studies.
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Impact of a Cold Environment on the Performance of Professional Cyclists: A Pilot Study. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121326. [PMID: 34947857 PMCID: PMC8704244 DOI: 10.3390/life11121326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice of physical activity in a variable climate during the same competition is becoming more and more common due to climate change and increasingly frequent climate disturbances. The main aim of this pilot study was to understand the impact of cold ambient temperature on performance factors during a professional cycling race. Six professional athletes (age = 27 ± 2.7 years; height = 180.86 ± 5.81 cm; weight = 74.09 ± 9.11 kg; % fat mass = 8.01 ± 2.47%; maximum aerobic power (MAP) = 473 ± 26.28 W, undertook ~20 h training each week at the time of the study) participated in the Tour de la Provence under cold environmental conditions (the ambient temperature was 15.6 ± 1.4 °C with a relative humidity of 41 ± 8.5% and the normalized ambient temperature (Tawc) was 7.77 ± 2.04 °C). Body core temperature (Tco) was measured with an ingestible capsule. Heart rate (HR), power, speed, cadence and the elevation gradient were read from the cyclists’ onboard performance monitors. The interaction (multivariate analysis of variance) of the Tawc and the elevation gradient has a significant impact (F(1.5) = 32.2; p < 0.001) on the variables (cadence, power, velocity, core temperature, heart rate) and on each individual. Thus, this pilot study shows that in cold environmental conditions, the athlete’s performance was limited by weather parameters (ambient temperature associated with air velocity) and race characteristics. The interaction of Tawc and elevation gradient significantly influences thermal (Tco), physiological (HR) and performance (power, speed and cadence) factors. Therefore, it is advisable to develop warm-up, hydration and clothing strategies for competitive cycling under cold ambient conditions and to acclimatize to the cold by training in the same conditions to those that may be encountered in competition.
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Geromont C, Lambert M, Bosch A. Swimrun race, athletes, safety and performance: A brief review. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:207-211. [PMID: 35783370 PMCID: PMC9219301 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimrun was established in Sweden in 2006. In competition athletes alternate between running and swimming multiple times. It has grown from only being hosted in Sweden to now being a global sport. The swimrun race exposes athletes to environments that require a unique set of skills. For example, participants have to negotiate ocean currents and waves. The environmental conditions change between the runs and the swims. Athletes may be exposed to hot temperatures when running in wetsuits (25 °C and hotter) and cold water (colder than 16 °C) when swimming. This sudden change in environmental conditions imposes a poorly defined physiological stress on the participants. Research on the demands of swimrun is scarce. More research is needed to improve athlete safety during events. Also, research is needed to provide insight into enhancing training methods and performance.
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Goncharova M, Brink I. Influence made by industrial climbing safety equipment on the cardiovascular system performance and thermophysical parameters of limbs in an industrial climber at low ambient temperatures. CARDIOMETRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2021.20.167174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The task of the article is to assess the effect made by an industrialclimbing safety system used by an industrial climber, performinghis work to provide a harness-based suspended accessat low ambient temperatures, on his physiological parameters.The article presents some studies on changes recorded in bodysurface temperatures, pulse rates, and blood pressure value inan industrial climber depending on the duration of his performanceusing a harness-based suspended access under ambientair low temperature conditions. The tests have been carriedout for various types of thermal protection of the human hiparea and the width of the belts of the safety system. The scientificnovelty of the study is that it is the first time when such astudy has been conducted for a combination of industrial factors,like prolonged suspended condition due to the utilizationof the climbing safety system and a low ambient temperature.As a result, it has been found that the physiological parametersare influenced by the width of the safety belts of the safetyequipment system and the method of the temperature protectionof the hip zone in a climber.
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Wang J, Guan H, Hostrup M, Rowlands DS, González-Alonso J, Jensen J. The Road to the Beijing Winter Olympics and Beyond: Opinions and Perspectives on Physiology and Innovation in Winter Sport. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2021; 3:321-331. [PMID: 36304069 PMCID: PMC8475427 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-021-00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Beijing will host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and China strengthens research on various aspects to allow their athletes to compete successfully in winter sport. Simultaneously, Government-directed initiatives aim to increase public participation in recreational winter sport. These parallel developments allow research to advance knowledge and understanding of the physiological determinants of performance and health related to winter sport. Winter sport athletes often conduct a substantial amount of training with high volumes of low-to-moderate exercise intensity and lower volumes of high-intensity work. Moreover, much of the training occur at low ambient temperatures and winter sport athletes have high risk of developing asthma or asthma-related conditions, such as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The high training volumes require optimal nutrition with increased energy and dietary protein requirement to stimulate muscle protein synthesis response in the post-exercise period. Whether higher protein intake is required in the cold should be investigated. Cross-country skiing is performed mostly in Northern hemisphere with a strong cultural heritage and sporting tradition. It is expected that innovative initiatives on recruitment and training during the next few years will target to enhance performance of Chinese athletes in classical endurance-based winter sport. The innovation potential coupled with resourcing and population may be substantial with the potential for China to become a significant winter sport nation. This paper discusses the physiological aspects of endurance training and performance in winter sport highlighting areas where innovation may advance in athletic performance in cold environments. In addition, to ensure sustainable development of snow sport, a quality ski patrol and rescue system is recommended for the safety of increasing mass participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guan
- Department of Health Promotion and Physical Education, School of Health Sciences and Human Performance, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S. Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, P.O.Box 4012, 0806 Oslo, Norway
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Hurrie DMG, Talebian Nia M, Power KE, Stecina K, Gardiner P, Lockyer EJ, Giesbrecht GG. Spinal and corticospinal excitability in response to reductions in skin and core temperature via whole-body cooling. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:195-205. [PMID: 34582724 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold stress impairs fine and gross motor movements. Although peripheral effects of muscle cooling on performance are well understood, less is known about central mechanisms. This study characterized corticospinal and spinal excitability during surface cooling, reducing skin (Tsk) and core (Tes) temperature. Ten subjects (3 female) wore a liquid-perfused suit and were cooled (9°C perfusate, 90 min) and rewarmed (41°C perfusate, 30 min). Transcranial magnetic stimulation [eliciting motor evoked potentials (MEPs)], as well as transmastoid [eliciting cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEPs)] and brachial plexus [eliciting maximal compound motor action potentials (Mmax)] electrical stimulation, were applied at baseline, every 20 min during cooling, and following rewarming. Sixty minutes of cooling, reduced Tsk by 9.6°C (P<0.001) but Tes remained unchanged (P=0.92). Tes then decreased ~0.6℃ in the next 30 minutes of cooling (P<0.001). Eight subjects shivered. During rewarming, shivering was abolished, and Tsk returned to baseline while Tes did not increase. During cooling and rewarming, Mmax, MEP, and MEP/Mmax were unchanged from baseline. However, CMEP and CMEP/Mmax increased during cooling by ~85% and 79% (P<0.001) respectively, and remained elevated post-rewarming. Results suggest that spinal excitability is facilitated by reduced Tsk during cooling, and reduced Tes during warming, while corticospinal excitability remains unchanged. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04253730 Novelty: • This is the first study to characterize corticospinal, and spinal excitability during whole body cooling, and rewarming in humans. • Whole body cooling did not affect corticospinal excitability. • Spinal excitability was facilitated during reductions in both skin and core temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Michael George Hurrie
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and Recreation Management, 102 Frank Kennedy Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2;
| | - Morteza Talebian Nia
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and recreation management, 87 Radcliffe Rd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 3H2;
| | - Kevin E Power
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Human Kinetics, Physical Education Building, Room 2022a, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1C 5S7;
| | - Katinka Stecina
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and Recreation Management, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;
| | - Phillip Gardiner
- University of Manitoba College of Medicine, 12359, Physiology, 745 Bannatyne, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P5;
| | - Evan J Lockyer
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Human Kinetics, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, Physical Education Building, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1C5S7;
| | - Gordon G Giesbrecht
- University of Manitoba, KRM, 102 Frank Kennedy Centre, U of Man, R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2;
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Gatterer H, Dünnwald T, Turner R, Csapo R, Schobersberger W, Burtscher M, Faulhaber M, Kennedy MD. Practicing Sport in Cold Environments: Practical Recommendations to Improve Sport Performance and Reduce Negative Health Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9700. [PMID: 34574624 PMCID: PMC8471173 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although not a barrier to perform sport, cold weather environments (low ambient temperature, high wind speeds, and increased precipitation, i.e., rain/water/snow) may influence sport performance. Despite the obvious requirement for practical recommendations and guidelines to better facilitate training and competition in such cold environments, the current scientific evidence-base is lacking. Nonetheless, this review summarizes the current available knowledge specifically related to the physiological impact of cold exposure, in an attempt to provide practitioners and coaches alike with practical recommendations to minimize any potential negative performance effects, mitigate health issues, and best optimize athlete preparation across various sporting disciplines. Herein, the review is split into sections which explore some of the key physiological effects of cold exposure on performance (i.e., endurance exercise capacity and explosive athletic power), potential health issues (short-term and long-term), and what is currently known with regard to best preparation or mitigation strategies considered to negate the potential negative effects of cold on performance. Specific focus is given to "winter" sports that are usually completed in cold environments and practical recommendations for physical preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Tobias Dünnwald
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall i.T., Tirol, Austria and Tirol-Kliniken GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.D.); (W.S.)
| | - Rachel Turner
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Robert Csapo
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall i.T., Tirol, Austria and Tirol-Kliniken GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.D.); (W.S.)
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, 6414 Mieming, Austria; (M.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, 6414 Mieming, Austria; (M.B.); (M.F.)
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, 6414 Mieming, Austria; (M.B.); (M.F.)
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael D. Kennedy
- Athlete Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
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Xu X, Rioux TP, Gonzalez J, Hansen EO, Castellani JW, Santee WR, Karis AJ, Potter AW. A digital tool for prevention and management of cold weather injuries-Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1415-1426. [PMID: 33813648 PMCID: PMC8346413 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA) that provides guidance for cold weather injury prevention, mission planning, and clothing selection. CoWEDA incorporates current science from the disciplines of physiology, meteorology, clothing, and computer modeling. The thermal performance of a cold weather ensemble is defined by endurance times, which are the time intervals from initial exposure until the safety limits are reached. These safety limits correspond to conservative temperature thresholds that provide a warning of the approaching onset of frostbite and/or hypothermia. A validated six-cylinder thermoregulatory model is used to predict human thermal responses to cold while wearing different ensembles. The performance metrics, model, and a database of clothing properties were integrated into a user-friendly software application. CoWEDA is the first tool that allows users to build their own ensembles from the clothing menu (i.e., jackets, footwear, and accessories) for each body region (i.e., head, torso, lower body, hands, feet) and view their selections in the context of physiological strain and the operational consequences. Comparison of predicted values to skin and core temperatures, measured during 17 cold exposures ranging from 0 to -40°C, indicated that the accuracy of CoWEDA prediction is acceptable, and most predictions are within measured mean ± SD. CoWEDA predicts the risk of frostbite and hypothermia and ensures that a selected clothing ensemble is appropriate for expected weather conditions and activities. CoWEDA represents a significant enhancement of required clothing insulation (IREQ, ISO 11079) and wind chill index-based guidance for cold weather safety and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xu
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA.
| | - Timothy P Rioux
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
| | - Julio Gonzalez
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
| | - Eric O Hansen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - John W Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - William R Santee
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anthony J Karis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Adam W Potter
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA, 01760-5007, USA
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Yurkevicius BR, Alba BK, Seeley AD, Castellani JW. Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:122-157. [PMID: 36106151 PMCID: PMC9467574 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1903145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation is an adaptation seen in many organisms, defined by a reduction in the response to repeated stimuli. Evolutionarily, habituation is thought to benefit the organism by allowing conservation of metabolic resources otherwise spent on sub-lethal provocations including repeated cold exposure. Hypermetabolic and/or insulative adaptations may occur after prolonged and severe cold exposures, resulting in enhanced cold defense mechanisms such as increased thermogenesis and peripheral vasoconstriction, respectively. Habituation occurs prior to these adaptations in response to short duration mild cold exposures, and, perhaps counterintuitively, elicits a reduction in cold defense mechanisms demonstrated through higher skin temperatures, attenuated shivering, and reduced cold sensations. These habituated responses likely serve to preserve peripheral tissue temperature and conserve energy during non-life threatening cold stress. The purpose of this review is to define habituation in general terms, present evidence for the response in non-human species, and provide an up-to-date, critical examination of past studies and the potential physiological mechanisms underlying human cold habituation. Our aim is to stimulate interest in this area of study and promote further experiments to understand this physiological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau R. Yurkevicius
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie K. Alba
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Afton D. Seeley
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - John W. Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Bosiacki M, Gutowska I, Piotrowska K, Lubkowska A. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, Prostaglandin E2 in Bones and Parathyroid Hormone; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 17-β-estradiol; Testosterone and Somatotropin in Plasma of Aging Rats Subjected to Physical Training in Cold Water. Biomolecules 2021; 11:616. [PMID: 33919152 PMCID: PMC8143118 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to low temperatures can be considered a stressor, which when applied for a specific time can lead to adaptive reactions. In our study we hypothesized that cold, when applied to the entire body, may be a factor that positively modifies the aging process of bones by improving the mechanisms related to the body's mineral balance. Taking the above into account, the aim of the study was to determine the concentration of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) in bones, and to examine bone density and concentrations of the key hormones for bone metabolism, namely parathyroid hormone (PTH), somatotropin (GH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 17-β estradiol, testosterone (T) in plasma, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the bone of aging rats subjected to physical training in cold water. The animals in the experiment were subjected to a series of swimming sessions for nine weeks. Study group animals (male and female respectively) performed swimming training in cold water at 5 ± 2 °C and in water with thermal comfort temperature (36 ± 2 °C). Control animals were kept in a sedentary condition. Immersion in cold water affects bone mineral metabolism in aging rats by changing the concentration of Ca, Mg, and P in the bone, altering bone mineral density and the concentration of key hormones involved in the regulation of bone mineral metabolism. The effect of cold-water immersion may be gender-dependent. In females, it decreases Ca and Mg content in bones while increasing bone density and 17-β estradiol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels, and with a longer perspective in aging animals may be positive not only for bone health but also other estrogen-dependent tissues. In males, cold water swimming decreased PTH and PGE2 which resulted in a decrease in phosphorus content in bones (with no effect on bone density), an increase in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and increase in T and GH, and may have positive consequences especially in bones and muscle tissue for the prevention of elderly sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54 Str., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54 Str., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
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Ivanova YM, Blondin DP. Examining the benefits of cold exposure as a therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1448-1459. [PMID: 33764169 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00934.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive dysregulation in energy partitioning, often leading to end-organ complications. One emerging approach proposed to target this metabolic dysregulation is the application of mild cold exposure. In healthy individuals, cold exposure can increase energy expenditure and whole body glucose and fatty acid utilization. Repeated exposures can lower fasting glucose and insulin levels and improve dietary fatty acid handling, even in healthy individuals. Despite its apparent therapeutic potential, little is known regarding the effects of cold exposure in populations for which this stimulation could benefit the most. The few studies available have shown that both acute and repeated exposures to the cold can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce fasting glycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, critical gaps remain in understanding the prolonged effects of repeated cold exposures on glucose regulation and whole body insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Much of the metabolic benefits appear to be attributable to the recruitment of shivering skeletal muscles. However, further work is required to determine whether the broader recruitment of skeletal muscles observed during cold exposure can confer metabolic benefits that surpass what has been historically observed from endurance exercise. In addition, although cold exposure offers unique cardiovascular responses for a physiological stimulus that increases energy expenditure, further work is required to determine how acute and repeated cold exposure can impact cardiovascular responses and myocardial function across a broader scope of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna M Ivanova
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Li X, Lu HY, Jiang XW, Yang Y, Xing B, Yao D, Wu Q, Xu ZH, Zhao QC. Cinnamomum cassia extract promotes thermogenesis during exposure to cold via activation of brown adipose tissue. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113413. [PMID: 32980484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl (Lauraceae), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, is well known to exert hot property. It is recorded as dispelling cold drug in ancient Chinese monographs, such as Synopsis of golden chamber published in Han dynasty. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015), Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl (Cinnamon) has the functions of dispersing cold, relieving pain, warming meridians and promoting blood circulation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Cinnamon extract (CE) on cold endurance and the mechanism of thermogenesis activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The improving effect of hypothermia were evaluated with body temperature by infrared camera and multi-thermo thermometer. In vivo, the thermogenic effect was observed with energy metabolism and substrate utilization. The activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was evaluated with the histomorphology and expression of thermogenic protein. In vitro, the uncoupling effect on mitochondrial was evaluated with Seahorse and fluorescent staining. The mechanism of thermogenesis was explored in brown adipocyte. RESULTS The body temperature and energy expenditure were significantly increased by CE administration in cold environment. In morphology, lipid droplets were reduced and the number of mitochondrial was increased. CE significantly increased the non-shivering thermogenesis via upregulating the expression of thermogenic protein. In vitro, the uncoupling effect was obviously along with the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production. It was confirmed that the thermogenesis effect was induced via lipolysis and energy metabolism. In addition, CE also alleviated myocardium injury in the morphology in cold environment. Moreover, the major constituent was identified as (1) coumarin, (2) cinnamic acid, (3) cinnamaldehyde and (4) 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of improving cold tolerance was related to lipolysis and activation of BAT. Meanwhile, we provided a kind of potential prevention methods for cold injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Hong-Yuan Lu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Bo Xing
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Dong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Zi-Hua Xu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
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Du J, He Z, Xu M, Qu X, Cui J, Zhang S, Zhang S, Li H, Yu Z. Brown Adipose Tissue Rescues Bone Loss Induced by Cold Exposure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:778019. [PMID: 35126308 PMCID: PMC8811040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.778019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold temperature activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to induce bone loss by altering bone remodeling. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is influenced by the SNS in cold environments. Many studies have confirmed a positive relationship between BAT volume and bone mass, but the influence and mechanism of BAT on bone in vivo and in vitro is still unknown. Two-month-old C57/BL6j male mice were exposed to cold temperature (4°C) to induce BAT generation. BAT volume, bone remodeling and microstructure were assessed after 1 day, 14 days and 28 days of cold exposure. CTX-1, P1NP and IL-6 levels were detected in the serum by ELISA. To determine the effect of BAT on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in vitro, brown adipocyte conditional medium (BAT CM) was collected and added to the differentiation medium of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Micro-CT results showed that the bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %) significantly decreased after 14 days of exposure to cold temperature but recovered after 28 days. Double labeling and TRAP staining in vivo showed that bone remodeling was altered during cold exposure. BAT volume enlarged after 14 days of cold stimulation, and IL-6 increased. BAT CM promoted BMSC mineralization by increasing osteocalcin (Ocn), RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (Alp) expression, while bone absorption was inhibited by BAT CM. In conclusion, restoration of bone volume after cold exposure may be attributed to enlarged BAT. BAT has a beneficial effect on bone mass by facilitating osteogenesis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Clinic and Research Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqi Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifeng Yu, ; Hanjun Li,
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifeng Yu, ; Hanjun Li,
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L'Hermette M, Castres I, Coquart J, Tabben M, Ghoul N, Andrieu B, Tourny C. Cold Water Immersion After a Handball Training Session: The Relationship Between Physical Data and Sensorial Experience. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:581705. [PMID: 33345150 PMCID: PMC7739586 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.581705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the physiological data from subjects and their reported sensory experiences during two types of recovery methods following a handball training session. Female handball players (average age: 21.4 ± 1.3 years; weight: 59.2 ± 3.3 kg; height: 158 ± 3 cm; body mass index, 23.4 ± 2.0 kg.m−2) carried out an athletic training session (rating of perceived exertion RPE: 14.70 ± 0.89) with either a passive recovery (PR) period or cold water immersion (CWI) for 14 min) (cross-over design). Physiological data were collected during the recovery period: CWI had a greater effect than PR on heart rate (HR; bpm), the higher frequencies (HF) of heart rate variability (HRV: 46.44 ± 21.50 vs. 24.12 ± 17.62), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS: 1.37 ± 0.51 vs. 2.12 ± 1.25), and various reported emotional sensations. Spectrum HRV analysis showed a significant increase in HF during CWI. Sensorial experiences during the recovery periods were gathered from verbatim reports 24 h later. Players' comments about CWI revealed a congruence between the physiological data and sensorial reports. They used words such as: “thermal shock,” “regeneration,” “resourcefulness,” “dynamism,” and “disappearance of pain” to describe their sensations. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the link between physiological and experiential data during CWI and we propose that action of the parasympathetic system on the autonomic nervous system can, at least in part, explain the observed correlations between the corporeal data measured and the sensorial experiences reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nihel Ghoul
- University of Rouen UFR STAPS, Cetaps EA, Rouen, France
| | | | - Claire Tourny
- University of Rouen UFR STAPS, Cetaps EA, Rouen, France
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Yang L, Wu J, Hu Z, Gao F, Hu X. Effects of workload on human cognitive performance of exposure to extremely cold environment. Physiol Behav 2020; 230:113296. [PMID: 33352146 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many jobs like outdoor work and emergency rescue have to be exposed to extremely cold environments. The combined effects of the cold exposure and work intensity on human cognitive performance remain unclear. In this paper, the experiments of six Chinese young men exposed to an extremely cold environment (-10 °C) were conducted in a climatic chamber. The work intensity level was graded according to the metabolic rate corresponding to three walking speeds. Nine cognitive functions and one perceived were recorded to evaluate the subjects' cognitive performance, including NCTB (seven items), Stroop, and RPE were measured. The increase of workload from moderate to high could lead to the acceleration of fatigue speed and the aggravation of fatigue degree 5 min earlier. Moderate work intensity is a noteworthy work level in extremely cold environment, which is an inflection point in the impact of fatigue and cognitive levels. The manual dexterity significantly increases by the workload intensity, and the high work intensity makes the hands more dexterous (29% increase). Extremely cold environment has a significant effect on short-term memory (decreased 33%). The selective attention was reduced by 16% in the extremely cold environment. With the moderate work intensity in extremely cold environment, the perceived judgment response speed would decrease. The combined effects of the extremely cold environment and the workload on the cognitive functions of psychomotor ability and attention or sensorimotor speed should be paid more attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiansong Wu
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhuqiang Hu
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaofeng Hu
- Public Security Behavioral Science Laboratory, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
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Knechtle B, Waśkiewicz Z, Sousa CV, Hill L, Nikolaidis PT. Cold Water Swimming-Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8984. [PMID: 33276648 PMCID: PMC7730683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cold water swimming (winter or ice swimming) has a long tradition in northern countries. Until a few years ago, ice swimming was practiced by very few extreme athletes. For some years now, ice swimming has been held as competitions in ice-cold water (colder than 5 °C). The aim of this overview is to present the current status of benefits and risks for swimming in cold water. When cold water swimming is practiced by experienced people with good health in a regular, graded and adjusted mode, it appears to bring health benefits. However, there is a risk of death in unfamiliar people, either due to the initial neurogenic cold shock response or due to a progressive decrease in swimming efficiency or hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation Moscow, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 19c1 Moscow, Russia
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
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Heat acclimation does not modify autonomic responses to core cooling and the skin thermal comfort zone. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102602. [PMID: 32716857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise heat acclimation (HA) is known to magnify the sweating response by virtue of a lower threshold as well as increased gain and maximal capacity of sweating. However, HA has been shown to potentiate the shivering response in a cold-air environment. We investigated whether HA would alter heat loss and heat production responses during water immersion. Twelve healthy male participants underwent a 10-day HA protocol comprising daily 90-min controlled-hyperthermia (target rectal temperature, Tre 38.5 °C) exercise sessions. Preceding and following HA, the participants performed a maximal exercise test in thermoneutral conditions (ambient temperature 23 °C, relative humidity 50%) and were, following exercise, immersed in 28 °C water for 60 min. Thermal comfort zone (TCZ) was also assessed with participants regulating the temperature of a water-perfused suit during heating and cooling. Baseline pre-immersion Tre was similar pre- and post-HA (pre: 38.33 ± 0.33 °C vs post: 38.12 ± 0.36 °C, p = 0.092). The Tre cooling rate was identical pre-to post-HA (-0.03 ± 0.01 °C·min-1, p = 0.31), as was the vasomotor response reflected in the forearm-fingertip temperature difference. Shivering thresholds (p = 0.43) and gains (p = 0.61) were not affected by HA. TCZ was established at similar temperatures, with the magnitude in regulated water temperature being 7.6 (16.3) °C pre-HA and 5.1 (24.7) °C post-HA (p = 0.65). The present findings suggest that heat production and heat loss responses during whole body cooling as well as the skin thermal comfort zone remained unaltered by a controlled-hyperthermia HA protocol.
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Alhammoud M, Oksa J, Morel B, Hansen C, Chastan D, Racinais S. Thermoregulation and shivering responses in elite alpine skiers. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:400-411. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1754470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Alhammoud
- French Ski Federation, Annecy, France
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Juha Oksa
- Workability and working Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Savoie Mont-Blanc University, Chambéry, France
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel Medizinische Fakultat, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sebastien Racinais
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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Exercise in Thermal Inversions: PM 2.5 Air Pollution Effects on Pulmonary Function and Aerobic Performance. Wilderness Environ Med 2020; 31:16-22. [PMID: 32033838 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wintertime thermal inversions can lead to the accumulation of small particulate matter (PM2.5). Despite an association between respiratory hospital admissions and elevated PM2.5 levels, many people continue to exercise outdoors during inversions. This study compared pulmonary function and exercise performance during periods of low and high ambient PM2.5 concentrations. METHODS Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were measured outdoors before and after two 3200 m running time trials: one with low ambient PM2.5 (0.6-14.7 microgram·m-3), and the other during high PM2.5 (19.1-42.5 micrograms·m-3). A 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) administered postexercise quantified subjective ratings of respiratory discomfort. RESULTS The PM2.5 differential between trials was ≥18 micrograms·m-3 for 10 healthy runners. Despite feeling more respiratory discomfort (P=0.044) during the bad air trial (VAS: 4.6±1.8 cm) compared with the good air trial (VAS: 2.9±1.8 cm), the 3200 m run time (low PM2.5: 13:54±1:34 min:s; high PM2.5: 14:07±1:44 min:s) was not different (P=0.261) between trials. Postexercise forced vital capacity was not significantly different (P=0.846) between the low (4.86±1.00 L) and high (4.84±0.95 L) PM2.5 conditions. Similarly, the difference in postexercise forced expiratory volume in 1 s was not significant (P=0.750) between trials (4.22±0.89 L vs 4.23±0.85 L). CONCLUSIONS Neither run time nor pulmonary function of healthy adults were adversely affected by an acute bout of exercise in elevated ambient PM2.5, equivalent to yellow or orange on the air quality index.
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Tipton MJ, Abelairas-Gómez C, Mayhew A, Milligan GS. The thermal demands of flood rescue and impacts on task performance. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:109-118. [PMID: 31631800 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1683617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the thermal demand of simulated Flood Rescue tasks and impacts on performance. Ten participants undertook two simulations: 'Cold' (4 °C) -participants stood in knee height moving water (4.8 km·h-1), with simulated wind and rain for 60 min. 'Warm' (20 °C) - participants performed 6x7 min walking in knee height moving water (3.2 km·h-1), pulling 10 kg. Grip strength, manual dexterity, and jump height were measured pre and post. The cold resulted in cooling of the great toe and finger (9.98 [0.84]°C and 10.38 [8.21-12.1] °C, respectively). Jump height, manual dexterity and grip strength fell by 20%, 22% and ∼13%, respectively. In the 'Warm': heart rates were 157 (19) b·min-1, oxygen consumption 30.62 (7.83) mL.kg-1·min-1, and sweat loss 1.06 (0.31) L. There were no differences in the physical tests. Flood Rescue represents significant, but different, challenges. Remaining static in the cold resulted in peripheral neuromuscular cooling, whilst exercising in the warm resulted in a significant thermal challenge. Practitioner Summary: Little is known about the physical requirements, thermal profiles and optimum personal protective equipment for flood rescue. Flood rescue represents significant challenges. In the cold, emergency responders may be incapacitated by peripheral cooling. In the heat, they may be incapacitated by heat-related exhaustion. Consideration should be given to these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Cristian Abelairas-Gómez
- CLINURSID Research Group and Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostel, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Gemma S Milligan
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Nakata H, Kobayashi F, Lawley JS, Kakigi R, Shibasaki M. Effects of whole body skin cooling on human cognitive processing: a study using SEPs and ERPs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R432-R441. [PMID: 31290686 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00087.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of whole body skin cooling on somatosensory ascending processing by utilizing somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and motor execution, as well as inhibitory processing by event-related potentials (ERPs). Fourteen healthy participants wearing a water-perfused suit performed two sessions (sessions 1 and 2) consisting of SEPs and ERPs with somatosensory Go/No-go paradigms under two conditions (cold stress and control) on different days. In session 2, under the cold stress condition, whole body skin cooling was achieved by circulating 20°C water through the suit for 40 min, whereas 34°C water was perfused in the other sessions. The mean skin temperature decreased from 35.0 ± 0.5°C (session 1) to 30.4 ± 0.9°C (session 2) during whole body skin cooling, but the internal temperature was maintained. Whole body skin cooling delayed the peak latencies of N20, P25, and P45 components at C4' of SEPs (all: P < 0.05). Moreover, the peak latencies of P14, N18, and P22 components at Fz of SEPs and the Go-P300 component of ERPs were delayed (all: P < 0.05). In contrast, the peak amplitudes of all individual components of SEPs as well as N140 and P300 of ERPs remained unchanged. These results suggest that passive whole body skin cooling delays neural activities on somatosensory processing and higher cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakata
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Fumino Kobayashi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Manabu Shibasaki
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
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